Microbes play an essential role in sewage treatment by reducing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and pollutants. Sewage treatment occurs in two stages: primary treatment involves physical removal of solids, and secondary treatment uses aerobic microbes that break down organic waste, reducing BOD. The microbes form flocs that are removed, with some used as inoculum and the rest digested anaerobically to produce biogas. The treated effluent is then safe to release into water bodies, demonstrating how microbes naturally purify sewage.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbes play many useful roles in our daily lives and industry. They are used in food production like curd, dosa, and cheeses. They also have important functions in our bodies and help prevent disease. Microbes are widely used in industry for fermentation and production of various chemicals, enzymes, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical products.
Microbes are diverse – protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic plants viruses, viroids and also prions (proteinocious infectious agents)
Its a view of some useful and harmful Microbes.
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
Microbes are found everywhere in nature and can be grown in laboratories. They play many important roles in human welfare by fermenting foods, producing antibiotics and industrial chemicals, treating sewage, generating biogas, and acting as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Microbes are used in the dairy industry to curdle milk and leaven bread, and to produce various fermented foods like cheeses, yogurt, and fermented beverages. They are also employed industrially to synthesize antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes through fermentation. In wastewater treatment, microbes aid in the biological oxidation and removal of pollutants.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques. It explains that biotechnology uses organisms or enzymes to produce useful products. Genetic engineering techniques allow modification of genetic material like DNA and RNA to change host organism phenotypes. Key techniques include identifying genes of interest, introducing them into hosts, and maintaining the introduced DNA in progeny. Restriction enzymes and vectors are important tools that allow cutting and recombining of DNA to clone genes and transfer them to target organisms.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. Microbes play many useful roles in our daily lives and industry. They are used in food production like curd, dosa, and cheeses. They also have important functions in our bodies and help prevent disease. Microbes are widely used in industry for fermentation and production of various chemicals, enzymes, antibiotics, and other pharmaceutical products.
Microbes are diverse – protozoa, bacteria, fungi and microscopic plants viruses, viroids and also prions (proteinocious infectious agents)
Its a view of some useful and harmful Microbes.
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
Microbes are found everywhere in nature and can be grown in laboratories. They play many important roles in human welfare by fermenting foods, producing antibiotics and industrial chemicals, treating sewage, generating biogas, and acting as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. Microbes are used in the dairy industry to curdle milk and leaven bread, and to produce various fermented foods like cheeses, yogurt, and fermented beverages. They are also employed industrially to synthesize antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes through fermentation. In wastewater treatment, microbes aid in the biological oxidation and removal of pollutants.
This document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques. It explains that biotechnology uses organisms or enzymes to produce useful products. Genetic engineering techniques allow modification of genetic material like DNA and RNA to change host organism phenotypes. Key techniques include identifying genes of interest, introducing them into hosts, and maintaining the introduced DNA in progeny. Restriction enzymes and vectors are important tools that allow cutting and recombining of DNA to clone genes and transfer them to target organisms.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
This document discusses ecology and the relationship between organisms and their environment. It covers levels of ecological organization like populations, communities, and biomes. It also discusses abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil that influence organisms and how organisms adapt to different environments through mechanisms like homeostasis, regulation, migration, dormancy, and behavioral and physiological adaptations.
Lactic acid bacteria and other microbes play important roles in food production. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, and Streptococcus lactis in yogurt and cheese help digest milk and produce beneficial compounds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to produce bread, beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Microbes also have many industrial uses including producing antibiotics, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins and other chemicals. They help treat wastewater and produce biofuels and enzymes.
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications. They are used in the production of household items like curd and bread as well as industrial products such as antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down sewage in treatment plants. Additionally, certain microbes produce biogas through anaerobic digestion and can be used as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents in agriculture.
Evolution is the process of change over generations in the inherited characteristics of biological populations. There are several key points in the origin and evolution of life on Earth according to the document:
1) The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old. The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago from gases and dust particles in the solar system.
2) Early theories for the origin of life included special creation by God, panspermia (life originating from space), and spontaneous generation from non-living matter. However, the accepted theory today is chemical evolution - that first life arose gradually from organic molecules on the early Earth.
3) Evidence from fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and molecular studies supports the theory
This document is a student project on microbes in human welfare submitted by Alok Kumar Bind. It includes an introduction to microbes, their role in food production including cheese, wine and curd making. It also discusses the use of microbes in water treatment processes like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Finally, it covers the use of microbes in energy production such as algae fuel, cellulosic fuel and biogas. The project was submitted to fulfill biology practical examination requirements.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
Microbes in Human Welfare Notes Written By Me.pdfRAHUL PAL
Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health.
This document discusses microbes and their importance to human welfare. It defines microbes as living organisms too small to see with the naked eye that are visible under a microscope. It notes that Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered microbes in 1675 using one of the first microscopes. The document provides examples of how microbes are used to produce important household products like bread, cheese and beer, as well as industrial products like ethanol and antibiotics. It also discusses how microbes are used to produce bioactive molecules and how some microbes aid soil fertilization.
Biotechnology and its application ppt, Grade 12 CBSEblessiemary
This document discusses applications of biotechnology including therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, and more. It provides details on using biotechnology in agriculture through genetically engineered crops that are pest resistant (using Bt toxin), drought tolerant, or have increased nutritional quality. The document also discusses using biotechnology in medicine, including producing human insulin through recombinant DNA in E. coli, and using gene therapy to treat genetic disorders like ADA deficiency. Molecular diagnostics techniques like PCR and ELISA are also mentioned for early disease detection.
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare. They are used to produce foods like curd, bread, cheese and beverages like wine and beer through fermentation. They are also used industrially to produce antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and other bioactive molecules. Microbes help treat sewage by reducing biochemical oxygen demand and generating biogas from sludge. They act as biocontrol agents for pests and help increase soil fertility as biofertilizers by fixing nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus.
This document provides an overview of organisms and populations. It discusses key concepts in ecology like habitat, niche, biotic and abiotic factors. Specific biotic factors covered include temperature, light, water, soil, wind and humidity. Different biomes are described like tundra, taiga, grasslands, alpine, tropical forests, temperate forests, and deserts. The document also discusses how organisms respond to abiotic factors through regulating, conforming, migrating, or suspending activities. Finally, it covers structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations that help organisms survive in different environments.
By
Avinash Darsimbe
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
B.Sc. I (Sem- I)
BOTANY
Diversity & Applications of Microbes and Cryptogams
Unit-VI
Application of Microbes and Cryptogams
6.1. Harmful aspects of Algae
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories related to evolutionary biology. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, the early conditions, and various theories proposed to explain how life first emerged such as chemical evolution. The theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin is explained, noting that organisms evolve over time through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations. Several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution are outlined, including fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and morphology, and molecular homology.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document provides information about Rajveer Atal's 12th class biology investigatory project on microbes. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction on microbes. It then discusses various uses of microbes in areas like food, water treatment, energy production, chemical and enzyme production, and science. It also briefly mentions uses of microbes in warfare. The conclusion summarizes that microbes play an important role in ecology and various industries through functions like decomposition, and production of enzymes, antibiotics, fuels and more.
Bacteria have important economic benefits in agriculture, medicine, and industry. In agriculture, bacteria aid soil fertility through ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. They improve soil by converting nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants. In medicine, bacteria produce important antibiotics like streptomycin and aureomycin to treat diseases. Industrially, bacteria are used to produce lactic acid, yogurt, butter, cheese, curd, and vinegar through fermentation processes. Specific bacteria species are involved in each of these beneficial roles.
This document discusses microbes and their various uses. It begins by describing what microbes are and where they can be found. It then discusses how microbes are used in household products like milk, dough, and cheeses to ferment and produce gases. Microbes are also used industrially to produce beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other molecules. Additionally, the document outlines how microbes play an important role in sewage treatment and biogas production. It also discusses the use of microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
This document discusses ecology and the relationship between organisms and their environment. It covers levels of ecological organization like populations, communities, and biomes. It also discusses abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil that influence organisms and how organisms adapt to different environments through mechanisms like homeostasis, regulation, migration, dormancy, and behavioral and physiological adaptations.
Lactic acid bacteria and other microbes play important roles in food production. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. lactis, and Streptococcus lactis in yogurt and cheese help digest milk and produce beneficial compounds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to produce bread, beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages through fermentation. Microbes also have many industrial uses including producing antibiotics, organic acids, amino acids, vitamins and other chemicals. They help treat wastewater and produce biofuels and enzymes.
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications. They are used in the production of household items like curd and bread as well as industrial products such as antibiotics, organic acids, and enzymes. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down sewage in treatment plants. Additionally, certain microbes produce biogas through anaerobic digestion and can be used as biofertilizers or biocontrol agents in agriculture.
Evolution is the process of change over generations in the inherited characteristics of biological populations. There are several key points in the origin and evolution of life on Earth according to the document:
1) The universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old. The Earth formed 4.5 billion years ago from gases and dust particles in the solar system.
2) Early theories for the origin of life included special creation by God, panspermia (life originating from space), and spontaneous generation from non-living matter. However, the accepted theory today is chemical evolution - that first life arose gradually from organic molecules on the early Earth.
3) Evidence from fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and molecular studies supports the theory
This document is a student project on microbes in human welfare submitted by Alok Kumar Bind. It includes an introduction to microbes, their role in food production including cheese, wine and curd making. It also discusses the use of microbes in water treatment processes like primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. Finally, it covers the use of microbes in energy production such as algae fuel, cellulosic fuel and biogas. The project was submitted to fulfill biology practical examination requirements.
This document discusses human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health like genetics, lifestyle, and infectious/non-infectious diseases. It then summarizes several common infectious diseases like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, and their causes, transmission methods, symptoms, and treatment. It also discusses immunity, describing innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity includes physical and chemical barriers, while acquired immunity involves T cells, B cells, antibodies, and cellular/humoral responses that provide long-term protection against pathogens.
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
Microbes in Human Welfare Notes Written By Me.pdfRAHUL PAL
Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health.
This document discusses microbes and their importance to human welfare. It defines microbes as living organisms too small to see with the naked eye that are visible under a microscope. It notes that Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered microbes in 1675 using one of the first microscopes. The document provides examples of how microbes are used to produce important household products like bread, cheese and beer, as well as industrial products like ethanol and antibiotics. It also discusses how microbes are used to produce bioactive molecules and how some microbes aid soil fertilization.
Biotechnology and its application ppt, Grade 12 CBSEblessiemary
This document discusses applications of biotechnology including therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, and more. It provides details on using biotechnology in agriculture through genetically engineered crops that are pest resistant (using Bt toxin), drought tolerant, or have increased nutritional quality. The document also discusses using biotechnology in medicine, including producing human insulin through recombinant DNA in E. coli, and using gene therapy to treat genetic disorders like ADA deficiency. Molecular diagnostics techniques like PCR and ELISA are also mentioned for early disease detection.
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare. They are used to produce foods like curd, bread, cheese and beverages like wine and beer through fermentation. They are also used industrially to produce antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and other bioactive molecules. Microbes help treat sewage by reducing biochemical oxygen demand and generating biogas from sludge. They act as biocontrol agents for pests and help increase soil fertility as biofertilizers by fixing nitrogen or solubilizing phosphorus.
This document provides an overview of organisms and populations. It discusses key concepts in ecology like habitat, niche, biotic and abiotic factors. Specific biotic factors covered include temperature, light, water, soil, wind and humidity. Different biomes are described like tundra, taiga, grasslands, alpine, tropical forests, temperate forests, and deserts. The document also discusses how organisms respond to abiotic factors through regulating, conforming, migrating, or suspending activities. Finally, it covers structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations that help organisms survive in different environments.
By
Avinash Darsimbe
Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati
B.Sc. I (Sem- I)
BOTANY
Diversity & Applications of Microbes and Cryptogams
Unit-VI
Application of Microbes and Cryptogams
6.1. Harmful aspects of Algae
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories related to evolutionary biology. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, the early conditions, and various theories proposed to explain how life first emerged such as chemical evolution. The theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin is explained, noting that organisms evolve over time through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations. Several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution are outlined, including fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and morphology, and molecular homology.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document provides information about Rajveer Atal's 12th class biology investigatory project on microbes. It begins with an acknowledgment and introduction on microbes. It then discusses various uses of microbes in areas like food, water treatment, energy production, chemical and enzyme production, and science. It also briefly mentions uses of microbes in warfare. The conclusion summarizes that microbes play an important role in ecology and various industries through functions like decomposition, and production of enzymes, antibiotics, fuels and more.
Bacteria have important economic benefits in agriculture, medicine, and industry. In agriculture, bacteria aid soil fertility through ammonification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation. They improve soil by converting nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants. In medicine, bacteria produce important antibiotics like streptomycin and aureomycin to treat diseases. Industrially, bacteria are used to produce lactic acid, yogurt, butter, cheese, curd, and vinegar through fermentation processes. Specific bacteria species are involved in each of these beneficial roles.
This document discusses microbes and their various uses. It begins by describing what microbes are and where they can be found. It then discusses how microbes are used in household products like milk, dough, and cheeses to ferment and produce gases. Microbes are also used industrially to produce beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other molecules. Additionally, the document outlines how microbes play an important role in sewage treatment and biogas production. It also discusses the use of microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
about bacteria and virus, diseases harmful microbes and useful microbes , microbes in sewage treatment, structure of bacteria and virus, classification of bacteria and viruses
1. Microbes play an important role in the production of many household and industrial products. Lactic acid bacteria convert milk into curd and yogurt, while other microbes like yeast and bacteria are used in the production of foods like dosa, idli, and bread.
2. Microbes like yeast and bacteria are also used on an industrial scale to produce beverages through fermentation and antibiotics through the growth of fungi and bacteria. Examples include using yeast to produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages and discovering penicillin through the mould Penicillium.
3. Microbes are also used to treat sewage and waste water. Aerobic bacteria in activated sludge consume organic matter, reducing biochemical oxygen demand and pollut
These are the notes of an important chapter of class 12 biology , microbes in human welfare . These are absolutely sufficient for your preparation for board examinations .
This document is a student project on microbes in human welfare. It discusses how microbes are used in various household and industrial processes. Some key points:
- Microbes are used in food production through fermentation processes like making idli, dosa, and alcoholic beverages. Some microbes or their structures are directly used as food.
- Industrially, microbes produce items like organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, and gibberellins through fermentation. They are also used to treat sewage and produce biogas from waste.
- Microbes can act as biocontrol agents against plant diseases or as biofertilizers to improve soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE.pptx class XII BiologyDrUpadhyay
This document discusses microbes and their importance in human welfare. It describes how microbes are used in the production of various household and industrial products like curd, bread, cheese, beverages, antibiotics, chemicals and enzymes. It also discusses the role of microbes in sewage treatment by breaking down organic waste during primary and secondary treatment. The document further explains how microbes are used to produce biogas from anaerobic digestion of sludge and farm waste. It concludes by mentioning some microbes that are used for biological control of pests and diseases, as well as their role in biofertilizers to promote plant growth.
This document discusses food microbiology and bacteria important in food science. It covers topics like the definition and importance of food microbiology, general characteristics of bacteria, morphological and physiological traits of bacteria, and important groups of bacteria in food including lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and thermophilic bacteria. It also discusses the roles bacteria play in food processing, preservation, and spoilage as well as their use in producing metabolites like amino acids, organic acids, enzymes, and vitamins.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
The document discusses various ways that microbes are used to enhance food production. It describes how plant and animal breeding can increase food quantity and quality. It also explains bi fortification, where crops are bred to have higher vitamin, mineral, and fat levels to overcome malnutrition. Microbes are used in fermenting foods like dosa, curd, and cheese. They also produce important molecules like antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Microbes break down sewage in treatment plants and generate renewable energy in the form of biogas. They act as biocontrol agents against agricultural pests.
This document discusses the various applications of microorganisms. It begins with an introduction to microorganisms and their ubiquity. It then reviews the history of microbiology and discusses current applications of microbes in food production, agriculture, bioremediation, medicine, mining, biofuel production, and more. The document concludes that microorganisms will continue providing human solutions to problems in many areas over the next 50 years.
This document discusses microorganisms and their roles as both pathogens and beneficial organisms. It notes that microorganisms cannot be seen with the naked eye and includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Some microbes cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants, while others are used to make foods like bread and yogurt or medicines. The nitrogen cycle is also summarized, where nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into soil nitrogen for plant use, and the nitrogen is recycled through dead organisms and waste.
This document summarizes the various uses of microorganisms. It discusses how microorganisms are used commercially in industries like dairy, beverages, baking, and processing. It also discusses their medicinal uses in producing antibiotics and vaccines. Microorganisms are used agriculturally for nitrogen fixation and in environmental applications like sewage treatment and oil spill cleanup. The document also covers how some microorganisms can cause diseases in humans, animals and plants by acting as pathogens or through transmission by carriers. Food spoilage and various food preservation methods using microorganisms are also summarized.
Role of Microorganisms in Preparation of Certain Foods, in Spoilage of Food, ...Umay Habiba
This document discusses the role of microorganisms in food. It explains that microorganisms are involved in both the production of many foods through fermentation processes as well as the spoilage of foods. Various factors that influence the growth of microorganisms in foods, such as temperature, pH, and water availability, are also outlined. Additionally, the document covers several methods used for food preservation to inhibit microbial growth, such as canning, pasteurization, reducing water availability, and chemical or radiation-based approaches.
This document discusses different types of microorganisms: bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi and viruses. It provides characteristics of each type, including their shapes (for bacteria), whether they are unicellular or multicellular, and how they reproduce. It also outlines ways that microorganisms are beneficial, such as in food production, agriculture and the environment, and how some can cause harm as pathogens in humans, animals and plants.
This document discusses biodeterioration of food, specifically focusing on carbohydrate deterioration. It defines biodeterioration as any undesirable change in food properties caused by microbial activities. Carbohydrate deterioration can occur through preliminary breakdown by enzymes, fermentation of sugars, production of microbial polysaccharides, and degradation of pectin by microbial enzymes. Common microbes that cause carbohydrate deterioration include lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and pectin-degrading bacteria and fungi. The document provides detailed explanations of the mechanisms and examples of carbohydrate deterioration in various foods.
There are different types of culture media used for growing bacteria, categorized based on consistency and chemical composition. Solid media like agar allows separation and identification of colonies. Liquid media is used for profuse growth but mixed organisms cannot be separated. Media can also be categorized based on their chemical makeup - synthetic, basal, enriched, selective, indicator, transport, and storage media which are used for different purposes like growth, transport, or long-term storage of bacteria. Microorganisms play important roles in food production through fermentation of products like cheese, alcoholic beverages, and dairy. They are also used industrially for production of chemicals, enzymes, vitamins, and pharmaceuticals through fermentation processes.
Class VIII Science: Chapter 2: Microorganisms; Friend and FoeAngel Alina Varghese
Class 8th NCERT science book's Chapter 2, titled "Microorganisms; Friend and Foe" deals with microorganisms. Major groups of microorganisms, friendly and harmful microorganisms and their uses in our daily life.
Bacteria are used in many aspects of the food industry. Lactobacillus and Streptococcus bacteria are used to make curd and yogurt by fermenting milk and converting lactose into lactic acid. Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Aspergillus bacteria are used in cheese making by fermenting milk. Bacillus bacteria are used in curing tea leaves by facilitating a fermentation process. Certain bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas can synthesize vitamins like B12. In agriculture, bacteria fix nitrogen, enrich soil nutrients, stimulate plant growth, and control pathogens.
Similar to XII bio microbes in human welfare complete (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
3. D O Y O U R E M E M B E R W H I C H
K I N G D O M S A M O N G T H E L I V I N G
O R G A N I S M S C O N TA I N M I C R O -
O R G A N I S M S ?
W H I C H A R E T H E O N E S T H AT A R E
O N LY M I C R O S C O P I C ?
4. MICROBES
• Microbes are diverse-protozoa, bacteria, fungi and
microscopic plants viruses, viroid and also prions
that are proteinaceous infectious agents.
5.
6. MICROBES :OCCURRENCE
Microbes are present EVERYWHERE.
OMNIPRESENT!
• In soil, water, air.
• Inside our bodies and that of other animals and
plants. (e.g. Human microbiome)
• In extreme environments: Extremophiles
Thermophiles: e.g. Thermus aquaticus
Psychrophiles
Acidophiles, alkalophiles
Barophiles
Halophiles
10. MICROBES: GROWING MICROBES IN LAB
• Bacteria and fungi can be grown on nutritive
media to form colonies, which can be seen by
necked eyes and very useful in study of
microorganisms.
Colonies of E. coli
(bacteria)
Colonies of Candida albicans
(fungi)
11. MICROBES
• Microbes cause many diseases in human beings, plants
and animals.
• Several microorganisms are useful to man in diverse
ways.
12. MICROBES IN HUMAN
WELFARE
MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS
MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
MICROBES AS BIO CONTROL AGENTS
MICROBES AS BIOFERTILIZERS
15. MICROBES IN HOUSEHOLD
PRODUCTS
Name of Microbe Type Use
Lactobacillus and
LAB
Bacteria Curd making
b Yeast
(Saccharomyces
cervisiae)
Fungus Fermentation
Used in Dough and
traditional drinks
c Propionibacterium
sharmanii
Bacterium Cheese making
(Swiss cheese)
16. A. CURD: LACTIC ACID BACTERIA
• Lactobacillus and other commonly called lactic acid
bacteria (LAB) grow in milk and convert it to curd.
• They convert lactose sugar into Lactic acid.
• The LAB produces acids that coagulate and
partially digest the milk proteins.
• It also improves its nutritional quality by increasing
vitamin B12.
• In our stomach too, the LAB play very beneficial
role in checking disease-causing microbes.
17. B. YEAST (SACCHAROMYCES
CERVISIAE)
• The dough used for making foods such as dosa
and idli and bread is fermented by bacteria.
• The dough is fermented using baker’s yeast
(Saccharomyces cervisiae).
• The puffed-up appearance of dough is due to the
production of CO2 gas.
• Also used in making traditional foods and drinks
e.g. Toddy (traditional drink of southern India)
18. PROPIONIBACTERIUM
SHARMANII
• Cheese: Different cheese differ in
texture because of the microbe used
during fermentation.
• The large holes in Swiss cheese are
due to production of a large amount
of CO2 by a bacterium
named Propionibacterium sharmanii.
• The ‘Roquefort cheese’ is ripened by
growing a specific fungus (Penicillium
roquefortii) on them for a particular
flavour.
20. MICROBES IN INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTS
• Fermentative activity of many microbes is used in industries for
production of antibiotics, baverages etc.
• Production on large scale requires growing microbes in very large
vessels called fermenters.
• Microbes are used for the industrial production of:
1. Fermented Beverages
2. Antibiotics
3. Chemical, Organic acids , Enzymes and other
Bioactive Molecules
21.
22. 1. FERMENTED BEVERAGES
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly called brewer’s
yeast, is used for fermenting malted cereals and fruit
juices, to produce beverages like wine, bear, whisky and
rum.
• Wine and bear are produced without distillation
whereas whisky, brandy and rum are produced by
distillation of the fermented broth.
23. Alcoholic beverages
• Beer contains 3 to 5
percent of alcohol.
• Wine contains 9 to 14
percent alcohol.
• Wine coolers are made of
wine mixed with
carbonated water and
flavourings. Wine coolers
have about 4 to 6 percent
alcohol.
• Distilled spirits such as
whiskey, gin, scotch and
vodka usually contain 35
to 50 percent alcohol.
Nutrient
source
Beverage
Barley malt Beer
Rye malt Gin
Rice Sake
Potato Vodka
Cereals Whiskey
Juices Wine, brandy
24. 2. ANTIBIOTICS
• Anti is a Greek word that means ‘against’, and bio means ‘life’, together
they mean ‘against life’ (in the context of disease causing organisms).
• ANTIBIOTICS - they are chemical substances produced by some
microbes and can kill or retard the growth of other microbes.
• Penicillin was first antibiotic to be discovered.
• Source: Eubacteria (mostly Bacillus), fungi (mostly actinomycetes),
lichens
• Antibiotics have greatly improved our capacity to treat deadly diseases
such as
Plague,
Whooping cough(Kaali khansi),
Diphtheria(Gal ghotu) and
Leprosy(Kusht rog).
25. PENICILLIN
DISCOVERY: Alexander Fleming while working on Staphylococci bacteria, once
observed a mould growing in one of his unwashed culture plates around which
Staphylococci could not grow. He found out that it was due to a chemical produced
by the mould and he named it Penicillin after the mould Penicillium notatum.
However, its full potential as an effective antibiotic was established much later by
Ernest Chain and Howard Florey.This antibiotic was extensively used to treat
American soldiers wounded inWorld War II. Fleming, Chain and Florey were
awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945, for this discovery.
26.
27. 3. CHEMICAL, ORGANIC ACIDS ,
ENZYMES AND OTHER BIOACTIVE
MOLECULES
i. CHEMICALS and ORGANIC ACIDS
ii. ENZYMES
iii. BIOACTIVE AGENTS
29. ENZYMES
Enzyme Use Source microbe
1 Lipase used in laundry
detergents
Candida lipolytica
Pseudomonas
fluorescens
2 Pectinase and
protease
used in
clearing of
packed juices
Aspergillus niger
3 Streptokinase It has
fibrinolytic
effect, used as
clot buster (to
remove clots)
Streptococcus
bacterium
30. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
COMPOUND SOURCE CATEG
ORY
USE
Cyclosporin A Trichoderma
polysporum
fungi Used as
immunosuppressive
agent (for organ
transplant patients.
Inhibits action of T
Cells
Statins Monascus
purpureus
yeast used as blood
cholesterol lowering
agents.
31. • Expand LAB
• Mention any two benefits LAB provides.
• Write the scientific name of microbe used for fermenting malted
cereals and fruit juices.
OR
Write the scientific name of baker’s yeast
• What is the medical use of Statins and Cyclosporin A?
• How does addition of small amount of curd to fresh milk help
formation of curd?
• Mention a product of human welfare obtained from:
LAB
S. cerevisae
Propionibacterium sharmanii
Aspergillus niger
32. Mention the product and its use by each of the following:
• Streptococcus
• Lactobacillus
• Sachharomyces cerevisae
36. MICROBES IN SEWAGE TREATMENT
• Municipal waste water (sewage) contains large amount of
organic matter and microbes which are pathogenic
which cannot be discharged into natural water
bodies like rivers and streams.
• Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plant (STPs)
to make it less polluting by using heterotrophic
microbes naturally present in sewage. Sewage
treatment is done in two stages-
• PRIMARYTREATMENT
• SECONDARYTREATEMENT
37. PRIMARY TREATMENT
• Involves physical removal of particles.
• Done in: Grit chambers and Settling tanks
Floating debris is removed by sequential filtration.
Grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by
sedimentation.
• All solids that settle form
the primary sludge, and the
supernatant forms the effluent.
42. SECONDARY TREATMENT
OR
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
• Involves passing of primary effluents in
large aeration tank where it is constantly
agitated and air is pumped into it.
• This help the vigorous growth of aerobic
microbes to form flocs.
FLOCS : masses of bacteria associated
with fungal filaments to form mesh like
structures.
• These microbes increase the digestion/
consumption of organic wastes and
decrease the BOD (Biochemical
Oxygen Demand) of the effluents.
43. SECONDARY TREATMENT
• BOD is the amount of oxygen that would be consumed
if all the organic matter in one litre of water were
oxidised by bacteria.
• It indirectly measures the amount of organic matter
present in the water. Greater the BOD of water more
it is polluted.
• Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced to 10-15
%, the effluent is then passed into a settling tank where the
bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment. This sediment is
called activated sludge.
• Activated sludge: A part of this is used as inoculum in
aeration tank. Remaining is transferred to anaerobic sludge
digester.
44.
45.
46. • Sludge is passed into large tanks called anaerobic
sludge digesters in which anaerobic bacteria
digest the organic mass as well as aerobic microbes
and fungi in the sludge. Methanogenic bacteria
produce a mixture of gases called biogas, which is a
mixture of methane, hydrogen sulphide and
carbon dioxide.
• The effluents from the secondary treatment plant
are released into water bodies.
• Till date, no manmade technology has
been able to rival the microbial
treatment of sewage!!!
51. Act enforced by Government to
conserve water bodies
National river conservation plan (NRCP) was enacted in
1995 to improve the water quality of the rivers, which are the
major fresh water resources in our country. This important
assignment taken up under the NRCP includes,
• To capture the raw sewage flowing into the river through
open drains and divert them for treatment.
• Setting up sewage treatment plants for treating the diverted
sewage.
• Construction of low cost sanitation toilets to prevent open
defecation on river banks.
52. THE MINISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOREST
AND CLIMATE CHANGE HAS INITIATED THE
GANGA ACTION PLAN AND THE YAMUNA
ACTION PLAN TO SAVE THE MAJOR RIVERS
OF THE COUNTRY.
• The Ganga action plan was launched on 14th January
1986. The main objective of the programme is to improve the water
quality of River Ganges by interception, diversion and treatment of
domestic sewage and to identify grossly polluting units to prevent
pollution.
• The Yamuna Action Plan is a bilateral project between the
Government of India and Japan. It was formally launched in April 1993.
It was proposed to build large number of sewage treatment plants to
discharge treated wastewater into the rivers.
53.
54.
55. RECALL!
• What is activated sludge?
• Explain the process of secondary treatment given to
primary effluent up to the point it shows significant
change in level of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
in it.
• Explain the role of anaerobic sludge digester in
sewage treatment plant.
• Explain the steps involved in primary treatment of
sludge.
• List the events that lead to biogas production from
waste water whose BOD has been reduced
significantly.
56. • (a) How does activated sludge get produced during
sewage treatment.
(b) Explain how sludge is used in biogas production.
• What are flocs.What is their role in effluent treatment.
What is their ultimate fate?
• Determination of BOD can help in suggesting the quality
of water body. Explain.
• What are methanogens?
• Name the two categories of microbes naturally occurring
in sewage water. Explain their role in cleaning of sewage
water.
• Distinguish between the role of flocs and anaerobic sludge
digester.
-Aerobic/anaerobic
-Breakdown organic matter in primary/secondary effluent.
-biogas producton
57. • Methanogens do not produce:
a. oxygen
b. methane
c. hydrogen sulfide
d. carbon dioxide
• What would happen if oxygen availability to activated sludge
flocs is reduced?
a. It will slow down the rate of degradation of organic matter
b. The center of flocs will become anoxic, which would cause death of
bacteria and eventually breakage of flocs.
c. Flocs would increase in size as anaerobic bacteria would grow
around flocs.
d. Protozoa would grow in large numbers.
58. • The technology of biogas production from cow dung was
developed in India largely due to the efforts of:
a. Gas Authority of India
b. Oil and Natural Gas Commission
c. Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi &Village Industries
Commission
d. Indian Oil Corporation.
• BOD of waste water is estimated by measuring the amount
of:
a. total organic matter
b. biodegradable organic matter
c. oxygen evolution
d. oxygen consumption.
59. • Wastewater treatment generates a large quantity of sludge, which can be
treated by:
a. anaerobic digesters
b. floc
c. chemicals
d. oxidation pond.
• .Methanogenic bacteria are not found in
(a) Rumen of cattle
(b) Gobar gas plant
(c) Bottom of water-logged paddy fields
(d) Activated sludge
• Wastewater treatment generates a large quantity of sludge, which
can be treated by
(a) Anaerobic digesters
(b) Floe
(c) Chemicals
(d) Oxidation pond
60.
61. MICROBES IN PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
• Biogas is a mixture of gases produced by the microbial
activity that can be used as fuel. It is a methane rich
fuel gas produced by anaerobic breakdown of biomass
with help of methanogenic bacteria.
• Methanogens: Certain bacteria that grows anaerobically on
cellulosic material produce large amount of methane along with
CO2 and traces of Nitrogen, H2S and H2. These bacteria are
collectively called methanogens (Methanobacterium).
• Methanogens are present in
1.Activated sludge (in sewage treatment)
2. Rumen of cattle
62. BIOGAS
PRODUCTION
STEP
3
Organic acids acted upon
by methanogenic bacteria
to produce methane and
CO2.
STEP
2
Simple compounds are
further converted into
organic acids by
fermentation
STEP
1
Anaerobic digestion,
enzymatic breakdown of
complex organic matter
into simpler substances
63. BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY
• The excreta of cattle (gobar) is rich in
methanogens bacteria and is used for
generation of biogas also called as gobar gas.
• The technology of biogas production was developed
in India mainly due to the efforts of Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and
Khadi andVillage Industries Commission
(KVIC).
64. BIOGAS PLANT
• Biogas plant consists of a concrete tank (10-15ft deep)
in which bio-wastes are collected and slurry of dung is
fed.
• A floating cover is placed over digester that moves
upward when gas is produced.
• The gas produced is removed and supplied through an
outlet pipe for consumption.
• The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and
used as fertilisers.
• Biogas plant is more often build in rural areas as large
amount of cattle dug is available easily.
68. ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
• Provides both energy and manure.
Manure, how?The effluent residue left after
the fermentative generation of biogas is rich in
minerals, lignin, cellulose etc and serves as
ideal manure.
• Environmental friendly: Does not add to pollution.
• Storable form: more efficient and economic.
• Minimizes the chances of spread of fecal pathogens
72. MICROBES AS BIOCONTROL AGENT
• Biocontrol means use of biological/biochemical
methods for controlling plant disease and
pests. The chemical used as pesticides and
insecticides are harmful to human beings and
animals.
• The natural method of pest and pathogen control
involving use of viruses, bacteria and other insects
is called biocontrol or biological control.
73. Organic farming is a technique, which involves
cultivation of plants and rearing of animals in natural ways. This
process involves the use of biological materials, avoiding synthetic
substances to maintain soil fertility and ecological balance thereby
minimizing pollution and wastage.
• Key features of organic farming
• Protecting soil quality using organic materials and encouraging
biological activity.
• Indirect provision of crop nutrients using soil microorganisms.
• Nitrogen fixation in soils using legumes.
• Weed and pest control based on methods like crop rotation,
biological diversity, natural predators, organic manures and
suitable chemical, thermal and biological interventions.
• Biofertilizers and biopesticides are used in organic
farming methods.
74.
75. ORGANIC FARMING
• It is a farming system with minimal
or no use of chemicals as
fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, etc.
organic manures, recycled farm-
wastes (straw and livestock excreta)
use of bio-agents such as culture of
blue-green algae in preparation of
biofertilizers,
with healthy cropping systems [mixed
cropping inter-cropping and crop
rotation].
These cropping systems are beneficial
in insect, pest and weed control besides
providing nutrients.
76. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASE
• BIOPESTICIDES : These are biological agents that are used
for control of weeds, insects and pathogen (viruses,
bacteria, protozoa, fungi etc) e.g. Bio-Insecticide
• These biological agents are grown in labs on a large scale
for commercial production.
• The organic farmer creates a system where the pests
are not eradicated but kept at manageable level by
complex system of check and balance within the living and
vibrant ecosystem.
77. • EXAMPLES OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS:
• The Ladybird and Dragonflies are used to get
rid of aphids and mosquitoes respectively.
• Bacteria: Bacillus thurengenesis
• Fungi: Trichoderma
• Virus: Baculovirus
78. 1. BACTERIA: On Brassica and fruit tree, to control
butterfly caterpillars bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis is
used.
80. 2. FUNGUS:
Trichoderma are free-
living fungi that are
very common in the
root systems that
control several plant
pathogens.
Trichoderma viridae
fungus has been used
to develop biological
control for the
treatment of plant
diseases.
Trichoderma spp
81.
82. 3.VIRUS: Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other
arthropods.The majority of these belong to genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus.
These viruses are excellent candidates for species-specific, narrow
spectrum insecticidal applications.
87. MICROBES AS BIO FERTILISERS
Bio fertilisers are organisms that enrich the
nutrient quality of the soil. They enhance the
availability of nutrients like Nitrogen and
Phosphorous to crops.
The microorganisms that can act as biofertilizers
are:
1. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
2. Cyanobacteria
3. Mycorrhiza
88. 1. NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA
• These fix atmospheric nitrogen and make it available for plants.
• Free living Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Azotobacter, Azospirillum
• Symbiotic Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Form symbiotic association with
plants. E.g. Rhizobium, which forms nodules on the roots of leguminous
plants
Root nodules
89. 2. CYANOBACTERIA
• Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes widely distributed in aquatic
and terrestrial environments.
• Many Cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
• In paddy fields, cyanobacteria serve as an important biofertiliser.
• Blue green algae also add organic matter to the soil and increase its
fertility.
• Free living nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria: Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria.
• Symbiotic nitrogen fixing Cyanobacteria (BGA): Lichens, Azolla-
Anabena association and in Cycad roots.
Nostoc Collaroid root of Cycad
90. 3. MYCORRHIZA
• Symbiotic association of fungus with roots of higher plants
• Most common fungal partners: Glomus species.
• Enhanced absorption of phosphorous
• Such plants also show other benefits such as resistance to root-borne
pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, and an overall increase in
plant growth and development.
91. TOPICS DISCUSSED
• Microbes: Occurrence, growth, classes
• Microbes in household
• Microbes in industrial products
• Microbes in sewage treatment
• Microbes in biogas production
• Microbes as biocontrol agents
• Microbes as biofertilizers
92. Methanogenic bacteria are not found in:
a. rumen of cattle
b. gobar gas plant
c. bottom of water-logged paddy fields
d. activated sludge.
The technology of biogas production from cow dung was developed in India
largely due to the efforts of:
• a. Gas Authority of India
• b. Oil and Natural Gas Commission
• c. Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi & Village Industries
Commission
• d. Indian Oil Corporation.
93. The free-living fungus Trichoderma can be used for:
• a. killing insects
• b. biological control of plant diseases
• c. controlling butterfly caterpillars
• d. producing antibiotics
• How has the discovery of antibiotics helped mankind in the field of medicine?
• How do bioactive molecules of fungal origin help in restoring good health of
humans?
• What are viruses parasitising bacteria called?
• How was penicillin discovered?
• How has the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis helped us in controlling
caterpillars of insect pests?
94. • What is a broad spectrum antibiotic? Name one such antibiotic.
96. • Why is distillation required for producing certain alcoholic drinks?
(Increases alcoholic content)
• What would happen if our intestine harbours microbial flora exactly similar to
that found in the rumen of cattle?
• Name any genetically modified crop.
• Which species of Penicillium produces Roquefort cheese?
• What is the group of bacteria found in both the rumen of cattle and sludge of
sewage treatment?
• Why are flocs important in biological treatment of waste water?
97. • Which of the following helps in absorption of phosphorous?
a) Glomus
b) Rhizobium
c) Anabaena
d) Nostoc
• Sugary juice --------------------- Ethanol + H2O
• Monoascus purpureus -------- A – helps in lowering blood
cholesterol
• (a) What would happen if a large volume of untreated sewage is
discharged into a river? (b) In what way anaerobic sludge digestion is
important in sewage treatments?
?
98. • Expand LAB
• Mention any two benefits LAB provides.
• Write the scientific name of microbe used for fermenting malted
cereals and fruit juices.
OR
Write the scientific name of baker’s yeast
• What is the medical use of Statins and Cyclosporin A?
• How does addition of small amount of curd to fresh milk help
formation of curd?
• Mention a product of human welfare obtained from:
LAB
S. cerevisae
Propionibacterium sharmanii
Aspergillus niger
99. Mention the product and its use by each of the following:
• Streptococcus
• Lactobacillus
• Sachharomyces cerevisae