The document discusses various ways that microbes are used to enhance food production. It describes how plant and animal breeding can increase food quantity and quality. It also explains bi fortification, where crops are bred to have higher vitamin, mineral, and fat levels to overcome malnutrition. Microbes are used in fermenting foods like dosa, curd, and cheese. They also produce important molecules like antibiotics, organic acids, vitamins, and enzymes. Microbes break down sewage in treatment plants and generate renewable energy in the form of biogas. They act as biocontrol agents against agricultural pests.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including organism level, population, biome, niche, adaptation, and population interactions. It defines population as a group of organisms of the same species that can interbreed. Biomes are characterized by dominant vegetation and formed due to variations in light, temperature, and precipitation. Organisms respond to abiotic factors through regulating, conforming, partial regulating, migrating, or suspending activities. Adaptations help organisms survive in different environments like deserts and high altitudes. Population interactions include predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Population growth can be exponential or logistic depending on resource availability.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
1. Reproduction is essential for the continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction - asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and sexual reproduction which involves two parents of opposite sex.
2. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction through structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers etc. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of haploid gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
3. In plants, sexual reproduction occurs through flowers which contain male stamens and female pistils. Fertilization results in the formation of seeds and fruits. In animals, fertil
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms and provides examples. It begins by outlining characteristics such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and cellular organization. It then discusses several characteristics in more depth, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. The document emphasizes that while these are common traits of living things, no single characteristic can definitively define life. It also covers scientific classification and nomenclature of organisms.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories related to evolutionary biology. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, the early conditions, and various theories proposed to explain how life first emerged such as chemical evolution. The theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin is explained, noting that organisms evolve over time through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations. Several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution are outlined, including fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and morphology, and molecular homology.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
This document discusses key concepts in ecology including organism level, population, biome, niche, adaptation, and population interactions. It defines population as a group of organisms of the same species that can interbreed. Biomes are characterized by dominant vegetation and formed due to variations in light, temperature, and precipitation. Organisms respond to abiotic factors through regulating, conforming, partial regulating, migrating, or suspending activities. Adaptations help organisms survive in different environments like deserts and high altitudes. Population interactions include predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. Population growth can be exponential or logistic depending on resource availability.
1) The document discusses the reproductive structures of flowering plants, including flowers, stamens, anthers, pistils, ovules, and the processes of pollination and fertilization.
2) It describes the development of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microspores in the anther and female gametophytes (embryo sacs) from megaspores in the ovule.
3) After pollination and germination of the pollen tube, double fertilization occurs where two sperm cells fuse with the egg and central cells, forming the zygote and endosperm respectively.
1. Reproduction is essential for the continuity of life as it allows organisms to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction - asexual reproduction which involves a single parent and sexual reproduction which involves two parents of opposite sex.
2. Asexual reproduction methods include binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction through structures like stolons, rhizomes, tubers etc. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of haploid gametes which fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.
3. In plants, sexual reproduction occurs through flowers which contain male stamens and female pistils. Fertilization results in the formation of seeds and fruits. In animals, fertil
This document discusses key characteristics of living organisms and provides examples. It begins by outlining characteristics such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and cellular organization. It then discusses several characteristics in more depth, including growth, reproduction, metabolism, cellular organization, and consciousness. The document emphasizes that while these are common traits of living things, no single characteristic can definitively define life. It also covers scientific classification and nomenclature of organisms.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and theories related to evolutionary biology. It discusses the origin of life on Earth, the early conditions, and various theories proposed to explain how life first emerged such as chemical evolution. The theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin is explained, noting that organisms evolve over time through natural selection acting on genetic variations in populations. Several lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution are outlined, including fossils, embryology, comparative anatomy and morphology, and molecular homology.
The document discusses key concepts related to ecosystems, including:
- Ecosystems are functional units where living organisms interact with each other and the physical environment. They can be artificial or natural.
- Energy flows through ecosystems via food chains and is lost at each trophic level, while nutrients cycle through ecosystems via decomposition.
- Ecosystems provide important services like carbon storage, water purification, soil formation, and cultural/aesthetic values.
Ch 13 organism and population || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. The key levels of organization in ecology are organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Populations grow according to exponential or logistic growth models depending on whether resources are unlimited or limited. Species interact through predation, competition, parasitism, commensalism, ammensalism, and mutualism. Abiotic factors like temperature, water, light, and soil influence organisms and drive adaptations.
Strategies for enhancement in food production2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy farm management, apiculture, poultry farming, animal breeding techniques, fisheries, and plant breeding. It describes practices like selecting high-yield breeds, maintaining animal health and hygiene, controlling breeding through techniques like artificial insemination, and developing disease-resistant crop varieties through methods such as cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and tissue culture. The document also discusses initiatives like the Green Revolution and Blue Revolution that have aimed to increase global food supply through agricultural advances.
This document provides information on the classification of organisms. It discusses how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on their habitats of water, air or land. It then describes the basic characteristics used in modern classification including cellular features, nutrition mode, and level of organization. The document outlines the five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on each kingdom, including defining characteristics and examples. The document also discusses further classification within kingdoms down to species level and introduces the need for scientific naming to avoid confusion from common names.
This document provides information on human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health such as genetics, lifestyle, infections. It classifies diseases as infectious and non-infectious. Common infectious diseases in humans like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria and their causes, transmission and symptoms are described. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is explained in detail. Other infectious diseases like amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis, and ringworm are also outlined. The document then covers immunity, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the roles of phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons and inflammatory response in innate immunity. The roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in acquired immunity
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
This document provides information about sexual reproduction in plants. It discusses the processes of meiosis, gamete formation, fertilization and embryogenesis. It describes the structures and functions of flowers and their reproductive parts. It explains microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and the development of pollen and embryo sacs. The document also covers types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination and various pollination mechanisms. Finally, it discusses outbreeding devices in plants to promote cross-pollination.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
Reproduction is essential for species survival as it allows the transmission of genetic material between generations. The life span of organisms can vary greatly from just a few minutes to thousands of years. Reproduction can occur asexually through processes like budding, fragmentation, and fission, or sexually which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced through meiosis and then fuse during fertilization, either internally or externally, forming a diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes embryogenesis developing into a new organism.
This document discusses cropping seasons, nutrient management, irrigation methods, and crop protection in Indian agriculture. It outlines three main cropping seasons in India - Kharif from May-October, Rabi from October-April, and Zaid crops grown with irrigation year-round. It also describes the 16 essential plant nutrients, including the primary, secondary, and micronutrients needed for growth. Common irrigation methods like wells, canals, drip and sprinklers are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with an overview of biotic pests like insects, mites, and weeds that damage crops, as well as abiotic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
Ch 08 - Human Health and Disease || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
This document discusses health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Factors that influence health include genetics, lifestyle, infections and environment. Characteristics of good health include being free from sickness and having self-confidence. Diseases are conditions that interfere with normal body functioning. Diseases can be congenital or acquired. Common diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis and ringworm. Prevention methods include maintaining personal and public hygiene. Immunity against diseases can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity provides non-specific barriers like skin, mucus and cells that fight pathogens.
Reproduction in organism | Class XII | BiologyKaran Patti
The PPT Contains data of Chapter 1 class XII Biology as per NCERT.
For videos and more content of same type visit my youtube channel NEET Is Mine :- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOB-92DeZbRD7xPUoo9VP1w/featured
For direct content join telegram channel https://t.me/NeetIsMine.
Thanks
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
This document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots, stems, and flowering. It begins by defining plant morphology and classifying plants as annuals, biennials, or perennials. It then describes the typical structure and regions of a root, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It discusses modifications like taproots and adventitious roots, and modifications for storage, respiration, and support. The document next describes the characteristics and modifications of stems, including underground, sub-aerial, and aerial modifications like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and others. It concludes by discussing the primary and secondary functions of roots.
1) The document discusses the classification of living organisms into a hierarchy of kingdoms, phyla/divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2) There are five main kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Plants and animals are further divided into smaller subgroups.
3) Classification helps organize the vast diversity of life forms into manageable groups for study. Scientific naming using binomial nomenclature allows organisms to be uniquely identified.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, levels (genetic, species, ecological), global biodiversity statistics, and threats. It also covers measurement of biodiversity, importance of species diversity, causes of biodiversity loss like habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinction. Examples of endemic species, biological hotspots, threatened species categories, and approaches to conservation like in-situ and ex-situ are provided.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This presentation is made in accordance with the NCERT textbook of Biology for Class 11. It deals with the introduction and characteristics of living organisms as well as concepts of nomenclature..
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
Strategies for enhancement in food production2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including animal husbandry, dairy farm management, apiculture, poultry farming, animal breeding techniques, fisheries, and plant breeding. It describes practices like selecting high-yield breeds, maintaining animal health and hygiene, controlling breeding through techniques like artificial insemination, and developing disease-resistant crop varieties through methods such as cross-breeding, mutation breeding, and tissue culture. The document also discusses initiatives like the Green Revolution and Blue Revolution that have aimed to increase global food supply through agricultural advances.
This document provides information on the classification of organisms. It discusses how Aristotle initially classified organisms based on their habitats of water, air or land. It then describes the basic characteristics used in modern classification including cellular features, nutrition mode, and level of organization. The document outlines the five kingdom system proposed by Robert Whittaker which includes Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It provides details on each kingdom, including defining characteristics and examples. The document also discusses further classification within kingdoms down to species level and introduces the need for scientific naming to avoid confusion from common names.
This document provides information on human health and diseases. It defines health and discusses factors that affect health such as genetics, lifestyle, infections. It classifies diseases as infectious and non-infectious. Common infectious diseases in humans like typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, malaria and their causes, transmission and symptoms are described. The life cycle of the malaria parasite is explained in detail. Other infectious diseases like amoebiasis, ascariasis, filariasis, and ringworm are also outlined. The document then covers immunity, including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the roles of phagocytes, natural killer cells, interferons and inflammatory response in innate immunity. The roles of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes in acquired immunity
This document discusses plant anatomy and the internal structures of flowering plants. It describes the two main types of plant tissues as meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are zones of active cell division, while permanent tissues are specialized and lose the ability to divide. Permanent tissues include simple tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, as well as complex tissues like xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals throughout the plant, while phloem transports food materials. The document also discusses tissue systems like the epidermal, ground, and vascular systems and provides examples of anatomical structures in dicotyledonous stems, monocotyledonous stems,
This document provides information about sexual reproduction in plants. It discusses the processes of meiosis, gamete formation, fertilization and embryogenesis. It describes the structures and functions of flowers and their reproductive parts. It explains microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and the development of pollen and embryo sacs. The document also covers types of pollination including self-pollination, cross-pollination and various pollination mechanisms. Finally, it discusses outbreeding devices in plants to promote cross-pollination.
Chapter 13 ecology:organism and population. 2014 by mohanbiomohan bio
This document discusses ecology and the levels of organization in ecology from organisms to biomes. It describes abiotic factors like temperature, water, light and soil that influence organisms and biomes. It also discusses biotic factors like pathogens and predators. Several biomes are described that are formed based on annual temperature and precipitation variations. The document discusses population attributes, growth models, life history variations, and population interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, commensalism and mutualism. Adaptations of organisms to the environment are also summarized.
Reproduction is essential for species survival as it allows the transmission of genetic material between generations. The life span of organisms can vary greatly from just a few minutes to thousands of years. Reproduction can occur asexually through processes like budding, fragmentation, and fission, or sexually which involves the fusion of male and female gametes. In sexual reproduction, gametes are produced through meiosis and then fuse during fertilization, either internally or externally, forming a diploid zygote. The zygote then undergoes embryogenesis developing into a new organism.
This document discusses cropping seasons, nutrient management, irrigation methods, and crop protection in Indian agriculture. It outlines three main cropping seasons in India - Kharif from May-October, Rabi from October-April, and Zaid crops grown with irrigation year-round. It also describes the 16 essential plant nutrients, including the primary, secondary, and micronutrients needed for growth. Common irrigation methods like wells, canals, drip and sprinklers are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes with an overview of biotic pests like insects, mites, and weeds that damage crops, as well as abiotic diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Flowers contain reproductive organs called stamens and carpels. Stamens contain pollen and carpels contain ovaries with egg cells. Flowers can be unisexual with only stamens or carpels, or bisexual with both. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from stamen to carpel, allowing the male gamete in pollen to fuse with the female gamete in the ovule through a pollen tube. This fertilization produces a seed containing an embryo inside the ovary, which develops into a fruit.
Ch 08 - Human Health and Disease || Class 12 ||SAQIB AHMED
This document discusses health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Factors that influence health include genetics, lifestyle, infections and environment. Characteristics of good health include being free from sickness and having self-confidence. Diseases are conditions that interfere with normal body functioning. Diseases can be congenital or acquired. Common diseases discussed include typhoid, pneumonia, malaria, amoebiasis and ringworm. Prevention methods include maintaining personal and public hygiene. Immunity against diseases can be innate or acquired. Innate immunity provides non-specific barriers like skin, mucus and cells that fight pathogens.
Reproduction in organism | Class XII | BiologyKaran Patti
The PPT Contains data of Chapter 1 class XII Biology as per NCERT.
For videos and more content of same type visit my youtube channel NEET Is Mine :- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOB-92DeZbRD7xPUoo9VP1w/featured
For direct content join telegram channel https://t.me/NeetIsMine.
Thanks
The document summarizes the origin and evolution of life on Earth. It describes how the Big Bang led to the formation of the universe and early Earth. The first life forms were single-celled organisms that evolved into more complex multicellular life over billions of years, including early humans. Key events were the origin of eukaryotic cells, emergence of land plants and animals, dinosaur extinction, early human ancestors like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, and modern Homo sapiens developing around 200,000 years ago.
This document discusses the morphology and modifications of plant roots, stems, and flowering. It begins by defining plant morphology and classifying plants as annuals, biennials, or perennials. It then describes the typical structure and regions of a root, including the root cap, meristematic region, region of elongation, region of root hairs, and region of maturation. It discusses modifications like taproots and adventitious roots, and modifications for storage, respiration, and support. The document next describes the characteristics and modifications of stems, including underground, sub-aerial, and aerial modifications like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and others. It concludes by discussing the primary and secondary functions of roots.
1) The document discusses the classification of living organisms into a hierarchy of kingdoms, phyla/divisions, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
2) There are five main kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Plants and animals are further divided into smaller subgroups.
3) Classification helps organize the vast diversity of life forms into manageable groups for study. Scientific naming using binomial nomenclature allows organisms to be uniquely identified.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
This document discusses biodiversity, including its definition, levels (genetic, species, ecological), global biodiversity statistics, and threats. It also covers measurement of biodiversity, importance of species diversity, causes of biodiversity loss like habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, invasive species, and co-extinction. Examples of endemic species, biological hotspots, threatened species categories, and approaches to conservation like in-situ and ex-situ are provided.
This document provides an overview of plant anatomy and the organization of tissues and tissue systems in flowering plants. It discusses the three main tissue types - meristematic, permanent and complex permanent tissues. It describes the different meristem types and permanent tissues like parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. It also summarizes the two complex tissues - xylem and phloem that make up the vascular system. Finally, it outlines the three main tissue systems in plants - the epidermal, vascular and ground tissue systems and their components and functions.
This presentation is made in accordance with the NCERT textbook of Biology for Class 11. It deals with the introduction and characteristics of living organisms as well as concepts of nomenclature..
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Notes for Microbes in Human Welfare - 12th BiologyEdnexa
Microbes are found everywhere and play important roles in human welfare. They are used to produce food like bread and cheese through fermentation. Microbes also help treat wastewater by reducing pollutants. They produce useful products for industry such as ethanol, antibiotics, and enzymes. Microbes serve as biofertilizers by increasing soil fertility through nitrogen fixation or aiding plant nutrient uptake. They are also used as biocontrol agents to naturally control agricultural pests.
Microbes play an important role in many human activities and products. They are used to produce foods through fermentation like yogurt, cheese and bread. They also produce industrial products like antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules. Microbes are essential in sewage treatment where they break down organic waste. They generate biogas from waste and help control pests biologically. As biofertilizers, microbes fix nitrogen and enrich soil nutrients through symbiotic relationships with plants.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
This document discusses biodeterioration of food, specifically focusing on carbohydrate deterioration. It defines biodeterioration as any undesirable change in food properties caused by microbial activities. Carbohydrate deterioration can occur through preliminary breakdown by enzymes, fermentation of sugars, production of microbial polysaccharides, and degradation of pectin by microbial enzymes. Common microbes that cause carbohydrate deterioration include lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and pectin-degrading bacteria and fungi. The document provides detailed explanations of the mechanisms and examples of carbohydrate deterioration in various foods.
Microbes in Human Welfare Notes Written By Me.pdfRAHUL PAL
Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our health.
Biotechnology can play an important role in abating environmental pollution through various applications. Microorganisms and biological processes can be used for wastewater treatment, bioremediation of polluted soil and water, producing more sustainable alternatives to plastics, fuels and other materials, and reducing overall environmental pollution. Examples discussed include using enzymes for detergents, cultivating meat without animals, and producing flavors and cosmetic ingredients through fermentation rather than traditional extraction methods.
Microbes play an essential role in sewage treatment by reducing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and pollutants. Sewage treatment occurs in two stages: primary treatment involves physical removal of solids, and secondary treatment uses aerobic microbes that break down organic waste, reducing BOD. The microbes form flocs that are removed, with some used as inoculum and the rest digested anaerobically to produce biogas. The treated effluent is then safe to release into water bodies, demonstrating how microbes naturally purify sewage.
This document discusses single cell proteins (SCP), which are dried cells of microorganisms that can be used as a dietary protein supplement. SCPs are produced using biomass as a raw material and various microorganisms like fungi, algae, and bacteria that are cultured on the biomass. The production involves selecting suitable microorganism strains, fermenting them, harvesting the cells, and processing them for use as a protein supplement in foods. SCPs have advantages like being a renewable source of protein but also have disadvantages like potentially high nucleic acid content.
1. Microbes play an important role in the production of many household and industrial products. Lactic acid bacteria convert milk into curd and yogurt, while other microbes like yeast and bacteria are used in the production of foods like dosa, idli, and bread.
2. Microbes like yeast and bacteria are also used on an industrial scale to produce beverages through fermentation and antibiotics through the growth of fungi and bacteria. Examples include using yeast to produce ethanol in alcoholic beverages and discovering penicillin through the mould Penicillium.
3. Microbes are also used to treat sewage and waste water. Aerobic bacteria in activated sludge consume organic matter, reducing biochemical oxygen demand and pollut
This document discusses microbes and their various uses. It begins by describing what microbes are and where they can be found. It then discusses how microbes are used in household products like milk, dough, and cheeses to ferment and produce gases. Microbes are also used industrially to produce beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other molecules. Additionally, the document outlines how microbes play an important role in sewage treatment and biogas production. It also discusses the use of microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
This document is a student project on microbes in human welfare. It discusses how microbes are used in various household and industrial processes. Some key points:
- Microbes are used in food production through fermentation processes like making idli, dosa, and alcoholic beverages. Some microbes or their structures are directly used as food.
- Industrially, microbes produce items like organic acids, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes, and gibberellins through fermentation. They are also used to treat sewage and produce biogas from waste.
- Microbes can act as biocontrol agents against plant diseases or as biofertilizers to improve soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE.pptx class XII BiologyDrUpadhyay
This document discusses microbes and their importance in human welfare. It describes how microbes are used in the production of various household and industrial products like curd, bread, cheese, beverages, antibiotics, chemicals and enzymes. It also discusses the role of microbes in sewage treatment by breaking down organic waste during primary and secondary treatment. The document further explains how microbes are used to produce biogas from anaerobic digestion of sludge and farm waste. It concludes by mentioning some microbes that are used for biological control of pests and diseases, as well as their role in biofertilizers to promote plant growth.
This document discusses the use of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. It begins with definitions of phycoremediation and discusses how it utilizes microalgae and macroalgae to remove or transform pollutants from wastewater. The document then outlines several applications of phycoremediation including removal of nutrients, organic matter, and heavy metals. Specific examples of phycoremediation being used to treat domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater from textile, food, tannery, chemical and pharmaceutical facilities, are provided. The document emphasizes that phycoremediation is an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional wastewater treatment methods.
This document discusses the various applications of microorganisms. It begins with an introduction to microorganisms and their ubiquity. It then reviews the history of microbiology and discusses current applications of microbes in food production, agriculture, bioremediation, medicine, mining, biofuel production, and more. The document concludes that microorganisms will continue providing human solutions to problems in many areas over the next 50 years.
Fermentation is a process where microorganisms such as bacteria and yeasts produce enzymes and other products. There are two main types of fermentation used to produce enzymes - submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. Submerged fermentation involves growing microorganisms in a liquid nutrient media while solid-state fermentation uses a solid substrate. Enzymes can be recovered after fermentation through methods like centrifugation. Fermentation is used across many industries like brewing, baking, and cheese making to produce important products.
Microbes play an important role in human welfare through various applications such as [1] silage production, biofuel production, and biodegradation of agricultural waste. [2] Lactic acid bacteria are important in silage production by preserving crops through controlled fermentation. [3] Yeast and bacteria can ferment sugars from plants or algae into biofuels like ethanol.
This document discusses bacteria, including their classification, structure, and industrial importance. It classifies bacteria according to their shape, arrangement, gram staining, habitat, metabolism, oxygen requirements, and whether they are beneficial or harmful. It then discusses the industrial applications of bacteria, including nitrogen fixation, bioremediation, biological control, plant growth promotion, and uses in dairy, biotechnology, antibiotic production, fermentation, and more. Many examples of specific bacteria used industrially are also provided.
This document discusses bacteria, including their classification, structure, and industrial importance. It classifies bacteria according to their shape, arrangement, gram staining, habitat, metabolism, oxygen requirements, and whether they are beneficial or harmful. It then discusses the industrial applications of bacteria, including nitrogen fixation, bioremediation, biological control, plant growth promotion, and uses in dairy, biotechnology, antibiotic production, fermentation, and environmental pollution control. Finally, it provides examples of specific bacteria used industrially, such as Bacillus thuringiensis for biological control and Azotobacter for nitrogen fixation.
Microbes or microorganisms form a significant component of the biological systems on the earth. They are ubiquitous, present everywhere – in the soil, around us, in water, the air we breathe, and both in and on our body. Also, microbes are present on other animals and plants. They are so tiny, microscopic in nature, varying in shape and size. They can only be seen through the microscope. The different types of microbes are:
Algae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Apart from the harmful and Infectious disease-causing pathogens, there are several useful microorganisms which are beneficial to humans in various ways.
In Household Products
Fermentation of milk to prepare yogurt.
Curdling of milk to prepare curd, cheese, and paneer.
Fermentation of dough, which is used for making bread, idli, and dosa.
In Industrial Products
Production alcohol beverages.
Production antibiotics like Penicillin and other chemical substances to kill or hamper the growth of disease-causing microbes.
Few Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules are also produced by these microbes for various human uses.
Sewage is treated in sewage treatment plans(STPs) before disposing of so as to make it less polluting which is naturally carried out by heterotrophic microbes present in the sewage. The treatment is carried out in two stages – Primary treatment, Secondary treatment or biological treatment.
Microorganisms help in the production of many food items, making medicines, keeping the environment clean, in manufacturing and in research. The major groups of microorganism: namely bacteria, archaea, fungi (yeasts and molds), algae, protozoa, and viruses. Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is taken from its molecular form in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other biochemical processes.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD
PRODUCTION
• Food is organic, energy rich, non-poisonous,
edible and nourishing substance.
• Synthesized by green plants.
• To meet the increasing demand of food, it is
important to improve the quality and the
quantity of food production.
• Plant breeding & animal breeding help us to
increase the food production.
2
3. BIOFORTIFICATION
• A method in which crops are breed for having
higher levels of vitamins, minerals & fats.
• Malnutrition problems can be overcome.
• It focuses on making plants more nutritive as
they grow.
• Biofortification can be achieved through
conventional selective breeding & r-DNA
technology.
3
4. Objectives Examples
Protein content & quality 1. Fortified maize having twice the
amount of amino acids - lysine &
tryptophan.
2. Wheat - Atlas 66
Oil content & quality 1. High unsaturated fatty acids of
soyabean, mustard & flax seeds.
2. Oleic acid (omega 9) fatty acids of
soyabean.
Vitamin content & quality 1. Carrot & spinach has more
vitamin A & minerals.
2. High provitamin golden rice.
3. Vit- C enriched bitter gourd,
tomato.
Micronutrient content & quality 1. Iron fortified rice has 5 times
more iron.
2. Zinc fortified wheat, rice, beans &
sweet potato.
4
5. MICROBES IN FOOD PRODUCTION
PRODUCT PRODUCED BACTERIA REQUIRED REACTIONS OCCURING
Dosa, Dhokala, Idili Leuconostoc, Streptococcus CO2 produced causes
puffing up of dough.
Curd & buttermilk Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactose converted to lactic
acid. Lactic acid causes
coagulation & partial
digestion of milk protein
casein.
Yogurt Streptococcus thermophilus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Curdling of milk
cheese Penicillium roquefortii
P. camembertii
Propionibactrium shermanii
Whey is ripened with
mould.
Large amount of CO2
production.
5
6. Microbes as the source of food
• Some Microbes are rich in proteins & vitamins.
They are directly used as source of food.
• Single cell protein (SCP) denotes dead & dried
cells of microbes.
• Bacteria -Rhodobacter capsulatus
• Algae -Spirulina, Chorella
• Molds -Aspergillus, Fusarium
• Yeasts -Saccharomyces, Candida
• Mushroom & truffles– Agaricus,
Pleurotus.
Pleurotus
Spirulina
6
7. ROLE OF MICROBES IN INDUSTRIES
PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
• Microbes used- saccharomyces cerevisiae var.
ellipsoidis.
• Fermentation of malted cereals and fruit juices are
done to produce Ethanol.
• Wine & beer are produced without distillation.
• Whiskey, brandy & rum are distilled beverages.
• The famous wine of Goa is fenny.
• It is prepared by fermenting fleshy pedicels of Cashew
fruits.
7
9. Production of organic acids
Organic acids Microbes used Uses
Citric acid Aspergillus niger Confectionary
Gluconic acid Aspergillus niger In medicine for
solubility of Ca ions.
Fumaric acid Rhizopus arrhizus Resins as wetting
agents
Acetic acid (vinegar) Acetobacter acetii 1% dilution is used
in antiseptic.
9
10. Production of Vitamins
• These are organic nitrogenous compounds.
• Microbes are capable of synthesizing vitamins.
• Eg. Thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid,
biotin, pantothenic acid, vit-B12, ascorbic
acid, beta carotene (provitamin A) &
ergosterol (provitamin D).
Vitamin Microbial source
Vita B 2 Neurospora gossypii
Eremothecium ashbyi
Vita B 12 Pseudomonas denitrificans
Vita C Aspergillus niger
10
12. Production of enzymes
Enyzmes Mirobial source Uses
Invertase Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Fermentation process of
bread & beverages
Pectinase Scelortinia libertine
Aspergillus niger
Fruit juice industries for
improving the quality of
juices.
Extraction of olive oil &
carotenoids.
Lipase Candida lipolytica In textile industries.
Detergents, leather, cosmetic
industries, animal feed &
agricultural industries.
Cellulase Trichoderma
konigii
Textile, paper & pulp
industries.
Extraction of carotenoids. 12
13. Gibberellin production
• A plant growth horome synthesized by plants and
fungus- Gibberella fijikouri
• It promotes growth by stem elongation.
• It induce parthenocarpy in tomato, apple, pear, etc.
• Breaking seed dormancy of seed & promotes
germination.
• Inducing flowering in long day plant.
• It promotes bolting.
• It inhibits growth of root, delays
senescence & prevent abscission.
• Increase the fruit size of grapes.
Eg . Thompson varieties.
13
14. Microbes in sewage
• Matter carried off in drainage.
• Discharged water from hospital, slaughter
house, animal dung, industrial waste, tannery,
pharmaceutical waste, etc.
Composition of sewage.
• It contains approximately 99.5% – 99.9% water
& 0.1 – 0.5% inorganic and organic matter in
suspended and soluble form.
14
15. Micro organisms in sewage
• Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, nematode,
algae, etc are found in sewage.
• Raw sewage may contains millions of bacteria
per mL. eg. Coliforms, fecal Streptococci,
Bacilli, most bacteria of intestinal tract of
humans.
15
16. Sewage treatment process
1. Preliminary treatment –
2. Primary treatment –
3. Secondary treatment –
4. Tertiary treatment –
Screening Grit setting Primary treatment
Secondary
treatment
Aeration
tank
Treated
Effluent
Anaerobic bioreactor
(Digester)
Waste
water
Preliminary treatment to
remove heavy solids
Removal of suspended
solid particles
Tertiary treatment
(anaerobic bacteria)
(Aerobic bacteria)
Waste to recycle
Sludge cake
to dispose
Settled sewage
Activated sludge
16
18. 1. Preliminary treatment
1. Screening-
• Sewage water is filtered to remove suspended
materials.
• Done through net or screen.
2. Grit chamber-
• Chamber contains large stones & brick ballast.
• Coarse particles settle down through gravity.
18
19. 2. Primary treatment
• Sewage water is pumped into primary
sedimentation tank.
• 50- 60% od suspended solids settle down.
• 30- 40% of coliform (bacteria)are removed.
• The organic matter which settle down is called
primary sludge which is removed by
mechanically operated devices.
19
20. 3. Secondary treatment
(Biological treatment)
• Primary effluent is passed into large aeration tank.
• Constantly agitated mechanically.
• Air is pumped.
• Aerobic bacteria is grown to form
flocs.
• Flocs are the masses of the bacteria held together
by slime & fungal hyphae to form mesh like masses.
• Organic matter reduces BOD (Biological Oxygen
demand) of the effluent.
Flocs
20
21. 4. Tertiary treatment
• The effluent is passed into settling tank after reduction
of BOD.
• Sedimentation of bacterial flocs are done.
• The sediments are called activated sludge.
• Small part of this is passed into aeration tank & major
part is pumped into anaerobic sludge digesters.
• In digester, anaerobic bacteria grows & digest the flocs.
• Methane, H2S & CO2 are produced during digestion.
• Chlorination of effluent is done & treated water is
released into river & streams.
• Digested Sludge is disposed.
21
22. Microbes in energy generation
• Biogas is a non-conventional & renewable
source of energy.
• It is obtained by microbial fermentation of
biological waste.
• It is mixture of CH4 (50-60%), CO2 (30-40%),
H2S (0-3%) & other gases (CO, N2, H2 ) in
traces.
22
23. Biogas production
• Models of biogas plants used are KVIC & IARI.
• Biogas plant has a
• Digester & gas holder.
• Digester- concrete
brick & cement/ steel
• Partly buried in soil.
• Gas holder-collect gas
• Charge pit-cow dung
is feed.
23
24. Anaerobic digestion in biogas plant
1. Hydrolysis / solublization
• Slurry is made by animal dung & equal amount
of water.
• It is feed in digester.
• Anaerobic hydrolytic bacteria (Clostridium,
Pseudomonas) hydrolyze carbohydrate into
simple sugars, proteins into amino acids &
lipids into fatty acids.
24
25. 2. Acidogenesis
• Facultative anaerobic , acidogenesis bacteria
& obligate anaerobic organisms convert
simple organic material into acids like formic
acid, acetic acid, H2 & CO2 .
3. Methanogenesis
• Anaerobic methanogenic bacteria –
Methanobacterium, Methanococcus convert
acetate, H2 & CO2 into methane, CO2 & H2O
and other products.
25
26. Reactions in the biogas
12 CH3COOH 12 CH4 + 12 CO2
(Acetic acid) (Methane)
1
4 H.COOH CH4 + 3CO2 + 2 H2O
(Formic acid)2
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O3
26
27. Benefits of biogas
1. Cheap, safe & renewable source of energy.
2. Easily generated, stored & transported.
3. Used for domestic lighting, cooking, street
lighting & for small scale industries.
4. Burns with blue flame without smoke.
5. Improves sanitation of the surrounding.
6. Eco- friendly & does not cause pollution &
imbalance of the environment.
7. Sludge is used as fertilizer.
27
28. Microbes as biocontrol agents
• The natural method of eliminating & controlling
insects, pests and other disease causing agents by
their natural biological enemies is called
biocontrol / biological control .
• Microbes like fungi, bacteria & protozoans are
used as biocontrol agents.
• They acts in 3 ways –
1. Cause disease to the pest.
2. Compete with them.
3. Kill them.
28
29. Examples of microbial bio-control
1. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-
• Destroys butterfly, caterpillars when dried spores of
(Bt) are mixed with water & sprayed onto plants like
Brassica & fruit trees.
• When the spores are eaten by the insects, toxins (cry
protein) are produced in their gut & they die.
2. Trichoderma species –
• Free-living fungi found in rhizosphere.
• They produce toxins like viridin, gliotoxin, gliovirin,
etc.
• These toxins inhibits other soil borne pathogens
attacking root, rhizomes, etc causing Rot disease. 29
30. Microbial Pesticides & their host
Pathogen Host
Bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis, B. paplliae,
B. lentimorbus
Caterpillars, cabbage worms, adult
beetle, etc.
Fungi
Beavuria bassiana,
Entomophthora pallidaroseum
Zoopthora radicans
Aphid crocci, A. unguiculata,
Mealy bugs, mites, white flies, etc.
Protozoans
Nosema lacustae Grasshopper, caterpillars, crickets.
Viruses
Nucleopolyhedro virus (NPV)
Granulovirus (GV)
Caterpillars, Gypsy moth, ants, wasps
& Beetles.
30
31. Bioherbicides
• Weeds are unwanted plants & compete with
the main farm land.
• Some microbes are used to kill the
dicot weeds & are called
bioherbicides.
• Microbial Herbicides & their host-
Pathogenic fungi as
Mycoherbicides
Host
Phytophthora palmivora Controls milk weed in
Orchards
Alternaria crassa Controls water hyacinth
Fusarium spp. Control most of the weeds.
Phytophthora
31
32. Bacterial pathogens as
herbicides
Host
Pseudomonas spp. Attacks several weeds
Xanthomonas spp. Attacks several weeds
Agrobacterium spp. Attacks several weeds
Insects as herbicides Host
Tyrea moth Controls the weed Senecio
jacobeac
Cactoblastis cactorum Controls cacti weeds
Tyrea moth
Pseudomonas
32
33. Microbes as Biofertilizers
• Biofertilizers are nitrogen fixing, living
microorganisms which enrich the nutrient
quality of soil.
• They are commercial prepared ready to use
live bacterial or fungal formulations.
• They play vital role in maintaining long term
soil fertility & sustainability.
33
34. Types of biofertilizers
1. Nitrogen fixing Biofertilizers-
• They fix atmospheric N2 into
nitrites & nitrates via ammonia.
• They are called as Diazotrophs
& are of 2 types.
Symbiotic N2 fixing microorganisms-
• Eg. Rhizobium, Anabaena, Frankia.
• They are associated with the roots
of plants.
Anabaena
Frankia34
35. B) Free living/ non-symbiotic N2 fixing
microorganisms-
• Eg. Azotobacter, Nostoc , Clostridium,
Beijerinkia, Klebsiella, etc.
Clostridium Nostoc
35
36. Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers
• Some Bacterial species solubilize the
insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds.
• Eg. Pseudomonas striata, Bacillus polymyxa,
Agrobacterium, Microccocus, Aspergillus spp.,
etc.
Aspergillus
Microccocous
36
37. Compost making fertilizers
• The process in which the organic matter is
converted into humus or compost.
• Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,
actinobacteria, protozoa & rotifers.
37
38. Cyanobacteria as biofertilizers
• Many cyanobacteria are aquatic or terrestrial, free living
or symbiotic, aerobic, photosynthetic, N2 fixing,
herterocystous or non-heterocystous forms.
• Eg. Anabaena, Nostoc, Plectonema, Oscillatoria, etc.
• Anabaena, Nostoc & Tolypothrix are associated with
lichens.Anabaena is associated with plants like Azolla &
Cycas.
OscillatoriaAnabaena –
Azolla 38
39. Fungal biofertilizers
• Mycorrhiza is a fungus.
• It forms symbiotic association
with rhizomes & roots of
higher plants growing in thick
humid forests.
1. Ectomycorrhiza-
• They have well develop
mycelium forming mantle
outside the roots.
• This increases absorptive
surface area of roots & accelerates uptake of water &
nutrient (NPK, Ca).
• Some hyphae of mycorrhizal fungus penetrate into root
& forms hartig-net in the intercellular spaces of root
cortex.
39
40. 2. Endomycorrhizae –
• They grow in
between & within
the cortical cell of
roots.
• Fungal hyphae
penetrates the cells
& forms arbuscules
& vesicles.
• Arbuscules are intracellular whereas vesicles are
mostly intercellular.
• Also called as VAM- Vesiculo Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.
• The plants with VAM can grow well in less irrigated
lands.
• They increase the productivity of field.
40
41. Advantages of Mycorrhiza
1. Selective absorption of P, Zn, Cu, Ca, N, Mn,
Bo & Fe.
2. Enhance water uptake in plants.
3. Induce growth by secreting hormones.
4. Protects host plants from the other microbes,
by secreting antibiotics.
41
42. Biofertilizer microorganisms
1. Rhizobium –
• These are rod shaped, motile
aerobic, gram –ve, non spore
forming N2 fixing bacteria.
• They have Nod & Nif gene.
• They form symbiotic
association with roots of
leguminous plants.
• Bring about nodule formation on the roots &
multiply inside the nodule.
• They fix atmospheric N2 into organic forms.
• Eg. Rhizobium leguminosarum is specific to pea &
R. phaseoli to beans.
42
43. 2. Azotobacter –
• It is free living, aerobic, non-
photosynthetic N2 fixing, non-
nodule forming bacteria.
• They are associated with
grasses & certain plants.
• It is used as biofertilizer in non leguminous
plants like rice, cotton, vegetables, etc.
Azotobacter
43
44. 3. Azospirillium-
It is free living, aerobic N2 fixing bacterium.
Associated with roots of corn, wheat, jowar, etc.
It fixes about 20-40 kg N/ha in non-leguminous
plants such as millets, cereals, cotton, oil seed,
etc.
44
45. 4. Anabaena
• It is multicellular cyanobacteria.
• It Fix N2 & form symbiotic association with
Cycas & Anthoceros (forming coralloid root).
• They have heterocyst as a site of N2 fixation.
45
46. 5. Azolla –
• It is free floating aquatic fern.
• They have floating rhizome with
small overlapping bilobed leaves
& roots.
• The leaf shows dorsal &
ventral lobe.
• In the dorsal lobe, Anabaena
filaments are present in
arenchyma tissue.
• They fix nitrogen.
• Azolla is used as biofertilizer
in rice field.
Anabaena
46
47. Benefits of Biofertilizers
1. Low cost & can be used by marginal farmers.
2. Free from pollution hazards.
3. Increase soil fertility.
4. BGA secret growth promoting substances,
organic acids, proteins & vitamins.
5. Azotobacter supplies nitrogen & antibiotics to
the soil.
6. Biofertilizers increase physico - chemical
properties of soil- like texture, structure, pH,
water holding capacity of soil by providing
nutrient & organic matter.
47