The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
Microalgae: Different types of algae provide vital nutrients to rotifers, cop...International Aquafeed
Microalgae are the foundation supporting much of the marine food chain, and they are the natural food of filter-feeding organisms. Algae are therefore essential for production of live feeds for larviculture of finfish and shrimp. Thousands of species of microalgae are known to science. They present an enormous range of cell sizes, cell structures, biochemical constituents that determine their nutritional value and digestibility, and they also vary widely in ease of culturing. Microalgae can be very difficult, even impossible to identify to species based on light microscopy alone, and different strain isolates that appear identical may exhibit very different biochemical profiles or behavior in culture. Careful consideration is therefore necessary in order to select the most suitable strains for different larviculture applications. Although many microalgae strains have been tested as feeds, only about 20 are in widespread use. What follows can be no more than a brief overview of the how these algae are most commonly used in larviculture.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
myjunior09.wordpress.com
CONTENTS-
Introduction
• History
• SCP production in India
• Raw materials
• SCP production
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
Microalgae: Different types of algae provide vital nutrients to rotifers, cop...International Aquafeed
Microalgae are the foundation supporting much of the marine food chain, and they are the natural food of filter-feeding organisms. Algae are therefore essential for production of live feeds for larviculture of finfish and shrimp. Thousands of species of microalgae are known to science. They present an enormous range of cell sizes, cell structures, biochemical constituents that determine their nutritional value and digestibility, and they also vary widely in ease of culturing. Microalgae can be very difficult, even impossible to identify to species based on light microscopy alone, and different strain isolates that appear identical may exhibit very different biochemical profiles or behavior in culture. Careful consideration is therefore necessary in order to select the most suitable strains for different larviculture applications. Although many microalgae strains have been tested as feeds, only about 20 are in widespread use. What follows can be no more than a brief overview of the how these algae are most commonly used in larviculture.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
myjunior09.wordpress.com
CONTENTS-
Introduction
• History
• SCP production in India
• Raw materials
• SCP production
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
Single-cell proteins (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms.The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteriaI. It is used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods. It is suitable for human & animal feeds. Agricultural waste are used as starter/media for microbial growth. Max Delbrück and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials. E.g - wood, straw, cannery, and food processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta. The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or the use of semi-permeable membranes The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. PRUTEEN PROCESS - The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. SYMBA PROCESS - The symba process was developed in Sweden to produce SCP for animal feed from potato processing wastes to make it more attractive and economical. The process was developed with two microorganisms that grow in symbiotic association.
The yeast (Saccharomycosis fibuligera) which produces copious amount of amylases necessary for starch degradation, while Candida utilis utilizes resultant sugars. The process is operated in two stages. In the first stage S. fibuligera is grown in a small reactor on the sterilized waste supplemented with a nitrogen source and phosphate. At this point starch is hydrolysed.
The resulting broth is then pumped into second larger fermenter of 300 m capacity where both organisms are present. However, C.utilis dominates and constitutes 90% of the final product.
Resultant protein rich biomass (45% protein) is concentrated by centrifugation and finally spray or drum dried
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important ...pratik mahadwala
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important microalgae Indoor & mass culture methods of microalgae SCP – Spirulina single cell protein
Food spoilage is the process where a food product becomes unsuitable to ingest by the consumer. The cause of such a process is due to many outside factors as a side-effect of the type of product it is, as well as how the product is packaged and stored.
Single-cell proteins (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms.The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteriaI. It is used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods. It is suitable for human & animal feeds. Agricultural waste are used as starter/media for microbial growth. Max Delbrück and his colleagues found out the high value of surplus brewer’s yeast as a feeding supplement for animals Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials. E.g - wood, straw, cannery, and food processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta. The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost. They are found in very low concentrations, usually less than 5%. Engineers have developed ways to increase the concentrations including centrifugation, flotation, precipitation, coagulation, and filtration, or the use of semi-permeable membranes The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. PRUTEEN PROCESS - The single-cell protein must be dehydrated to approximately 10% moisture content and/or acidified to aid in storage and prevent spoilage.
The methods to increase the concentrations to adequate levels and the de-watering process require equipment that is expensive and not always suitable for small-scale operations.
It is economically prudent to feed the product locally and soon after it is produced. SYMBA PROCESS - The symba process was developed in Sweden to produce SCP for animal feed from potato processing wastes to make it more attractive and economical. The process was developed with two microorganisms that grow in symbiotic association.
The yeast (Saccharomycosis fibuligera) which produces copious amount of amylases necessary for starch degradation, while Candida utilis utilizes resultant sugars. The process is operated in two stages. In the first stage S. fibuligera is grown in a small reactor on the sterilized waste supplemented with a nitrogen source and phosphate. At this point starch is hydrolysed.
The resulting broth is then pumped into second larger fermenter of 300 m capacity where both organisms are present. However, C.utilis dominates and constitutes 90% of the final product.
Resultant protein rich biomass (45% protein) is concentrated by centrifugation and finally spray or drum dried
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important ...pratik mahadwala
Algal biotechnology Biotechnological approaches for production of important microalgae Indoor & mass culture methods of microalgae SCP – Spirulina single cell protein
Food spoilage is the process where a food product becomes unsuitable to ingest by the consumer. The cause of such a process is due to many outside factors as a side-effect of the type of product it is, as well as how the product is packaged and stored.
Unlocking Aquaculture Innovation through Collaboration - Swansea University A...Sara Barrento
My one minute flash presentation
Unlocking Aquaculture Innovation through Collaboration
BBSRC and NERC workshop: UK aquaculture research and industry communities.
Aquaculture in canada and effects of ha bsDhiman GAIN
Importance of Aquaculture in Canada
Fisheries Production
Finfish
Shellfish
Effects of HABs on Salmon production
Effects of HABs on Shellfish production
Effects of Salmon production on HABs
Occurrence of HABs
Eutrophication status in Canada
Hydrography (Lakes Vs Open sea)
Identification of the HA sources
Monitoring programs
Summary and Conclusions
Microalgae and cyanobacteria provide us a high percentage of the oxygen we need to breathe. They are also in the aquatic environment, the first link in the food chain. We therefore owe our lives to them ... and they will change our way of life.
Algal Harvesting in the Partitioned Aquaculture SystemKatey Norvell
My team and I oriented our goals of this project around the idea of implementing a system for optimal carbon sequestration. The main design goal was to make usable the existing Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) present on Clemson University's campus through utilization as a way to sequester atmospheric carbon by use of algae
NO NL Micro algae opportunities in aquacultureSytse YBEMA
Inventory of Norwegian strategies, instruments and key players that actively develop micro algae business and to identify areas of cooperation, potential partners and strategies that The Netherlands could follow to connect.
BioMar is at the moment introducing probiotics in still more diets around the world. The background is new strong research results from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
The venue for this special event was Fishmongers Hall, London Bridge, London – a historical site in terms of what was to be discussed and highlighted, where the industries involved had come from to where they were headed to, all connected through BioMarine. The Hall, sitting alongside the River Thames, dates back to Neolithic times with the British Museum having a decorated bowl (3300–2700 BC), found in the river.
Rotifers - They often evoke a love-hate relationship, but you just can’t get ...International Aquafeed
The green water encouraged by the traditional carp farmers in the Far East and then Europe would be rich with live infusoria including cilates and freshwater rotifers for first feeding. The marine fish industry has had to look at marine rotifers and recreating the plankton soup as many larval species are too small to take newly hatched Artemia. The leading research labs using fish in medical and ecotoxicology projects that have relied upon lab-grown Paramecia cultures are revisiting rotifer culture to maximise fry survival rates.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
The inclusion of algae in food production took on a meaningful turn when Olmix presented its antibiotic-free broiler chicken to delegates attending its one-day conference ‘Building a Healthy Food Chain – Thanks to Algae,’ in Paris last month.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
Roasted Guar Korma is a high protein raw material, obtained after extraction of Guar gum from the seeds of the leguminous plant Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. It is cleaned and roasted after the gum extraction to remove anti-nutritional factors present in korma, such as trypsin inhibitor, improving its nutritional values and total digestibility.
They are what they eat - Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with m...International Aquafeed
Live feeds are often essential for larval fish. Live feeds are proven to be essential first-feed for many larval fish, essentially all those that hatch from small eggs with limited yolk reserves and often immature feeding and digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval fish with essential nutrients that are naturally ‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages. They include a high proportion of easily-assimilated free amino acids and free fatty acids, as well as digestive enzymes and beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut contents of the prey. The swimming activity of live prey also stimulates feeding responses in larval fish, a vital concern because small larvae with very limited metabolic reserves can quickly starve if they do not promptly begin feeding actively.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
The inclusion of algae in food production took on a meaningful turn when Olmix presented its antibiotic-free broiler chicken to delegates attending its one-day conference ‘Building a Healthy Food Chain – Thanks to Algae,’ in Paris last month.
Due to their nutritional properties, several species of macroalgae have been used as dietary supplements for shrimps and other marine species. Since macroalgae represent a natural source of nutrients in the shrimp’s natural environment, attempts have been done to co-culture macroalgae and shrimps.
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world. It is an aquatic plant often found in fresh water or wetlands in most parts of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
Similar to Microalgae and aquaculture - feed and cycle management (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
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3. Microalgae and aquaculture
- feed and cycle management
by Thomas Wencker, Regina Storandt, Dr Peter Waldeck (all IGV Biotech), Janine Dinske
(Terra Urbana GmbH), Wilfried Lehmann (Spezialfuttermittelwerk Beeskow GmbH)
T
he global fish consumption for
human nutrition increases. The
supply of enough aquatic products
is still possible, because the expe-
rienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is
buffered by the increasing amount of fish
from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
Aquaculture companies need feed for
growing their fish or shrimp and they have
to adapt the feed composition to their fish’s
demands. Naturally carnivorous fishes always
need a certain amount of animal products,
while omnivores and herbivores may generally
be fed on vegetable basis.
Nevertheless, big amounts of fishmeal and
fish oil are used to produce
the aquaculture feed, as these
products provide benchmarking
nutrition and digestibility values.
These raw materials are taken
from fish and therefore pressu-
rise natural resources. This is the
motivation for the presented
project.
Microalgae cycles
The potentials of the smallest
of all plant cells are numerous.
Microalgae have developed
photosynthesis and grow with
the climate gas CO2 and with excreta nutri-
ents from higher living forms. They are primary
producers of the aquatic food chain and have
formed very efficient metabolism pathways.
Today, microalgae are often discussed
as sustainable supplier of biofuels or bulk
chemicals, of human food supplement or fine
chemicals. Available products from microalgae
are for example pellets of dried and pressed
algae biomass, which are supplied as food
supplement in the internet and in organic or
health food shops.
Another example for successful algae
products are colorants like the blue photo-
synthesis molecule Phycocyanine or the red
carotenoid and antioxidant Astaxanthine.
The mentioned current products gain a lot
of value from their customer markets and
set the stage for more broad applications of
microalgae.
However, these so-called high-value prod-
ucts are mostly produced in a non-closed
upstream, based on technical CO2, industrial
nutrients and with pure tap water. At agri-
cultural scale, the cycle production potentials
of microalgae have to be applied, as this will
allow the access to bulk markets through a
cost reduction for the production of micro-
algae biomass.
Within aquaculture, microalgae have the
potential to build a closed and natural nutrient
cycle, which would a more sustainable profile
to a fish hatchery (see Picture 1).
The excreta nutrients must no longer
be disposed into the environment; the feed
is partially produced within the hatchery
itself and the dependence from capture fish
decreases.
In detail, microalgae start their work with
absorbing the macro nutrients nitrogen in
the form of ammonia or nitrate and phos-
phor in the form of phosphate. The specific
uptake rate for nitrate can be calculated to
be 0.31g of nitrate per gram of dry matter
while approximately 0.05g of phosphate are
integrated into one gram of grown microalgae
biomass.
Depending on the growth phase the final
algae biomass can contain up to 50 percent of
lipids including valuable poly unsaturated fatty
acids (PUFAs).
The second algae component with the
core interest from the fish production is the
protein group.
In several of the algae species the protein
fraction represents more of 50 percent of the
total dry weight, containing all essential amino
acids for the fish. Besides these important
facts, algae contain a nutritionally valuable
complex of vitamins and antioxidants, which
have positive influence on fish’s health and
appearance.
Hence algae can contribute water purifica-
tion tasks, the production of a high value feed
additives and the production of proteins and
fats to this natural cycle.
IGV projects
IGV Biotech has earned spe-
cial experience regarding the
combination of aquaculture and
algae production. First projects
have been carried out in the
middle 1990s, wherein the algae
potential of deleting the nutrient
load from the fish cycle water
was proven.
The picture shows (see pic-
ture 2) the installation of four
2500 litre vessels and the con-
nected biofilter at the IGV head-
quarter near Berlin, Germany.
The system was used to cul-
tivate sturgeons, an interesting species for
the relevant commercial aquaculture pro-
duction. The wastewater was treated within
approximately 2500 litres of photobioreac-
tor volume.
The used photobioreactor was a modular
construction from thin layer plastic plates,
which performed very well concerning volu-
metric productivity. The nutrient concentra-
tion within the clear phase of the harvest
process was reduce close to zero for both
nitrate and phosphate and could hence be
disposed without reservations.
Other projects have been done with the
plate type photobioreactor by IGV Biotech,
for example, the flue gas capture including
the sequestration of CO2 at a lime kiln in
Germany in 1997.
20 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2014
FEATURE
5. Therefore, the core issue of the pre-
sented project is to find a feed recipe with a
reduced content of fish raw material via the
replacement with microalgae biomass. As the
protein content is naturally high in microalgae
compared to other crops, the first screening
has concentrated on algae species with a high
lipid content, a suitable fatty acid composition
and good growth properties under limited
nutrient concentrations, which is needed for
contaminant inhibition.
Within a group of the species Chlorella,
Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus, the sickle-
shaped green algae species Selenastrum was
selected. The screening has been done in a
sterile bubble column laboratory screening
system type LWS 05/80 with four parallel
photosynthetic columns for stable and identic
environmental condition for each candidate.
S. rinoi (see Picture 3) convinced with good
growth rates and an average lipid concentra-
tion of app. 25 percent in its dryweight.
Photobioreactor integration
In IGV Biotech’s laboratories this special
algae species was grown to a biomass amount,
which was used to inoculate a new developed
photobioreactors of the type PBR 3000 GT.
Core issues of the new type of tubular
photobioreactor were a mobile construction,
which means that it had to fit into standard
freight measures.
Second, the operation had been kept as
easy as possible, as it wouldn’t be controlled
by specialised staff. The result of this engineer-
ing in combination with IGV Biotech’s long-
term experience was a transportable system
with an operational volume of approximately
3500 litres.
This is a new benchmark for mobile
photobioreactors (see Picture 4). The system
consists of three parallel tubular modules
and a central supply and control unit. The
two basic units can be connected within just
one hour of work time, which means a high
level of flexibility regarding maintenance and
transportation.
The photobioreactor itself was installed
under 100 percent outdoor conditions next
to a fish hatchery south of Berlin, Germany.
After the successful inoculation, the algae
were grown up to a certain level, where they
had to be harvested to allow semi-continuous
growth.
The harvested suspension volume was
directly replaced with cycle water from the
fish hatchery. The algae were grown con-
tinuously for 2.5 months during the optimal
weather period in the end of summer 2013.
They grew well during the summer weath-
er period and supressed all contaminants
which occurred with the contaminated and
unsterile cycle water. But this had to be sup-
ported by the addition of artificial nutrients, as
the nutrient load of the cycle water still was
too low for a high yield
algae growth.
Future project issues
will therefore be the
increase of the nutrient
level in the cycle water
via a reduced cycle water
exchange from 10 per-
cent to five percent with-
out harmful conditions for
the fish. In future projects
the concentration of the
nutrients going along with
a sterilisation of the cycle
water shall be issued.
Waste heat applications
near biogas installations
will be possible project
spots for this approach.
Feed integration
and trials
The harvested bio-
mass from the PBR 3000
GT was processed in dif-
ferent ways and added to
special fish feed recipes
under the partial replace-
ment for fish oil and fishmeal. The feed
was developed at the project partner SpFM
GmbH, who is supplier of special feed and
contributed its knowledge in feed processing
to this project. The feed itself was produced
in IGV’s extruders and tested with juvenile fish
from the warm water species Clarias gariepi-
nus by the Terra Urbana GmbH.
First preliminary results are shown in the
graph.
The first group is the control group which
has been fed with Clarias feed without algae.
The second group was fed with spray
dried algae cells which replaced approximately
nine percent of fish product; group three
got freshly freezed and resuspended algae
cells (approximately two percent) and group
four got the same biomass replacement
(approximately two percent) and additional
one percent of Chitosan, which simulated
a harvest with the flocculation effects of
Chitosan, which may be a very cost-effective
harvest method.
Is it obvious to see, that the spray dried
biomass led to improved biomass growth
results, while the fresh and the flocculated
algae were not as good as the control feed.
The reasons for these results are variable.
The drying process could have damaged
the algae cells and prepared an improved
digestibility. The Chitosan could have capsuled
the algae cells and may have protected them
towards digestion.
But nevertheless, it could be shown with
the algae species Selenastrum r., that the
replacement of fish based feed ingredients
with microalgae biomass is possible and that it
may have a positive effect on the productivity
of closed aquaculture systems. In addition,
the differences between the feed groups are
within a range of ± 15 percent concerning
both length and biomass growth, so that the
theoretical feasibility of the feed replacement
could be promised for all algae treatments.
The final economies and effects of the
different feed groups will be part of the final
project report in the end of 2014.
Outlook 2014
Under respect of a limited number of
variants within the 2013 feed trials of 50 per
group, the feeding trials will be continued
in 2014 with bigger numbers of individuals
to earn more reliable results and a clearer
distinction between the different feeding
groups.
Further on, the PBR 3000 GT will be kept
in operation as continuous and as long as pos-
sible to earn the maximal experience in the
biomass composition which will be detected
in the end of the vegetation period.
In parallel efforts the project partners
will optimize the feed recipes with the aim
to replace as much of the fish products as
possible.
Acknowledgment
IGV Biotech thanks the Deutsche
Bundesstiftung Umwelt (DBU – German
Federal Environmental Foundation) for the
financial support for this project. Second, the
project partners Terra Urbana GmbH and
SpFM GmbH kindly give their knowledge for
this project.
22 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | March-April 2014
FEATURE
6. P
lymouth Marine Laboratory, UK,
well known for its environmental
research, has expanded its interests
into commercial algal biomass pro-
duction; but it’s not the algae they are selling
but the means to grow them.
After 30 years of growing microalgae for
research purposes, PML is now utilising this
knowledge and expertise to provide solutions
to the wider community.
The first product out of the laboratory and
onto the production line is a bubble column-
style photobioreactor for growing microalgae.
“We designed and built half a dozen of
these units as tools for our personal use on
research contracts we were undertaking” says
Mike Allen, Senior Scientist at PML.
“The only problem was, when we showed
visitors around the lab they kept wanting to
buy them off us!”
The demand for the in-house built pho-
tobioreactors from visitors was difficult to
ignore, and following a redesign to make the
reactors look like a professional product, the
commercial arm of PML - PML Applications
- is now about to officially start selling their
bubble column range.
Already, prior to the official launch, units
have been sold to customers in Europe,
America and Western Asia working in the
fields of aquaculture, academia and engineering.
Elegance of design
The newly launched range offers labora-
tory grade, vertical column photobioreac-
tors capable of growing different strains of
algae for research, aquaculture and education
purposes with a focus on biomass quality, reli-
ability and elegance of design.
Stand-alone, wall-mounted or hanging
units grow microalgae under controlled agita-
tion and are designed to ensure that all the
user needs to do is throw in their growth
media and algae of choice, plug them in and
they are good to go.
To date, the bubble columns have successfully
grown freshwater, brackish and saltwater strains
(natural and genetically modified) including:
• Nannochloropsis salina
• Nannochloropsis oculata
• Tetraselmis suecica
• Tetraselmis chuii
• Isochrysis galbana
• Thalassiosira pseudonana
• Phaeodactylum tricornutum
• Emiliania huxleyi
• Chlorella salina
• Chlorella vulgaris
• Chlorella sorokiniana
• Dunaliella salina
• Ostreococcus tauri
• Botryococcus braunii
• Rhinomonas reticulate
• Pavlova lutheri
• Arthrospira platensis
They have all been grown to cell densities
well over 107 cells per ml.
Whole culture harvesting is achieved
through a tap at the bottom, while smaller
volumes for quality control monitoring can
be drawn off from the middle of the column.
Sizes supplied
Typical sizes supplied already include three,
six, 10 and 15 litre columns, with bespoke
sizes and volumes available.
The systems are based around a robust
polycarbonate tube with anodised aluminium
components available in a variety of colours
such as light blue, dark blue, pink, purple, green,
orange, gold, black, silver and red; a feature
particularly useful if you are looking to combine
function with a visually striking display system
which matches your company logo and colours.
Designed by algae experts for algae grow-
ers of all abilities, interests and purposes the
PML built bubble column photobioreactor
offers a cost effective and elegant solution to
your microalgae culturing needs.
Marine laboratory introduces elegant microalgal ‘bubble column’
March-April 2014 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 23
FEATURE
7. www.aquafeed.co.uk
LINKS
• See the full issue
• Visit the International Aquafeed website
• Contact the International Aquafeed Team
• Subscribe to International Aquafeed
The Role of prebiotics in
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