The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
This presentation help you to get the information about the integrated multi trophic aquaculture system. IMTA is best technology for environment sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
The development of aquafeed production is followed by the growing interest in raw materials which are to be interesting, attractive and valuable, not only in terms of their properties. There is no doubt that algae are one of them. Feeds with the addition of algae are perceived as premium products. This can result from the fact that algae evoke certain associations with healthy food for humans. Animal food with algae must then trigger the same positive associations. Moreover, specially processed algae or feeds with the addition of algae offered by the producers allowed for keeping popular algae-eating freshwater and marine fish.
The annual global production of fishmeal and fish oil is currently around five million tonnes of meal and one million tonnes of oil (Figure 1), except in years when the fishing in the South Pacific is disrupted by the warm waters of an El Niňo, most recently in 2010. Around 22 million tonnes of raw material is used, of which approximately 75 percent comes from whole fish and 25 percent from by-products of processing fish for human consumption (IFFO estimates).
This presentation help you to get the information about the integrated multi trophic aquaculture system. IMTA is best technology for environment sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.
Effect of Light, Temperature and salinity on the growth of ARTEMIAinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation gives an overview of various aspects relevant to sustainable aquaculture. it consists of 3 sections:
- what is aquaculture
- threats, challenges & opportunities
- conclusions
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Aquaculture and Marine Biology.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for research scholars, scientists and other professionals to find most original research in the field Aquaculture research.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and short communication on all the aspects of Aquaculture and its Research.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
Effect of Light, Temperature and salinity on the growth of ARTEMIAinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This presentation gives an overview of various aspects relevant to sustainable aquaculture. it consists of 3 sections:
- what is aquaculture
- threats, challenges & opportunities
- conclusions
Biofloc fish farming for sustainable aquacultureOrganicaBiotech1
Biofloc technology is an emerging, eco-friendly and cost-effective approach for sustainable fish farming. Earlier, the biofloc system was used as the means to treat wastewater and control fish production.
What is the stocking density of fish in semi intensive cultureihn FreeStyle Corp.
Stocking Density: Stocking density also known as per-unit stocking amount or stocking rate, refers to the quantity of fry or fingerlings per unit of water area.
Poly Culture: The concept of poly culture of fish is based on the concept of total utilization of different trophic and spatial niches of a pond in order to obtain maximum fish production per unit area. Different compatible species of fish of different trophic and spatial niches are raised together in the same pond to utilize all sorts of natural food available in the pond.
Semi Intensive Culture: Semi-intensive culture systems depend largely on natural food which is increased over baseline levels by fertilization and/or use of supplementary feed to complement natural food.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles related to original and novel fundamental research in the field of Aquaculture and Marine Biology.
The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for research scholars, scientists and other professionals to find most original research in the field Aquaculture research.
Austin Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports and short communication on all the aspects of Aquaculture and its Research.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
At the western edge of France, Finistère – literally ‘the end of the earth’ – is the point where northern Europe meets the Atlantic Ocean. It’s a place of high biodiversity and a centre of European marine science funding. Founded in 1872, the Station Biologique in Roscoff is the oldest marine biology institute in the world. Now, it is one of the European Marine Biological Resource Centre’s 13 stations, and 60 percent of French funding in marine sciences comes to major port and university town, Brest.
The inclusion of algae in food production took on a meaningful turn when Olmix presented its antibiotic-free broiler chicken to delegates attending its one-day conference ‘Building a Healthy Food Chain – Thanks to Algae,’ in Paris last month.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
Rotifers - They often evoke a love-hate relationship, but you just can’t get ...International Aquafeed
The green water encouraged by the traditional carp farmers in the Far East and then Europe would be rich with live infusoria including cilates and freshwater rotifers for first feeding. The marine fish industry has had to look at marine rotifers and recreating the plankton soup as many larval species are too small to take newly hatched Artemia. The leading research labs using fish in medical and ecotoxicology projects that have relied upon lab-grown Paramecia cultures are revisiting rotifer culture to maximise fry survival rates.
Back in the 13th century, maybe even earlier, it has been recorded that when people travelled in Europe they were often given dried seaweed on arrival at their destination to nourish them after their tiring efforts.
Due to their nutritional properties, several species of macroalgae have been used as dietary supplements for shrimps and other marine species. Since macroalgae represent a natural source of nutrients in the shrimp’s natural environment, attempts have been done to co-culture macroalgae and shrimps.
They are what they eat - Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with m...International Aquafeed
Live feeds are often essential for larval fish. Live feeds are proven to be essential first-feed for many larval fish, essentially all those that hatch from small eggs with limited yolk reserves and often immature feeding and digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval fish with essential nutrients that are naturally ‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages. They include a high proportion of easily-assimilated free amino acids and free fatty acids, as well as digestive enzymes and beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut contents of the prey. The swimming activity of live prey also stimulates feeding responses in larval fish, a vital concern because small larvae with very limited metabolic reserves can quickly starve if they do not promptly begin feeding actively.
The inclusion of algae in food production took on a meaningful turn when Olmix presented its antibiotic-free broiler chicken to delegates attending its one-day conference ‘Building a Healthy Food Chain – Thanks to Algae,’ in Paris last month.
The third international seminar on Advanced Lessons in Economics from the Fisheries and Aquaculture (ALFAE) was held in Santiago de Compestela, Galicia, Spain from 6-10 July 2015. The event, held every two years, attracted the participation of 36 speakers from 22 countries across five continents and was attended by more than fifty students, who staged debates about the state of the economy in these sectors and the latest in technological innovation, marketing and governance. FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation, awarded eight grants to students from China, Turkey, Brazil, India, Tanzania (2), Morocco and South Africa.
BioMar is at the moment introducing probiotics in still more diets around the world. The background is new strong research results from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Aquaculture is a growing and increasingly important industry in many parts of the world, including Scotland, Chile, Norway, Greece and Turkey. It helps to sustain economic growth in rural and coastal communities which are often isolated from the more developed and industrialised areas of these countries.
Presentation on “Keep momentum to achieve the 2030 agenda”, delivered on the occasion of the World Aquaculture Society Conference, held in Montpelier, France on 26 July 2018
Sea-Control, an Israeli company who developed a unique, innovative, off-shore Mariculture system.
The mariculture platform is an innovative and unique system that provides an efficient and comprehensive solution for sea farming in unprecedented magnitude, enabling complete control over the entire growth process, while taking into account environmental and ecological aspects.
Presently, there is no other solution for off-shore mariculture.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
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Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. Innovations for a better world.
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3. W
hether brown, red or green,
algae are resources with
huge potential, however
they are largely untapped,
particularly in Europe.
Even if the implementation of viable eco-
nomic sectors still seems distant, more and
more projects are based on the valorisation of
this promising raw material for food and feed
industries: A process for which scientists and
industrialists have everything to gain in moving
forward together.
The earth has seven production basins of
brown seaweed, Asia being widely ahead (75
percent).
Northern Europe comes far behind with
two percent of world production.
“The required conditions for the cultiva-
tion of seaweed are cold water with no
ice”, recalls Marc Danjon, deputy director of
Ceva, the Centre d’Etude et de Valorisation
des Algues, which emphasises that seaweed
culture sector has increased by eight percent
every year for 30 years.
“Do you know many sectors having such
exponential growth ? It’s an impressive mar-
ket,” notes the scientist who regrets that
France still produces less than 100 tonnes
per year.
Here stands the challenge of Breizh’Alg
project, which aims to establish a seaweed
industry and bring the development of sea-
weed culture within a process of regional
development.
For Marc Danjon, it’s time to think of
a ‘range’ like we do for vegetables and to
develop a real industry for ‘sea vegetables’.
All the more since seaweed are full of
qualities offering enormous opportunities
to exploit: they do not need fertilizers, nor
freshwater, nor pesticides and require on
average one-sixth of the surface needed by
terrestrial cultures.
In contrast with the terrestrial plants that
draw nutrients from their roots, algae absorb
nutrients on their entire surface, thus greatly
increasing their productivity.
Moreover, their colloidal structure, which
allows greater water retention, provides to
algae twice more dry matter than terrestrial
plants. A well-known quality for Canadians
and Norwegians, who are developing a sig-
nificant production of Ascophyllum meal,
widely used in agriculture and animal nutrition,
including cattle.
Brown seaweed of the Fucales family,
Ascophyllum is particularly interesting for its
vitamins, minerals and proteins supply, but
also for its powerful binding properties. Setalg,
based in Brittany, commonly uses it for animal
feed, mainly for petfood (read RAA 649, p36).
Nutritional value
Our interest in seaweed is not new: it
dates back to the Neolithic, where they were
used as fertilizer, feed, fuel, etc.
As for research on algae, it really started
in the second half of the 19th Century, with
the creation of marine stations of Concarneau
(1859) and Naples (1872), followed by the
start in 1872 of the laboratory of experimen-
tal zoology now known as biological Station
of Roscoff.
Raw material with several interests, mac-
roalgae are too often reserved for specialty
markets, therefore with sometimes a prohibi-
tive cost.
The nutritional value of algae stands yet in
the joint presence of minerals (particularly rich
mineral fraction), fiber, protein, vitamins and lipids,
depending on the species (see descriptive table).
In the feed industry, seaweed meals are
increasingly used as a dietary supplement, but
seaweed extract still remain quite inaccessible
economically.
Valorisation
This is exactly Ceva’s role (Center of
study and valorization of seaweed), based in
Pleubian, Côtes d'Armor, to clear the knowl-
edge before considering possible applications,
so that the operation is economically viable.
Idealg project, born in late 2010 (coordi-
nated by the European University of Brittany
and Roscoff Biological Station), aims to devel-
op a sector of algae for industrials.
It is part of “The Great Loan Project”,
"which amounts to consider for the first time
algae in the same way as wheat or corn!" Said
Jean-François Sassi, product division manager
of Ceva.
The idea is to increase volumes by inten-
sive selection work; this project complements
Breizh'Alg intention, which is to develop an
economic sector of seaweed in Brittany.
"This is the second floor of the rocket,”
Marc Danjon likes to imagine. “Both projects
are advancing in parallel: Idealy must feed itself
from the results and difficulties of Breizh'Alg.”
Today’s priority is to find areas of culture,
which actually happens in the recovery of con-
cessions, especially from the shellfish industry
in trouble.
ALGAE
and animal
nutrition
24 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014
FEATURE
4. The next step after seaweed farming will
be offshore marine aquaculture, with shellfish
and seaweed culture on the same site as fish
farming (open ocean aquaculture).
Algae have a detoxifying effect that is
particularly interesting in a closed system: the
co-culture shrimp / green seaweed, com-
monly practiced in Mexico and Asia, thus
improves the sanitary status of the farm,
reduces feed costs and has a positive effect
on pigmentation of crustaceans raised under
these conditions.
Applications of seaweed are - theoreti-
cally numerous: cosmetics, human and animal
nutrition, chemistry.
Until now, the latter sector has known the
heaviest investments from large groups.
"Today, three large groups share
the global market of transformation of
seaweed in bio-products, says Jean-
François Sassi: FMC Biopolymer, Cargill
and Dupont, all three directed towards
the production of alginate or carrageenan,
in other words, gelling agents for food and
industrial use.
“At the other end of the chain, there are
also some small seaweed farmers that we
count on the fingers of one hand in Brittany.
In between, it is missing SMEs working on the
very diverse transformation of algal material,”
he adds
Some manufacturers, like Olmix, under-
stood the market opportunity that could
represent the algal resource exploitation.
A project like Ulvans aims to implement a
complete green algae industrial sector.
The scientific literature begins to abound
to demonstrate the positive effects of sea-
weed in health and
nutrition of humans
and animals.
Henri Salmon,
researcher at
INRA, presented
at Olmix 1st Algae
Symposium in
September 2012,
the result of his
research on immune
action and anti-
inflammatory effects
of marine sulfated
polysaccharides
(MSP).
"Depending on
the considered type
of polysaccharide,
there is a general
action on innate
immunity, with dif-
ferent mechanisms
of cell recognition
and many types of
pathways - activa-
tion of the comple-
ment, of the lym-
phocytes, produc-
tion of cytokines.”
The scientist also
notes that more and
more publications
have reported very
successful results
in many areas of
human and animal
health,
"Whether in
the field of antiviral
activities (Influenza,
H5N1), in the regu-
lation of inflamma-
tion and anticoagu-
lant properties or
anti-tumoral activi-
ties, to mention only
the most important
ones. Most of these
activities have been
observed or meas-
ured in cell cultures
or experimental
animals (rat); all
these properties are
potentially applica-
ble to livestock spe-
cies."
A lot of
perspectives
For now France
is still far from using
these resources on
an industrial scale.
May-June 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 25
FEATURE
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Improved survival and growth rate
Improved health status
Immune boosting effect
Shortened production cycle
LIPTOFRY
PHYTOBIOTIC GROWTH
PROMOTER FOR FINGERLINGS
5. Seaweed are underutilised, regrets Marc
Danjon from Ceva.
Probably also for cultural reasons algae
come marginally in the human diet, compared
to the use that is made in Asia.
Regarding the specific case of green sea-
weed, Marc Danjon asserts that their potential
uses in food are underutilised worldwide.
Their protein content can achieve a significant
rate of 30 percent of dry matter and are also
rich in fiber.
Nevertheless, Ceva’s researchers warn the
industrials: "Wild resources do not present a
very important energy supply and their culture
requires very specific conditions.
Green seaweed are rich in indi-
gestible fiber so they are good
for health but not directly for
animal growth. In culture, it is
therefore necessary to enrich the
Ulva in protein and in digestible
fiber.”
Further research is needed to
reduce the obstacle represented
by the fibers for protein digest-
ibility, in order to transform sea-
weed matter in real raw material
for all species.
“We can get a complete food
quite easily as long as we control
the conditions of biomass pro-
duction,” says Jean-François Sassi.
Brown, red or green, sea-
weed have the potential to feed
but these products are not cali-
brated.
Significant variations of chemi-
cal composition of seaweed
actually make their operation
difficult, hence the necessity for
further research on this issue.
Regarding microalgae, operat-
ing conditions are even more del-
icate and complex, which makes
their cost prohibitive (around
Euro3600 per kilo). Their fat
content is particularly interesting
for the biodiesel industry and
many projects are being set up
to develop its use in animal and
human nutrition.
“We are still a long way
from producing protein meal”,
reports Marc Danjon, who is
calling for a real technological
revolution to develop the use
of microalgae.
“The fields of research
are numerous and very
promising but algae suffer
from being excluded from
plant crops," observe Ceva‘s
researchers.
Europe has no agronomic
approach towards algae like Asia
does, "where they grow algae the same way
as vegetables," he adds.
About Olmix & the
Ulvans project
Olmix, a specialist in ‘green chemistry’,
quickly saw the potential of algae in aquacul-
ture and agriculture. Green seaweed poly-
saccharides, ulvans, combined with micron-
ised clay from Montmorillon gave birth to
Amadéite® in 2004 and this patented product
is now introduced in various feed supple-
ments for animals.
Today with the support of Oséo (up to
Euro10 million for a project which amounts
to Euro25 million euros of investment),
Olmix wishes to structure the valorisation
of seaweed at an industrial scale and to
develop the use of algae as proteins substi-
tute to fishmeal, fertilizer and biostimulant
for plants.
In all, four plants are mobilised around the
pilot project: two sites for the collection and
initial processing, in Plouenan and Nantes, and
two high-tech stations for the development of
finished products:
"Our technique is to hydrolyze the algae
to isolate active principles and to extract the
proteins.
“The valorisation in animal nutrition is
driven towards nutraceuticals and aquaculture,
where seaweed offer a real alternative to fish-
meal. Our pilot plant in Plouenan will reach a
processing capacity of 15,000 tonnes of algae.
In Indonesia a project to develop algae for
bioethanol and food (human and animal) is
being developed with volumes of two million
tonnes. It is clear that the raw material is over
there,” says the company.
About Ceva
Ceva, based in Pleubian on the Northern
coast of Brittany, is the only technical center
in Europe dedicated to the study and valoriza-
tion of marine plants.
Originally created in 1982 to study the phe-
nomenon of green seaweed, Ceva expanded its
applied research on algae (macro and micro),
marine plants and marine biotechnology.
The center is equipped with a labora-
tory of analysis, focusing on the research of
seaweed active principles. It combines the
resources needed for R&D projects on the
development of new process (extraction,
purification) and the physio-chemical charac-
terisation of products stemming from these
projects or specific customers’ requests.
It is strongly focused on the chemistry of
algal polysaccharides, but also of proteins,
polyphenols, pigments and minerals.
Ceva also ensures the transfer of scientific
knowledge from academia to the industrial
field: it is well equipped with a pilot plat-
form providing the full transformation process
to develop various semi-industrial products
according to the requests. With a staff of 25
members, Ceva is organised in three main
departments that are environment, culture
and products.
Created with the support of Breton
communities and industrials of algae sec-
tor, Ceva is a private research organisation
open to any type of industrialists. It is part
of Actia network, which is certified as Agro-
industrial Technical Institute (Itai) by the
First Ministry.
Reference: La Revue de l'Alimentation Animale
N° 664, mars 2013 by Sarah Le Blé and Caroline
Morice.
Composition of seaweed used in animal feed
Protein Brown seaweed: 5-11 % DM
Red seaweed: 30-40 % DM (quantitatively
equivalent to soybean)
Green seaweed: 20% DM
Microalgae : Between 12 and 65 % DM
Fat Macroalgae : low lipid content value of 1 to 3%
DM (up to 5% in Ascophyllum nodosum)
Green seaweed: high content in oleic (C 18:1)
and alpha-linolenic (w3-C 18:3) fatty acids.
Red seaweed: high content of polyunsaturated
fatty acids, EPA (w3-C20-5) and arachidonic acid
(w6-C20: 4). Presence of linoleic and linolenic
fatty acids.
Brown seaweed: comparable to other families,
with a high concentration of linolenic fatty acids.
Microalgae: Can accumulate over 50% of
their dry weight in fat. These consist mainly of
triglycerides, phospholipids and glycolipids. They
contain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids
such as omega 3 : ALA,EPA,DHA, or omega 6
:ARA.
Fibers
(macroalgae)
Average total content: 32 to 50% DM
Insoluble fiber is found in small amounts in the
form of cellulosic fractions and floridean starch.
Soluble fiber (or phycocolloids), more interesting,
are better represented:
Red seaweed: 51-56% in the form of agars,
carrageenans and xylans
Green seaweed: 51-56% in the form of ulvans,
rhamnanes and arabinogalactan
Brown seaweed: 67 to 87% in the form of
laminaranes (B-glucans), alginates and fucans
Mineral
component
(macroalgae)
The mineral fraction can represent up to 36% DM.
Macro-nutrients: sodium, calcium, magnesium,
potassium, chlorine, sulfur, phosphorus...
Trace elements: iron, zinc, copper, selenium,
molybdenum, fluorine, manganese, boron, nickel,
cobalt…
Case of iodine: exceptionally rich in iodine,
especially for brown seaweed (kelp) and red
seaweed (Gracilaria) and can reach 10 000mg/
kg.
Vitamins Red seaweed: provitamin A
Green seaweed: vitamin C
Brown seaweed: vitamins E,C
The B vitamins are well represented (B2 and B3 in
particular), with originality for B12 normally not
found in plants.
Microalgae: vitamins B1, B6, B12, C,E, K1
Antioxydants Macro and microalgae: Caratenoids between 0.1
and 0.2 % (Fucoxanthin, B-carotene, violaxanthin,
zexanthine and lutein)
Macroalgae: polyphenols (phlorotannins) can
represent from 5 to 20% dry weight of brown
seaweed.
26 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | May-June 2014
FEATURE
7. www.aquafeed.co.uk
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Assessing the potential
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