This document discusses bacteria, including their classification, structure, and industrial importance. It classifies bacteria according to their shape, arrangement, gram staining, habitat, metabolism, oxygen requirements, and whether they are beneficial or harmful. It then discusses the industrial applications of bacteria, including nitrogen fixation, bioremediation, biological control, plant growth promotion, and uses in dairy, biotechnology, antibiotic production, fermentation, and more. Many examples of specific bacteria used industrially are also provided.

1. BACTERIA
 Introduction
 Classification of bacteria
 Industrial importance of bacteria
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2. Structure of bacteria
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3. Classification of bacteria
1. Shape
2. Arrangement
3. Ability to accept gram stain
4. Habitat
5. Metabolism
6. O2 requirement
7. Beneficial/ harmful
Cont… 3

4. 1. According to shape
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5. Different colony morphology of bacteria
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6. 6

7. 2. According to arrangement
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8. 8

9. 3. According to gram staining
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11. 4. According to the habitat
1. Thermophiles: 45 and 122 °C
Thermophilus aquaticus
2. Extreme thermophiles
3. Psychrophiles: -15 -100
C
4. Psychrotrophs
5. Mesophiles - 20 - 450
C
6. Hallophiles - High salt - Methanogens
Temperature
requirement
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12. 5. According to the metabolism
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13.  Autotrophic photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) - Nostoc and Anaebena
 Heterotrophic
Curdling milk
Production of antibiotics
Nitrogen fixation
Pathogens
Write examples!
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14. 6. According to the O2 requirement
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15. 15
Based on number of flagella

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Industrial Application of bacteria
1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Bioremediation (Effective micro organisms)
3. Biological control
4. Growth promotion of plants
5. Usage in Genetic engineering and Biotechnology
6. Vaccine production
7. Antibiotic production
8. Fermentation
9. Usage in Dairy industry
10. Usage in Feed formulation industry
11. Usage in Fiber industry
12. Usage against environmental pollution
Cont….

17. Azotobacter colonies
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Nitrogen fixation

18. Rhizobia in Soy bean
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Nitrogen fixation

19. Colony of Rhizobium
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Nitrogen fixation

20. Lactococcus lactis
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Usage in Dairy industry

21. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Usage in Genetic engineering and Biotechnology

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23. Probiotic bacteria
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Usage in Dairy industry

24. Nitrosomonas
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Nitrogen fixation

25. Burkholderia spinosa
Colletotrichum musae (Cigar end rot)
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Biological control

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27. Pseudomonas fluorescens
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28. Bacterial insecticides
• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Bacillus sphericus
• Bacillus lentimobus
• Bacillus popillae
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29. Cry
Protein
Midgut pH
Protoxins
Proteolytic processing
Proteolytic processing
Active toxins
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Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis

30. Bacillus thuringiensis
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31. Tobacco curing
Crude dry tobacco leaves pass through curing and ripening
processes before they are ready for use
Bacteria are employed in both these processes and the
peculiar taste and smell in the tobacco is due to the bacterial
activity
For this purpose molasses and alcohol are added to tobacco.
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32. Ammonifying bacteria
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus ramosus
 Act upon the dead animal and plant tissues
 Decompose their complex organic compounds like
proteins into ammonium compounds (Humus)
 They are also known as putrefying bacteria
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33. Found in the soil
Fixes the nitrogen gas of the atmosphere in the presence
of carbohydrates
This fixation of free nitrogen from the atmosphere
through ammonia into free nitrates and again their
conversion into ammonia and free nitrogen takes place by
means of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, along with
other organisms
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Azotobacter

34. Vinegar making industry
Bacillus aceti convert the sugar solution into vinegar
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Alcohol and acetone manufacture
Butyl alcohol and acetone are manufactured by the action of
bacteria on molasses

35. Tea curing
Crude tea leaves are acted upon by certain bacteria. The
process is known as curing, which is employed to impart a
peculiar taste and flavour to the leaves. For this purpose
alcohol is added to tea leaves.
Leather tanning
The hides and skins after drying, salting and clearing are
steeped in fluids containing specific bacteria. The process of
fermentation goes on for some time and then they are
transferred to tan-pits and are further allowed to be
fermented. This whole process is known as tanning and the
bacteria employed in the process are obtained from cowdung
and the excreta of dogs and poultry.
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36. Fibre retting
Retting is the process of separating fibres from-the plant tissues.
Bacteria are employed in this industry, which cause decay of the
softer tissues and render fibres easily separable mechanically.
Fibres of flax, hemp, jute, coconut and other fibrous plants are
obtained by immersing the specific plant organs in stagnant pond
water where bacteria develop and cause retting.
The sewage work
In order to remove solid and semi-solid constituents of sewage it is
allowed to putrify. Putrifying bacteria are allowed to act upon
sewage under anaerobic conditions. It gets decayed and liquefied. It
is now filtered and the liquid is either drained out to the river or
used as manure in fields. For this purpose, in the soak pits the horse
dung is filled up.
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37. Ensilage
It is the process of preserving green fodder in pits.
Certain bacteria help in the preservation of fodder.
Medicines
Antitoxins are the chemical substances produced in the
host tissues in response to the attack of parasitic
bacteria. Different vaccines and serums now prepared
from these antitoxins are used in the treatment of
specific ailments. The antibiotics such as streptomycin,
aureomycin and chloromycetin are obtained from certain
actinomycetous bacteria.
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THE END!