1. Microbes play an important role in the production of many household and industrial products. Lactic acid bacteria convert milk into curd and yogurt, while other microbes like yeast and bacteria are used in the production of foods like dosa, idli, and bread.
2. Microbes like yeast and bacteria are also used on an industrial scale to produce beverages through fermentation and antibiotics through the growth of fungi and bacteria. Examples include using yeast to produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages and discovering penicillin through the mould Penicillium.
3. Microbes are also used to treat sewage and waste water. Aerobic bacteria in activated sludge consume organic matter, reducing biochemical oxygen demand and pollut
This document discusses the use of microbes in industry, focusing on the production of enzymes like amylase. It notes that industries grow microorganisms in large tanks called fermentors to produce products on a large scale. Examples of industrial microbe uses include producing alcoholic beverages through fermentation and antibiotics. The document also describes the production and uses of the enzymes amylase and beta-amylase, which are used to hydrolyze starches. It highlights that bacteria like Bacillus species are commonly used to commercially produce alpha-amylase.
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Lactic acid bacteria and other microbes play important roles in food production. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, and Streptococcus lactis in yogurt and cheese help digest milk and produce beneficial compounds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to produce bread, beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Microbes also have many industrial uses including producing antibiotics, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins and other chemicals. They help treat wastewater and produce biofuels and enzymes.
Water is essential for life and makes up a large portion of living organisms. It serves several functions in the human body including transporting nutrients and regulating temperature. Several microorganisms can be found in drinking water supplies including Cryptosporidium, Anabaena, rotifers, E. coli, and Salmonella which can cause illness. There are various methods for purifying water such as boiling, exposure to sunlight, chlorination, and coagulation/flocculation which remove microbes and make water safe for drinking.
SCP Nutraceutical Industry A small Overview
Single Cell Protein
Companies In the Domain
Indian Nutraceuticals
Food Supplements
Spirulina Benefits
Chlorella Benefits
Chlorella Companies
Spirulina Companies
Spirulina Tablets
Chlorella Tablets
Spirulina Capsules
Chlorella Capsules
Powder forms
Production Of SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
“Microbes matters”. Cooperation among bacteria. Good microbes. Microbes too helps us in various ways. List of uses of microbes. The reason behind tasty foods. Microbes are useful in food production and food industries. “Fermentation may have been greater discovery than fires”. Fermentation – the main job of microbes. Brewing beer, liquors and wine. The need of microbes in agriculture. It helps in encountering of insects. Microorganisms are an important part of wastewater treatment. Contribution to medicine - thousands of antibiotics known to us are made by microorganisms. The best kind of biodegradable plastics are the ones made by bacteria because they can also be broken down by bacteria. It also helps to set up your aquarium. The complex microbial communities on and in the human body can sometimes get out of balance – Maintaining of balance. Microorganisms have evolved as a potential alternate source of energy. Microorganisms are used to produce biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol and also microbial fuel cell. We are all here because of an organism that changed the world and also paved the way for complex life on earth – Evolution. Microorganisms help us in researching on diseases, such as in vaccination. We conclude with the a considerations of the consequences of the these complex interactions and we briefly discuss the potential role of social interactions involving multiple traits and multiple environment constraints in the evolution of specialization and division of microbes.
Bacteria have important economic benefits in agriculture, medicine, and industry. In agriculture, bacteria aid soil fertility through ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. They improve soil by converting nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants. In medicine, bacteria produce important antibiotics like streptomycin and aureomycin to treat diseases. Industrially, bacteria are used to produce lactic acid, yogurt, butter, cheese, curd, and vinegar through fermentation processes. Specific bacteria species are involved in each of these beneficial roles.
This document discusses the use of microbes in industry, focusing on the production of enzymes like amylase. It notes that industries grow microorganisms in large tanks called fermentors to produce products on a large scale. Examples of industrial microbe uses include producing alcoholic beverages through fermentation and antibiotics. The document also describes the production and uses of the enzymes amylase and beta-amylase, which are used to hydrolyze starches. It highlights that bacteria like Bacillus species are commonly used to commercially produce alpha-amylase.
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Lactic acid bacteria and other microbes play important roles in food production. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, and Streptococcus lactis in yogurt and cheese help digest milk and produce beneficial compounds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to produce bread, beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Microbes also have many industrial uses including producing antibiotics, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins and other chemicals. They help treat wastewater and produce biofuels and enzymes.
Water is essential for life and makes up a large portion of living organisms. It serves several functions in the human body including transporting nutrients and regulating temperature. Several microorganisms can be found in drinking water supplies including Cryptosporidium, Anabaena, rotifers, E. coli, and Salmonella which can cause illness. There are various methods for purifying water such as boiling, exposure to sunlight, chlorination, and coagulation/flocculation which remove microbes and make water safe for drinking.
SCP Nutraceutical Industry A small Overview
Single Cell Protein
Companies In the Domain
Indian Nutraceuticals
Food Supplements
Spirulina Benefits
Chlorella Benefits
Chlorella Companies
Spirulina Companies
Spirulina Tablets
Chlorella Tablets
Spirulina Capsules
Chlorella Capsules
Powder forms
Production Of SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
“Microbes matters”. Cooperation among bacteria. Good microbes. Microbes too helps us in various ways. List of uses of microbes. The reason behind tasty foods. Microbes are useful in food production and food industries. “Fermentation may have been greater discovery than fires”. Fermentation – the main job of microbes. Brewing beer, liquors and wine. The need of microbes in agriculture. It helps in encountering of insects. Microorganisms are an important part of wastewater treatment. Contribution to medicine - thousands of antibiotics known to us are made by microorganisms. The best kind of biodegradable plastics are the ones made by bacteria because they can also be broken down by bacteria. It also helps to set up your aquarium. The complex microbial communities on and in the human body can sometimes get out of balance – Maintaining of balance. Microorganisms have evolved as a potential alternate source of energy. Microorganisms are used to produce biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol and also microbial fuel cell. We are all here because of an organism that changed the world and also paved the way for complex life on earth – Evolution. Microorganisms help us in researching on diseases, such as in vaccination. We conclude with the a considerations of the consequences of the these complex interactions and we briefly discuss the potential role of social interactions involving multiple traits and multiple environment constraints in the evolution of specialization and division of microbes.
Bacteria have important economic benefits in agriculture, medicine, and industry. In agriculture, bacteria aid soil fertility through ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. They improve soil by converting nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants. In medicine, bacteria produce important antibiotics like streptomycin and aureomycin to treat diseases. Industrially, bacteria are used to produce lactic acid, yogurt, butter, cheese, curd, and vinegar through fermentation processes. Specific bacteria species are involved in each of these beneficial roles.
Microbial growth can be affected by pressure. Most microorganisms experience pressures of 1 atmosphere, but hydrostatic pressure in the deep sea can reach 600-1100 atmospheres. While many bacteria are barotolerant and can survive extreme pressures, some bacteria found in guts of deep sea invertebrates are barophilic and grow more rapidly at high pressures, such as species of Photobacterium, Shewanella, and Colwellia. These barophilic bacteria play an important role in nutrient recycling in the deep sea and are unable to grow below pressures of 400-500 atmospheres.
Industrial Applications Of Micro Organismsguestf84a9f
Micro-organisms have several important industrial applications. In the food industry, lactic acid bacteria are used to produce acidophilus milk, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ellipsoideus are used to ferment grapes into wine, and various microbes help process coffee and chocolate. Fermentation is an anaerobic process used in these industries to produce energy and transform raw materials, yielding products like acidophilus milk, wine, coffee and chocolate without requiring oxygen.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbes play many useful roles in our daily lives and industry. They are used in food production like curd, dosa, and cheeses. They also have important functions in our bodies and help prevent disease. Microbes are widely used in industry for fermentation and production of various chemicals, enzymes, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses bioaerosols and droplet nuclei. It defines bioaerosols as small airborne biological material, either attached to particulate matter or not, including microorganisms, their byproducts, and fragments. Bioaerosols can be viable, such as living bacteria and viruses, or non-viable, like toxins and proteins. Droplet nuclei are small aerosols formed from the evaporation of respiratory droplets smaller than 5 micrometers that can transmit diseases through airborne transmission. Common sources of bioaerosols include outdoor environmental sources, indoor materials and occupants, and human activities like coughing or talking. Exposure to some bioaerosols is associated with respiratory illnesses, but others may benefit immune
Water microbiology is the study of microorganisms in water environments. Various types of water contain diverse microbes including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminths. Many microbes can cause water-associated diseases classified as water-borne, water-washed, water-based or water-related depending on the transmission route which may involve ingesting contaminated water, poor hygiene, an aquatic host or an insect vector. Common pathogenic microbes found in water are various bacteria and viruses that can cause diarrhea, hepatitis, polio and typhoid as well as parasitic protozoa like Giardia and Plasmodium which causes malaria.
Penicillium is a genus of fungus that includes many common blue-green molds. It grows widely in soil and decaying matter. Some Penicillium strains produce useful antibiotics, including penicillin, which was first isolated from Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillium has a vegetative mycelium and produces characteristic conidiophores with phialides that resemble a paintbrush, giving the genus its name. In addition to antibiotics, Penicillium is economically important for producing enzymes, organic acids used in food production, and some cheeses.
This document discusses citric acid production through fermentation. It begins by introducing citric acid and describing its isolation from lemon juice. It is most commonly produced using the fungus Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. Several microorganisms can be used including bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Aspergillus niger is commonly used as it is easy to handle and can ferment a variety of raw materials like molasses to produce high citric acid yields. Citric acid can be produced through surface, submerged, and solid-state fermentation methods. Submerged fermentation is widely used as it allows for easier control and product recovery from the liquid fermentation broth. Citric acid has various applications in
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
There are 13 vitamins that are essential micronutrients needed for proper metabolism and physiological functioning. Vitamins are categorized as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on whether they dissolve in water or fat. Vitamins play critical roles in fetal development, childhood growth, and adult health by facilitating biochemical reactions and enabling the body to use energy from food. While vitamin supplements may benefit those with deficiencies, they provide no added health value and may increase risks for generally healthy individuals.
This document summarizes key information about Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
1) S. cerevisiae is a species of yeast that is used in winemaking, baking, and brewing. It is one of the most studied eukaryotic model organisms.
2) It reproduces by budding and can reproduce sexually by forming haploid spores through meiosis.
3) As a yeast, it is used in brewing beer, where it ferments sugars and produces carbon dioxide, and in baking bread as a leavening agent.
Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The fungal component provides structure and protection while the algal component produces food through photosynthesis. Lichens grow in a variety of habitats including tree bark, rocks, and soil. They are classified based on their fungal partner and thallus morphology into crustose, foliose, and fruticose types. Lichens reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be important indicators of pollution. While lichens can help weather rocks and are used for food and medicine, some species may be harmful by damaging young plants or spreading forest fires.
Medical microbiology deals with microorganisms and their role in human health and disease. Key figures in the history of microbiology include Louis Pasteur, who developed sterilization techniques and pasteurization; Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to observe microorganisms under a microscope; Robert Koch, who developed techniques for isolating bacteria in pure culture and discovered pathogens causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera; Joseph Lister, considered the father of antiseptic surgery; and Alexander Fleming, who discovered the antibiotic penicillin. Other important contributors include Edward Jenner, who developed the smallpox vaccine; Hans Christian Gram, who developed the Gram stain technique; and Kary Mullis
A starter culture is a culture of bacteria used to control the fermentation of milk. It is desirable because the natural microflora in milk can be unpredictable and inconsistent. A starter culture provides a controlled and predictable fermentation. There are different types of starter cultures defined by factors like the bacteria used, temperature optimum, physical form, and whether they contain single or multiple bacterial species. Proper preparation and maintenance of the starter culture is important to ensure it performs as intended in fermenting milk.
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Microorganism and principle of biology,Medical microbiology and immunology,Soil microbiology,Industrial microbiology,Food microbiology,Water microbiology,Sewage microbiology
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Key developments in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovering microorganisms in 1674, Louis Pasteur establishing germ theory and developing sterilization and vaccines, and Robert Koch establishing methods to prove microorganisms cause specific diseases. Microbiology examines the characteristics, morphology, physiology, and interactions of microbes and how they impact humans, the environment, and other domains of life.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of microbiology, including key figures such as Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Lister and their important contributions. It discusses the branches and applications of microbiology. The document also describes different types of microorganisms and career opportunities in microbiology.
Batch culture involves adding nutrients and microorganisms to a closed fermenter with nothing added or removed until the end of the process. Continuous culture maintains microorganisms in exponential growth by constantly adding nutrients and removing product from an open fermenter. Batch culture is easier to set up and control but can lose an entire batch to contamination, while continuous culture uses smaller vessels but is more difficult to control environmental factors.
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
These are the notes of an important chapter of class 12 biology , microbes in human welfare . These are absolutely sufficient for your preparation for board examinations .
Microbial growth can be affected by pressure. Most microorganisms experience pressures of 1 atmosphere, but hydrostatic pressure in the deep sea can reach 600-1100 atmospheres. While many bacteria are barotolerant and can survive extreme pressures, some bacteria found in guts of deep sea invertebrates are barophilic and grow more rapidly at high pressures, such as species of Photobacterium, Shewanella, and Colwellia. These barophilic bacteria play an important role in nutrient recycling in the deep sea and are unable to grow below pressures of 400-500 atmospheres.
Industrial Applications Of Micro Organismsguestf84a9f
Micro-organisms have several important industrial applications. In the food industry, lactic acid bacteria are used to produce acidophilus milk, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ellipsoideus are used to ferment grapes into wine, and various microbes help process coffee and chocolate. Fermentation is an anaerobic process used in these industries to produce energy and transform raw materials, yielding products like acidophilus milk, wine, coffee and chocolate without requiring oxygen.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbes play many useful roles in our daily lives and industry. They are used in food production like curd, dosa, and cheeses. They also have important functions in our bodies and help prevent disease. Microbes are widely used in industry for fermentation and production of various chemicals, enzymes, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses bioaerosols and droplet nuclei. It defines bioaerosols as small airborne biological material, either attached to particulate matter or not, including microorganisms, their byproducts, and fragments. Bioaerosols can be viable, such as living bacteria and viruses, or non-viable, like toxins and proteins. Droplet nuclei are small aerosols formed from the evaporation of respiratory droplets smaller than 5 micrometers that can transmit diseases through airborne transmission. Common sources of bioaerosols include outdoor environmental sources, indoor materials and occupants, and human activities like coughing or talking. Exposure to some bioaerosols is associated with respiratory illnesses, but others may benefit immune
Water microbiology is the study of microorganisms in water environments. Various types of water contain diverse microbes including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminths. Many microbes can cause water-associated diseases classified as water-borne, water-washed, water-based or water-related depending on the transmission route which may involve ingesting contaminated water, poor hygiene, an aquatic host or an insect vector. Common pathogenic microbes found in water are various bacteria and viruses that can cause diarrhea, hepatitis, polio and typhoid as well as parasitic protozoa like Giardia and Plasmodium which causes malaria.
Penicillium is a genus of fungus that includes many common blue-green molds. It grows widely in soil and decaying matter. Some Penicillium strains produce useful antibiotics, including penicillin, which was first isolated from Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillium has a vegetative mycelium and produces characteristic conidiophores with phialides that resemble a paintbrush, giving the genus its name. In addition to antibiotics, Penicillium is economically important for producing enzymes, organic acids used in food production, and some cheeses.
This document discusses citric acid production through fermentation. It begins by introducing citric acid and describing its isolation from lemon juice. It is most commonly produced using the fungus Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation. Several microorganisms can be used including bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Aspergillus niger is commonly used as it is easy to handle and can ferment a variety of raw materials like molasses to produce high citric acid yields. Citric acid can be produced through surface, submerged, and solid-state fermentation methods. Submerged fermentation is widely used as it allows for easier control and product recovery from the liquid fermentation broth. Citric acid has various applications in
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
There are 13 vitamins that are essential micronutrients needed for proper metabolism and physiological functioning. Vitamins are categorized as either water-soluble or fat-soluble depending on whether they dissolve in water or fat. Vitamins play critical roles in fetal development, childhood growth, and adult health by facilitating biochemical reactions and enabling the body to use energy from food. While vitamin supplements may benefit those with deficiencies, they provide no added health value and may increase risks for generally healthy individuals.
This document summarizes key information about Saccharomyces cerevisiae:
1) S. cerevisiae is a species of yeast that is used in winemaking, baking, and brewing. It is one of the most studied eukaryotic model organisms.
2) It reproduces by budding and can reproduce sexually by forming haploid spores through meiosis.
3) As a yeast, it is used in brewing beer, where it ferments sugars and produces carbon dioxide, and in baking bread as a leavening agent.
Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The fungal component provides structure and protection while the algal component produces food through photosynthesis. Lichens grow in a variety of habitats including tree bark, rocks, and soil. They are classified based on their fungal partner and thallus morphology into crustose, foliose, and fruticose types. Lichens reproduce through both asexual and sexual means and can be important indicators of pollution. While lichens can help weather rocks and are used for food and medicine, some species may be harmful by damaging young plants or spreading forest fires.
Medical microbiology deals with microorganisms and their role in human health and disease. Key figures in the history of microbiology include Louis Pasteur, who developed sterilization techniques and pasteurization; Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to observe microorganisms under a microscope; Robert Koch, who developed techniques for isolating bacteria in pure culture and discovered pathogens causing anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera; Joseph Lister, considered the father of antiseptic surgery; and Alexander Fleming, who discovered the antibiotic penicillin. Other important contributors include Edward Jenner, who developed the smallpox vaccine; Hans Christian Gram, who developed the Gram stain technique; and Kary Mullis
A starter culture is a culture of bacteria used to control the fermentation of milk. It is desirable because the natural microflora in milk can be unpredictable and inconsistent. A starter culture provides a controlled and predictable fermentation. There are different types of starter cultures defined by factors like the bacteria used, temperature optimum, physical form, and whether they contain single or multiple bacterial species. Proper preparation and maintenance of the starter culture is important to ensure it performs as intended in fermenting milk.
The document discusses important industrial microorganisms used in biotechnology and their applications. It describes how industrial microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae and viruses are employed in mass production of chemicals, foods, fuels, enzymes and antibiotics. Specific examples mentioned include using lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt production, streptomyces bacteria for antibiotics like erythromycin, penicillium fungi for penicillin, and yeast for ethanol fermentation. The document outlines properties of useful industrial microbes and how they are categorized based on their metabolic products and the industries they impact.
Microorganism and principle of biology,Medical microbiology and immunology,Soil microbiology,Industrial microbiology,Food microbiology,Water microbiology,Sewage microbiology
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Key developments in microbiology include Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovering microorganisms in 1674, Louis Pasteur establishing germ theory and developing sterilization and vaccines, and Robert Koch establishing methods to prove microorganisms cause specific diseases. Microbiology examines the characteristics, morphology, physiology, and interactions of microbes and how they impact humans, the environment, and other domains of life.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of microbiology, including key figures such as Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Lister and their important contributions. It discusses the branches and applications of microbiology. The document also describes different types of microorganisms and career opportunities in microbiology.
Batch culture involves adding nutrients and microorganisms to a closed fermenter with nothing added or removed until the end of the process. Continuous culture maintains microorganisms in exponential growth by constantly adding nutrients and removing product from an open fermenter. Batch culture is easier to set up and control but can lose an entire batch to contamination, while continuous culture uses smaller vessels but is more difficult to control environmental factors.
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
These are the notes of an important chapter of class 12 biology , microbes in human welfare . These are absolutely sufficient for your preparation for board examinations .
Microbes in Human Welfare Notes Written By Me.pdfRAHUL PAL
Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health.
Microbes play an important role in many industrial and household processes. They are used in the production of curds, fermented foods and beverages, antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes, and bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in sewage treatment where aerobic and anaerobic bacteria help reduce pollutants. Additionally, microbes produce biogas from organic waste and help control pests biologically. They enrich soil fertility as biofertilizers by fixing nitrogen and phosphorus and providing plant nutrients.
The document discusses the various ways microbes are beneficial to human welfare. It describes how microbes are used in household food production like idli and dhokla through fermentation. It also explains how microbes or their cells can be directly used as food and mentions some edible mushrooms. The document then discusses the industrial uses of microbes like in producing alcoholic beverages, organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, and biogas. It also covers the roles of microbes in sewage treatment, as biocontrol agents, and as biofertilizers.
This document discusses microbes and their various uses. It begins by describing what microbes are and where they can be found. It then discusses how microbes are used in household products like milk, dough, and cheeses to ferment and produce gases. Microbes are also used industrially to produce beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other molecules. Additionally, the document outlines how microbes play an important role in sewage treatment and biogas production. It also discusses the use of microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications. They are used in the production of household items like curd and bread as well as industrial products such as antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down sewage in treatment plants. Additionally, certain microbes produce biogas through anaerobic digestion and can be used as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents in agriculture.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare. They are used to produce foods like curd, bread, cheese and beverages like wine and beer through fermentation. They are also used industrially to produce antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and other bioactive molecules. Microbes help treat sewage by reducing biochemical oxygen demand and generating biogas from sludge. They act as biocontrol agents for pests and help increase soil fertility as biofertilizers by fixing nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus.
Bacteria are used in many aspects of the food industry. Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria are used to make curd and yogurt by fermenting milk and converting lactose into lactic acid. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Aspergillus bacteria are used in cheese making by fermenting milk. Bacillus bacteria are used in curing tea leaves by facilitating a fermentation process. Certain bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas can synthesize vitamins like B12. In agriculture, bacteria fix nitrogen, enrich soil nutrients, stimulate plant growth, and control pathogens.
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE.pptx class XII BiologyDrUpadhyay
This document discusses microbes and their importance in human welfare. It describes how microbes are used in the production of various household and industrial products like curd, bread, cheese, beverages, antibiotics, chemicals and enzymes. It also discusses the role of microbes in sewage treatment by breaking down organic waste during primary and secondary treatment. The document further explains how microbes are used to produce biogas from anaerobic digestion of sludge and farm waste. It concludes by mentioning some microbes that are used for biological control of pests and diseases, as well as their role in biofertilizers to promote plant growth.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
Microbes are diverse – protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic plants viruses, viroids and also prions (proteinocious infectious agents)
Its a view of some useful and harmful Microbes.
Microbes play an essential role in sewage treatment by reducing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and pollutants. Sewage treatment occurs in two stages: primary treatment involves physical removal of solids, and secondary treatment uses aerobic microbes that break down organic waste, reducing BOD. The microbes form flocs that are removed, with some used as inoculum and the rest digested anaerobically to produce biogas. The treated effluent is then safe to release into water bodies, demonstrating how microbes naturally purify sewage.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIAshow.ppsxDrSandhya16
Bacteria play both harmful and useful roles economically. Harmful activities include causing plant diseases through toxins, spoiling food through growth and waste production, and contaminating water sources. Useful activities involve increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, ammonification, and nitrification; various industrial applications like dairy production, biofuel production, and vinegar making; controlling pollution; and important roles in medicine like antibiotic production and modern biotechnology.
Bacteria have widespread economic importance through their use in various industrial and agricultural processes. They are used to produce dairy products like curd, yogurt and cheese through fermentation. Many industrial products are also produced with bacterial action such as vinegar, citric acid, vitamin B12 and antibiotics. Bacteria play an important environmental role through nitrogen fixation, nitrogen cycling, sewage treatment, biogas production and as decomposers. However, some bacteria can also be harmful by causing food spoilage, food poisoning and diseases in plants and humans.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications such as [1] silage production, biofuel production, and biodegradation of agricultural waste. [2] Lactic acid bacteria are important in silage production by preserving crops through controlled fermentation. [3] Yeast and bacteria can ferment sugars from plants or algae into biofuels like ethanol.
This document is a biology investigatory project report submitted by Poovel Arun T to fulfill curriculum requirements. It discusses microbes and their importance in human welfare. Microbes play vital roles in ecology as decomposers. They are also used in food production, water treatment, energy production, chemical/enzyme production, and scientific research. Microbes can form symbiotic relationships and contribute to human health as part of the human microbiome. However, some pathogenic microbes can cause disease.
This document is a biology investigatory project report submitted by Poovel Arun T to fulfill curriculum requirements. It discusses microbes and their importance in human welfare. Microbes play vital roles in ecology as decomposers. They are also used in industries like food production, water treatment, energy production, and chemical/enzyme production. Microbes are essential tools in science and have importance in human health as symbionts in the human body.
The document discusses various ways that microbes are used to enhance food production. It describes how plant and animal breeding can increase food quantity and quality. It also explains bi fortification, where crops are bred to have higher vitamin, mineral, and fat levels to overcome malnutrition. Microbes are used in fermenting foods like dosa, curd, and cheese. They also produce important molecules like antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Microbes break down sewage in treatment plants and generate renewable energy in the form of biogas. They act as biocontrol agents against agricultural pests.
This document discusses bacteria, including their classification, structure, and industrial importance. It classifies bacteria according to their shape, arrangement, gram staining, habitat, metabolism, oxygen requirements, and whether they are beneficial or harmful. It then discusses the industrial applications of bacteria, including nitrogen fixation, bioremediation, biological control, plant growth promotion, and uses in dairy, biotechnology, antibiotic production, fermentation, and more. Many examples of specific bacteria used industrially are also provided.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Microbes in human welfare
1. MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
1. Micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus and others commonly called lactic acid bacteria
(LAB) grow in milk and convert it to curd. During growth, the LAB produces acids that
coagulate and partially digest the milk proteins. A small amount of curd added to the
fresh milk as inoculum or starter contain millions of LAB, which at suitable temperatures
multiply, thus converting milk to curd.
Role of LAB-
Improves its nutritional quality by increasing vitamin B12
checking disease causing microbes in our stomach
2. Dosa, Uppma and Idli-
The dough of rice and black gram is fermented by bacteria Leuconostoc and
Streptococcus species. Carbon dioxide produced during fermentation causes puffing of
dough.
3. Bread formation - baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
4. ‘Toddy’, a traditional drink of some parts of southern India is made by fermenting sap
from palms.
5. Microbes are also used to ferment fish, soyabean and bamboo shoots to make foods.
6. Cheese, is one of the oldest food items in which microbes were used. Different varieties
of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste, the specificity
coming from the microbes used.
For example, the large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ are due to production of a large amount of
CO2 by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii. The ‘Roquefort cheese’ is
ripened by growing specific fungi (Penicillium roqueforti) on them, which gives them a
particular flavour.
MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
Production of Beverages and Antibiotics on an industrial scale requires growing microbes
in very large vessels called as fementers.
Beverages-
1. Microbes especially yeasts have been used from time immemorial for the production of
beverages like wine, beer, whisky, brandy or rum. For this purpose the same yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for bread-making and commonly called brewer’s yeast, is
used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit juices, to produce ethanol.
2. Wine and beer are produced without distillation whereas whisky, brandy and rum are
produced by distillation of the fermented broth.
Antibiotics-
Anti means ‘against’, and bio means ‘life’, together they mean ‘against life’
Antibiotics are chemical substances, which are produced by some microbes and can kill
or retard the growth of other (disease-causing) microbes.
Alexander Fleming while working on Staphylococci bacteria, once observed a mould
growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which Staphylococci could not
grow. He found out that it was due to a chemical produced by the mould and he named it
Penicillin after the mould Penicillium notatum. However, its full potential as an effective
antibiotic was established much later by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey. This antibiotic
was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II.Fleming,
Chain and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, for this discovery.
Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules (NEET)
2. Microbes are also used for commercial and industrial production of certain chemicals like
organic acids, alcohols and enzymes.
Examples of acid producers are -
1. Aspergillus niger (a fungus) of citric acid
2. Acetobacter aceti (a bacterium) of acetic acid
3. Clostridium butylicum (a bacterium) of butyric acid and
4. Lactobacillus (a bacterium) of lactic acid
5. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is used for commercial production of ethanol.
6. Microbes are also used for production of enzymes. Lipases are used in detergent
formulations and are helpful in removing oily stains from the laundry.
7. Bottled juices are clarified by the use of pectinases and proteases
8. Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Streptococcus and modified by genetic
engineering.It is used as a ‘clot buster’ for removing clots from the blood vessels of
patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack.
9. Cyclosporin A -It is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients.It
is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum.
Also used as -Anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory
Prevent organ transplantation rejection by inhibiting T-cell activation
10. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-
cholesterol lowering agents. It acts by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible
for synthesis of cholesterol.
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
Human excreta & municipal waste-water is called sewage. It contains large amounts of
organic matter and microbes. Many of which are pathogenic. Treatment of waste water is
done by the heterotrophic microbes naturally present in the sewage. This treatment is carried
out in two stages:
1. Primary treatment (Physical):
These treatment steps basically involve physical removal of particles – large and
small – from the sewage through filtration and sedimentation. These are removed in
stages; initially, floating debris is removed by sequential filtration.
Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation. All solids that
settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent. The effluent
from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
2. Secondary treatment or Biological treatment:
The primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated
mechanically and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic
microbes into flocs (masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh
like structures). While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic
matter in the effluent. This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen
demand) of the effluent.
‘BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the
organic matter in one litre of water were oxidised by bacteria’.
The sewage water is treated till the BOD is reduced. The BOD test measures the rate
of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly,
BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of
waste water more is its polluting potential.
Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is then
passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment. This
sediment is called activated sludge.
A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as
the inoculum.
3. The remaining major part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge
digesters. Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and
the fungi in the sludge. During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as
(methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide) called as Biogas and used as source of
energy as it is inflammable.
3. Tertiary treatment
The effluent from the secondary treatment plant is generally released into rivers and streams
after chemical treatment (Cl2).
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has initiated Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna
Action Plan to save these major rivers of our country from pollution.
Sewage treatment
Physical method (P.treatment)-
Large particles filtration
Small particle
Small particle sedimentation
Primary sludge & supernatant
effluent
Sec. Treatment (Biological method)-
Large aeration tank
O2/air agitated mechanically
Production of aerobic microbes
Consumes organic matter by microbes reduce BOD setting tank
Bacterial flocks are sedimented
Activated sludge pump into large tank (anaerobic sludge digester)
Anaerobic bacteria digest other bacteria & fungi production of
CH4, H2 S, H2,CO2 in effluent
Chemical treatment-
Mixing of (Cl2) and water released into river.
MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
Biogas is a mixture of gases (containing predominantly methane) produced by the
microbial activity certain bacteria, which grow anaerobically on cellulosic material,
produce large amount of methane(50-70%) along with CO2 (30-40%), H2S and H2.
These bacteria are collectively called methanogens, and one such common bacterium
is Methanobacterium.
These bacteria are commonly found in the anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment.
These bacteria are also present in the rumen (a part of stomach) of cattle.Thus, the
excreta (dung) of cattle, commonly called gobar, and are rich in these bacteria. Dung
can be used for generation of biogas, commonly called gobar gas.
4. Construction of Biogas Plant-
1. The biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10-15 feet deep) in which bio-wastes are
collected and slurry of dung is fed. A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps
on rising as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity. The biogas plant
has an outlet, which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas to nearby houses. The spent
slurry is removed through another outlet and may be used as fertiliser. The biogas thus
produced is used for cooking and lighting.
2. The technology of biogas production was developed in India mainly due to the efforts of
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi and Village Industries
Commission (KVIC).
MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENTS
Biological control of pests and diseases:
1. Biocontrol refers to the use of biological methods for controlling plant diseases and pests.
2. Beetle with red and black markings – the Ladybird, and Dragonflies are useful to get rid
of aphids and mosquitoes, respectively. An example of microbial biocontrol agents that
can be introduced in order to control butterfly caterpillars is the bacteria Bacillus
thuringiensis (often written as Bt).
These are available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and sprayed
onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees, where these are eaten by the
insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, the toxin is released and the larvae get killed. The
bacterial disease will kill the caterpillars, but leave other insects unharmed.The scientists
have introduced B. thuringiensis toxin genes into plants. Such plants are resistant to
attack by insect pests.
3. A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the
fungus Trichoderma. Trichoderma species are free-living fungi that are very common in
the root ecosystems. They are effective biocontrol agents of several plant pathogens.
4. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods. The majority of
baculoviruses used as biological control agents are in the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow spectrum insecticidal
applications. They have been shown to have no negative impacts on plants, mammals,
birds, and fish or even on non-target insects. This is especially desirable when beneficial
insects are being conserved to aid in an overall integrated pest management (IPM)
programme, or when an ecologically sensitive area is being treated.
5. MICROBES AS BIOFERTILISERS
1. Biofertilisers are organisms that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil.The main sources
of biofertilisers are bacteria, fungi and cyanobacteria.
2. Roots of leguminous plants formed by the symbiotic association of Rhizobium. These
bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen into organic forms, which is used by the plant as
nutrient.
3. Free-living bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil
Examples- Azospirillum and Azotobacter.
4. Fungi are also known to form symbiotic associations with plants (mycorrhiza). Many
members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont in these
associations absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant.
5. Plants having resistance to root-borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, and an
overall increase in plant growth and development.
6. Autotrophic microbes cyanobacteria are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial
environments many of which can fix atmospheric nitrogen, e.g. Anabaena, Nostoc,
Oscillatoria, etc.
7. In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertiliser. Blue green algae also
add organic matter to the soil and increase its fertility.