Due to their nutritional properties, several species of macroalgae have been used as dietary supplements for shrimps and other marine species. Since macroalgae represent a natural source of nutrients in the shrimp’s natural environment, attempts have been done to co-culture macroalgae and shrimps.
invited presentation at the international workshop organised by teh Aquaculture Development Program (ADP) of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Jeddah, 3-4 March 2019
Shrimp is one of the most important, healthy food. With obesity and diabetes on rise, consumers are getting more and more aware about healthy food. Shrimp is vital component of healthy food plan. GCC the net importer of shrimp, the opportunity remains very good. The export potential of the product is very high. The frozen shrimps are key growth and export component of the GCC, diversification Plan.
This is brief Project Report for shrimp Farm. Shrimp Farm, Prawns and Crabs , will remain key components of Aquaculture Projects and growth.
West Bengal has several blessings for aquaculture development- P.E.Vijay Anand emmi28
West Bengal has several advantages for the development of aquaculture in India. But the pace at which it is utilizing these resources seems to be slow. I have tried to capture these advantages and link them to possible aquaculture development in future. The presentation compares this province to Andhra province which is also a very progressive region as far as commercial aquaculture is concerned. Read the "Bengal Blessings" and feel free to ask me for any suggestions. At USSEC - the aquaculture team, self and Umakanth are working to develop other markets for popularizing the feed based system in India. In view of this- the West Bengal region has been examined very critically for aquaculture development.
invited presentation at the international workshop organised by teh Aquaculture Development Program (ADP) of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Jeddah, 3-4 March 2019
Shrimp is one of the most important, healthy food. With obesity and diabetes on rise, consumers are getting more and more aware about healthy food. Shrimp is vital component of healthy food plan. GCC the net importer of shrimp, the opportunity remains very good. The export potential of the product is very high. The frozen shrimps are key growth and export component of the GCC, diversification Plan.
This is brief Project Report for shrimp Farm. Shrimp Farm, Prawns and Crabs , will remain key components of Aquaculture Projects and growth.
West Bengal has several blessings for aquaculture development- P.E.Vijay Anand emmi28
West Bengal has several advantages for the development of aquaculture in India. But the pace at which it is utilizing these resources seems to be slow. I have tried to capture these advantages and link them to possible aquaculture development in future. The presentation compares this province to Andhra province which is also a very progressive region as far as commercial aquaculture is concerned. Read the "Bengal Blessings" and feel free to ask me for any suggestions. At USSEC - the aquaculture team, self and Umakanth are working to develop other markets for popularizing the feed based system in India. In view of this- the West Bengal region has been examined very critically for aquaculture development.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia [ English ]Amoeba Aquatech
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia - Power Point Slide in ENGLISH.
FREE seminar - Freshwater Aquaculture
Date : 28/10/2015 (Wed)
Time : 7.00pm
Venue : The KL & Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, 1st Floor Auditorium
Language : 粤语 Cantonese
Topic :
1. Why Aquaculture ?
- Aquaculture
- Mariculture
- Food Agriculture Organization
2. Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
- Brief History
- Malaysia Aquaculture Production
- Role of Aqua
- Zoning – AIZ (Aquaculture Industrial Zones)
3. Aquaculture Economic
4. FAQ
Speaker Bio :
Mr. Thomas Wong, an aquaculture specialist is currently the Amoeba Aquatech aquaculture farming & breeding consultant.
Has involved intensively in freshwater and brackish water Prawn fry Production, Freshwater/ Marine fish breeding and farm management more than 20 years.
His specialty includes in breeding fry of Malaysian high value exotic fish species consistently in large commercial scale and has successfully cultivated fish species like Kerai, White Sultan fish, Tengalan, Temoleh & etc. And production of Malayan Giant Freshwater Prawns commercially with remarkable reputation.
He also been successfully developed technique in production of pelleted fed Marble Goby fry to reduce mortality rate and enhance production yield.
-------------------------------------
If you have any enquiries,
kindly contact us at 603-6262 8477.
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud SamyMahmoud Bahgat
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud Samy
to attend & Get the Address Confirm to me on Pvt WhatsApp
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
#Marketing_Club
Only If you are a Marketer Register as a member & or a Speaker in the link
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروبات خاصة عالواتساب ب
محبي العمل فالتسويق فالمستقبل
غير عاملين بالتسويق حاليا للتعلم
■ أهم الإعلانات والأفكار والكتب في التسويق■
■■ *بدون كلام ولا سلام ولا شكرا*■■
فقط اشتراك الجروبات
وليس حضور اجتماعات نادي الماركتينج
■ *(الماركتيرز لهم جروبات خاصة)*■
ويستطيعوا حضور الاجتماعات الشهرية ولنا
■ اشترك في جروب واحد منهم فقط دوس على اللينك ■
Marketing club 19 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/IqDyV0a7GcPIKhcSKan8zD
Marketing club 20 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/Kt0SlWIeh3n8JPNrUKBOX8
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Marketing Club Middle East
Since 29 October 2015
We have 7 groups whatsapp
with 750 marketers
From all middle east
since 9 years
& now 13 more groups
For Marketing Club Lovers as future Marketers
Many non Marketers yet have asked to Attend the Club
((We Wish All can Attend,But Cant right now but soon we will..))
Criteria for attending Marketing Club Meetings
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
For Better Harmony & Mind set.
Must be only Marketer
Also Previous Marketing experience
●Business Managers
●Country Manager,GM
●Directors, CEO
Are most welcomed to add Value to us.
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》 till we allow all soon
Not Med Rep,
Not Key Account,
Not Product Specialist,
Not Sales Supervisor,
Not Sales Manager,
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
But till you become a marketer
you can join our What'sApp group
Marketing Lover Future Club Group
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》
For Conflict of Interest
Also Can't attend
If Working in a Marketing Services Provider
=not Hotel or tourism
=not Restaurant
=not Advertising
=not Event Manager
=not Market Researcher
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
this Club for Only Marketers
Soon will open for all
Very Soon we will have
■ Business Leaders Club ■
For Sales Managers & Directors
Will be Not for Marketers
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروب وصفحة الماركتينج كلووب عالفيسبوك
#Marketing_Club Group on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
Now we can talk freely In all marketing topics
As open discussion all the time
On our Facebook group
Without disturbing anyone
on our 16 what'sApp groups
To keep what's app groups simple &to the point
Only 2 or 3 posts daily
■اتكلم براحتك على الفيسبوك■
وخلي الواتساب صور وكتبو وبوستات كاملة فقط حتى لا نزعج الناس
اشترك الآن في صفحة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/MarketingTipsPAGE/
اشترك الآن في جروب الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
لتسجيل بيناتك لتصلك بعض المحاضرات لو أمكن عالايميل
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
#Marketing_Club
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture IndiaSachin Sahu
very lack of data of Marine ornamental fish sector. it will help for fisheries student to know about Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture India.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Originating from the lakes of Eastern, Central and Western Africa, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was first introduced to developing countries as a cheap, easy way for subsistence farmers to provide their families with enough protein. With improved production techniques and methods of controlling its flavour, the fish became more of a mainstream product. Communities of migrants from these countries then created a market for tilapia in the developed nations they had moved to, and finally a taste for the fish spread amongst the locals.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia [ English ]Amoeba Aquatech
Prospect & Overview of Aquaculture in Malaysia - Power Point Slide in ENGLISH.
FREE seminar - Freshwater Aquaculture
Date : 28/10/2015 (Wed)
Time : 7.00pm
Venue : The KL & Selangor Chinese Assembly Hall, 1st Floor Auditorium
Language : 粤语 Cantonese
Topic :
1. Why Aquaculture ?
- Aquaculture
- Mariculture
- Food Agriculture Organization
2. Current Status of Aquaculture in Malaysia
- Brief History
- Malaysia Aquaculture Production
- Role of Aqua
- Zoning – AIZ (Aquaculture Industrial Zones)
3. Aquaculture Economic
4. FAQ
Speaker Bio :
Mr. Thomas Wong, an aquaculture specialist is currently the Amoeba Aquatech aquaculture farming & breeding consultant.
Has involved intensively in freshwater and brackish water Prawn fry Production, Freshwater/ Marine fish breeding and farm management more than 20 years.
His specialty includes in breeding fry of Malaysian high value exotic fish species consistently in large commercial scale and has successfully cultivated fish species like Kerai, White Sultan fish, Tengalan, Temoleh & etc. And production of Malayan Giant Freshwater Prawns commercially with remarkable reputation.
He also been successfully developed technique in production of pelleted fed Marble Goby fry to reduce mortality rate and enhance production yield.
-------------------------------------
If you have any enquiries,
kindly contact us at 603-6262 8477.
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud SamyMahmoud Bahgat
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud Samy
to attend & Get the Address Confirm to me on Pvt WhatsApp
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
#Marketing_Club
Only If you are a Marketer Register as a member & or a Speaker in the link
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروبات خاصة عالواتساب ب
محبي العمل فالتسويق فالمستقبل
غير عاملين بالتسويق حاليا للتعلم
■ أهم الإعلانات والأفكار والكتب في التسويق■
■■ *بدون كلام ولا سلام ولا شكرا*■■
فقط اشتراك الجروبات
وليس حضور اجتماعات نادي الماركتينج
■ *(الماركتيرز لهم جروبات خاصة)*■
ويستطيعوا حضور الاجتماعات الشهرية ولنا
■ اشترك في جروب واحد منهم فقط دوس على اللينك ■
Marketing club 19 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/IqDyV0a7GcPIKhcSKan8zD
Marketing club 20 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/Kt0SlWIeh3n8JPNrUKBOX8
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Marketing Club Middle East
Since 29 October 2015
We have 7 groups whatsapp
with 750 marketers
From all middle east
since 9 years
& now 13 more groups
For Marketing Club Lovers as future Marketers
Many non Marketers yet have asked to Attend the Club
((We Wish All can Attend,But Cant right now but soon we will..))
Criteria for attending Marketing Club Meetings
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
For Better Harmony & Mind set.
Must be only Marketer
Also Previous Marketing experience
●Business Managers
●Country Manager,GM
●Directors, CEO
Are most welcomed to add Value to us.
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》 till we allow all soon
Not Med Rep,
Not Key Account,
Not Product Specialist,
Not Sales Supervisor,
Not Sales Manager,
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
But till you become a marketer
you can join our What'sApp group
Marketing Lover Future Club Group
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》
For Conflict of Interest
Also Can't attend
If Working in a Marketing Services Provider
=not Hotel or tourism
=not Restaurant
=not Advertising
=not Event Manager
=not Market Researcher
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
this Club for Only Marketers
Soon will open for all
Very Soon we will have
■ Business Leaders Club ■
For Sales Managers & Directors
Will be Not for Marketers
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروب وصفحة الماركتينج كلووب عالفيسبوك
#Marketing_Club Group on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
Now we can talk freely In all marketing topics
As open discussion all the time
On our Facebook group
Without disturbing anyone
on our 16 what'sApp groups
To keep what's app groups simple &to the point
Only 2 or 3 posts daily
■اتكلم براحتك على الفيسبوك■
وخلي الواتساب صور وكتبو وبوستات كاملة فقط حتى لا نزعج الناس
اشترك الآن في صفحة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/MarketingTipsPAGE/
اشترك الآن في جروب الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
لتسجيل بيناتك لتصلك بعض المحاضرات لو أمكن عالايميل
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
#Marketing_Club
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture IndiaSachin Sahu
very lack of data of Marine ornamental fish sector. it will help for fisheries student to know about Prospects and problems in marine Ornamental Aquaculture India.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
The early mortality syndrome (EMS) in shrimp has been ravaging production systems, spreading vertically in Asia and horizontally to countries as far away as Mexico since first reported in 2009.
Originating from the lakes of Eastern, Central and Western Africa, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was first introduced to developing countries as a cheap, easy way for subsistence farmers to provide their families with enough protein. With improved production techniques and methods of controlling its flavour, the fish became more of a mainstream product. Communities of migrants from these countries then created a market for tilapia in the developed nations they had moved to, and finally a taste for the fish spread amongst the locals.
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
Back in the 13th century, maybe even earlier, it has been recorded that when people travelled in Europe they were often given dried seaweed on arrival at their destination to nourish them after their tiring efforts.
A bureau de change? What's that got to do with the price of fish? Quite a lot, actually. Well over two thirds of the world's farmed common carp is produced in China. As a result, it is believed that the strength of the Chinese yuan can have a significant effect on the market price of this fish worldwide.
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) FeedAjjay Kumar Gupta
Production and Formulation of Fish and Shrimp (Prawn) Feed. Commercial Aquaculture Feed Manufacturing Business
Food is the main element for living of all animal. Like other animals fish also needs sufficient and nutritious fish feed for proper growth and survival. Maximum fish production is not possible without nutritious feed. The ingredients of well-balanced nutritious feed for fish are protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. The feed like moss or aquatic insects which produce naturally in the pond is not sufficient for fish.
Aquafeed, also known as the fish feed, is a commercially produced food item for various aquatic species such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. Aquafeed is extensively used in the aquaculture sector. Fish cultivated on farms and feeding on pests found on crops can also be categorized under the aquafeed market segment.
Aqua feed is food formulated specifically for fishes, which is commercially manufactured via numerous industrial procedures. Aqua feed is primarily available as pellets, which contain important ingredients that provide nutrition to fish. As per the fish species and size to be fed, these pellets are available in many sizes. Further, the properties of pellets can be easily changed so that they sink to the bottom of fish tanks or float on the surface of the water. The nutrient contents of the feed can be controlled and this has benefitted the global aqua feed market in the recent past. Also, there has been a growth in the farming aquatic species such as crustaceans, mollusks, and fish.
See more
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Commercial Fish Feed, Fish Feed Formulation and Production, Fish Feed Production, Fish Feed Production Plant, Fish Feeds and Feeding, Fish Feed Production Pdf, Fish Feed Production Process, Fish Feed Pellet Production, Ingredients of Fish Feed, Fish Feed Industry, Prefeasibility of Production of Fish Feed at Small Scale, Fish Feed Pellets Production Plant, Fish Feed in Aquaculture, Production of Fish and Shrimp Feed, Fish Feed Preparation, Fish Feed, Feed Formulation, Fish & Aquatics Feed Products, Aquaculture Feed, Fish Feeds Processing and Technology, Commercial Aquaculture Feed Production, Fish Feed Processing, Feed Manufacturing, Shrimp Feed Formulation and Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for Shrimp Feed, Shrimp Feed Pellets Making, Shrimp Feed Production Process, Prawn Feed Manufacturing, Feed Formulation, Prawn Feed, Prawn Feed Preparation, Shrimp Feed Industry, Shrimp Feed, Project Report on Fish Feed Processing Industry, Detailed Project Report on Fish Feed Processing
Aquaculture- Opportunities for the 21st centuryJimmy Lim
Presentation made during an joint event organised by Singapore Institute of Engineering Technologists and Institution of Aquaculture Singapore at siet@scwo waterloo on 21/6/2014
Fresh water fish processing. Business Opportunities in fish processing Industry.
The term fish processing refers to the processes associated with fish and fish products between the time fish are caught or harvested, and the time the final product is delivered to the customer. Although the term refers specifically to fish, in practice it is extended to cover any aquatic organisms harvested for commercial purposes, whether caught in wild fisheries or harvested from aquaculture or fish farming.
See more
https://bit.ly/347cjAF
https://bit.ly/32PNkQM
https://bit.ly/2NW1yeJ
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Small_Fish_Processing_Unit, #Fish_processing, #Pisces_Fish_Machinery_Fish_Processing_Machinery, #seafood_processing_industry_report, #Freshwater_Fish_Processing, #Fishing_industry, #Fish_Processing_Machinery, #Various_fish_and_fish_products_being_produced, #Fish_Farming_Business_Plan_For_Beginners, #Business_Plan, #Fish_Breeder_Business_Plan
According to the World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, approximately 576.2 thousand tons of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are cultured in 69 countries throughout the world, valued at 2.4 billion dollars.
How Advance International can assist the European Union in creating sustainability within the commercial fishing industry & increase global food supply in a 100% natural way.
In aquaculture production India is the second largest country in the world after China. The terrestrial and aquatic animal farming sectors are rapidly expanding and intensifying in the country. Aquaculture, which counts for almost two thirds of fish production in India, has shown significant growth in the last two decades and has transformed itself into an industry contributing substantially to food production.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers’ yeast and derived products have been successfully used in animal nutrition, including aquafeeds, for several decades now. Leiber GmbH, with two production sites in Germany and further facilities in Poland and Russia, have manufactured brewers’ yeast products for more than 60 years.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
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3. 42 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERT T●PIC
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
SHRIMP
EXPERT TOPIC
4. Shrimp
Farmed shrimp was a $US10.6 billion indus-
try in 2005 (WWF). The species is one of
the fastest growing in aquaculture with an
approximate rate of 10 percent annually. The
production of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei) in
particular, generated the highest value of
major cultured species at $US11.3 billion.
L. vannamei was first cultivated in Florida in
1973 from larvae spawned and shipped from
a wild-caught mated female from Panama. In
1976, due to good pond results and adequate
nutrition, the culture of L. vannamei began
in South and Central America. By the early
1980s, through intensive breeding and rearing
techniques, L. vannamei was being developed
in the USA (including Hawaii), and much of
Central and South America (FAO).
L. vannamei is popular because of its high
yield and short grow out period. The yield
per hectare is up to three times that of the
giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). The
grow out period is also shorter for L. van-
namei, 60-90 days, compared to 90-120 days
for P. monodon. Overall, it costs about half as
much to produce a kilo of L. vannamei as it
does to produce a kilo of P. monodon.
1
China
Although, L. vannamei was introduced into
Asia in 1978-9, it was not until 1996 that the
species was cultivated on a commercial scale.
First in Mainland China and Taiwan and subse-
quently to the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam,
Thailand, Malaysia and India.
The largest seafood producer and export-
er in the world, China also boasts a large L.
vannamei production industry, with Mainland
China producing more than 270,000 met-
ric tonnes in 2002. Production reached an
estimated 300,000 metric tonnes (71%
of the country’s total shrimp
production) in 2003 and hit 700,000 tonnes
in 2004 (Network of Aquaculture Centres in
Asia-Pacific).
More InforMatIon:
www.enaca.org
byMarnieSnell
May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 43
EXPERT T●PIC
3
1
4
5
2
6
5. 2
India
In the 1990s, Indian shrimp aquaculture expe-
rienced rapid growth. Production increased
from 30,000 tonnes in 1990 to 102,000
tonnes in 1999 (FAO). This expansion
brought economic success for the country.
By the start of the 21st century, the shrimp
aquaculture sector accounted 1.6 percent
of Indian export earnings and employed an
estimated 200,000 people.
Yet the development of shrimp aquac-
ulture has become more controversial. The
introduction of L. vannamei in 2009 has led
to widespread illegal farming and posed the
threat of disease. However, there are organi-
sations dedicated to tackling the problem.
One example is the Coastal Aquaculture
Authority (CAA) which aims to shut down
unregistered shrimp hatcheries and farms.
The scale of the issue is rather large as out of
14,549 CAA registered farms, just 246 have
permission to cultivate whiteleg shrimp.
More InforMatIon:
www.fao.org/docrep/x8080e/x8080e08.htm
www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/arti-
cle2878953.ece
3
Ecuador
The 1970s set a president for the devel-
opment of Ecuador’s shrimp farming
industry. L. vannamei, captured from the
beach surf was transferred into 20-hec-
tare ponds that Ecuadorian producers
built on mud flats.
During the mid-1970s, animal
feed and pet food company, Ralston
Purina began conducting pond trials in
Ecuador to demonstrate the benefits
of feeding.
As land and labour were cheap,
disease was rare and wild seed was in
abundance, the shrimp farming business
was profitable and by 1977, approxi-
mately 3,000 hectares of extensive
shrimp farms had been developed in
Ecuador.
As a result, shrimp feed mills were
developed during the 1980s, marking
the transition of Ecuadorian farms from
extensive to semi-intensive production.
More InforMatIon:
www.shrimpnews.com/FreeReportsFolder/
HistoryFolder/HistoryWorldShrimpFarming/
ChamberlainsHistoryOfShrimpFarming.html
4
Brazil
Although shrimp farming was already
operational during the 1980s, it was
the introduction of L. vannamei in 1992 that
allowed for a swift expansion in Brazil’s shrimp
farming industry. Shrimp culture is now one
of the most organised sectors within Brazilian
aquaculture.
In 2003, the total production of L. van-
namei reached 90,190 tonnes produced from
14,824 ha of shrimp ponds. In some states,
productivity reached 8,700 kg/ha/year with
the best yields obtained in the northeast
region.
With exports reaching 60,000 tonnes in
2003, representing 60.5% of the total Brazilian
fishery export and generating US $230 million
for the Brazilian economy, shrimp culture is
now one of the most important economic
activities in the Northeast region.
Most of the shrimp farms are small scale
(75 %), followed by medium (9.6%) and large
scale (5.52%). The average yield increased
from 1 015 kg/ha/year in 1997 to 6,084 kg/
ha/year in 2003, compared to an international
average of 958 kg/ha/year (FAO).
More InforMatIon:
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_brazil/en
5
Thailand
Shrimp farming has been practised in Thailand
for more than 30 years, with its development
expanding rapidly during the mid-1980s. This
expansion was supported by advances in
shrimp feed and the successful production of
larvae in 1986.
The most popular shrimp cultivated in
the country is the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus
monodon) which accounts for 98 percent of
shrimp production and around 40 percent of
total brackish water aquaculture production
(FAO). L. vannamei was first introduced to
Thailand in the late 1990s as an alternative to
the native P. monodon.
The production of L. vannamei in Thailand
rapidly increased from 10,000 metric tons in
2002 (Briggs et al. 2004) to approximately
300,000 metric tons in 2004, which com-
prised 80 percent of total marine shrimp
production.
More InforMatIon:
www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_thailand/en
India’s indigenous shrimp
T
he Rajiv Gandhi Centre for
Aquaculture (RGCA) in Tamil Nadu,
India has produced a specific pathogen
free variety of shrimp. The new variety is
set to help commercial shrimp farmers and
boost India’s seafood exports.
The selectively bred mother shrimps are
capable of producing quality seeds that
harness higher growth and survival rates.
Until now, Indian shrimp hatcheries
imported such brood stock from the USA,
Thailand and Singapore, resulting in high
shipping costs and big transit losses. The
average cost of brood stock was estimated
at Rs5,000.
It is estimated that 80 percent of India’s
shrimp farmers are small scale - the quality of
seeds largely affects their crop success. Due
to the high costs, some hatcheries have been
sourcing brood stock from shrimp ponds,
which ultimately results in the production of
poor quality seeds and subsequent crop loss
to farmers.
2
44 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERT T●PIC
6. Innovations for a better world.
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costs and increases capacity utilization. To find out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com
7. Cause
of EMS
detected
T
he pathogen which
causes early mortality
syndrome (EMS) has
been identified by
researchers at the University
of Arizona, USA.
A research team led by
Donald Lighter found that EMS,
or more technically known as
acute hepatopancreatic necrosis
syndrome (AHPNS), is caused
by a bacterial agent, which is
transmitted orally, colonizes the
shrimp gastrointestinal tract and
produces a toxin that causes tis-
sue destruction and dysfunction
of the shrimp digestive organ
known as the hepatopancreas.
The disease was first record-
ed in China in 2009 and has
since spread to Vietnam (2011),
Thailand (2012) and Malaysia
(2012). EMS kills shrimp
between 10-40 days after the
post-larval stage with mortalities
of up to 70 percent. Shrimp
that survive suffer from stunted
growth and tale twice as long to
achieve significant grow out.
The economic impact of
EMS is perhaps yet to be
fully felt. However, the dis-
ease is one of the most sig-
nificant reasons in the fall in
Thai shrimp production. In
2010, the country produced
600,000 toms of shrimp but
by 2012, this figure has fallen
to 500,000 tons, a drop of
around 18 percent.
Lightner’s team identified the
EMS pathogen as a unique strain
of a relatively common bac-
terium, Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
that is infected by a virus known
as a phage, which causes it to
release a potent toxin. A simi-
lar phenomenon occurs in the
human disease cholera, where a
phage makes the Vibrio cholerae
bacterium capable of producing
a toxin that causes cholera’s life-
threatening diarrhea. EMS how-
ever, is not a danger to people.
Research continues on the
development of diagnostic
tests for rapid detection of the
EMS pathogen that will ena-
ble improved management of
hatcheries and ponds, and help
lead to a long-term solution for
the disease. It will also enable a
better evaluation of risks associ-
ated with importation of frozen
shrimp or other products from
countries affected by EMS.
Some countries have imple-
mented policies that restrict the
importation of frozen shrimp
or other products from EMS-
affected countries. Lightner
said frozen shrimp likely pose
a low risk for contamination
of wild shrimp or the envi-
ronment because EMS-infected
shrimp are typically very small
and do not enter international
commerce. Also, his repeated
attempts to transmit the disease
using frozen tissue were unsuc-
cessful.
In an effort to learn from past
epidemics and improve future
policy, the World Bank and
the Responsible Aquaculture
Foundation, a charitable edu-
cation and training organisa-
tion founded by the Global
Aquaculture Alliance, initiated
a case study on EMS in Vietnam
in July 2012. Its purpose was
to investigate the introduction,
transmission and impacts of
EMS, and recommend manage-
ment measures for the public
and private sectors.
6
46 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERT T●PIC
8. Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-
effective and sustainable aquaculture practices
Central Office and Orders
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10. trophic level (primary producers, herbivores,
carnivores).
In the case of plants and macroalgae, their
carbon isotope values are strongly influenced
by the type of photosynthesis they present.
On the other hand, the nitrogen stable iso-
tope values of plants and macroalgae can be
easily manipulated by means of specific fertilis-
ers, to eventually conduct nutritional studies.
By using such techniques, it can be possible
to determine the proportions of available
dietary nutrients that have been selected,
ingested and incorporated into animal tis-
sue (Figure 1). As the average sample size
required for stable isotope analysis (carbon
and nitrogen) is only 1 mg of dry tissue or
test diet, the technique has been very useful in
larval nutrition studies. It has been employed
to quantify the proportions of nutrients incor-
porated from live and formulated feeds in fish
and crustacean larvae.
Likewise, stable isotope analyses of dif-
ferent plant-derived ingredients (soy protein
isolate, corn gluten and pea meal) have been
carried out to explore the contribution of the
dietary nitrogen supplied by these sources (as
compared to fish meal) to shrimp growth. In
the context of macroalgae as source of nutri-
ents, isotopic techniques have been applied
as nutritional tools to quantify the relative
contributions of dietary carbon and nitrogen
to the growth of Pacific white shrimp co-fed
formulated feed and live macroalgal biomass
of U. clathrata.
Experimental
design
Taking advantage
of the contrast-
ing natural carbon
and nitrogen stable
isotope values meas-
ured in a commercial
formulated feed and
in live macroalgal bio-
mass of U. clathrata,
the study aimed to
quantify the relative
contribution of nutri-
ents to the growth of
Pacific white shrimp.
Animals were allocat-
ed to duplicate tanks
individually fitted with air lifts and connected
to an artificial-seawater recirculation system.
Feeding regimes consisted of a positive
isotopic control (100% formulated feed,
treatment 100F), a negative isotopic control
(100% macroalgae, treatment 100U) and
three co-feeding regimes in which 75, 50,
and 25 percent of the daily amount of con-
sumed macroalgal biomass was substituted
by formulated feed (treatments 75F/25U,
50F/50U, and 25F/75U, respectively) on a
dry weight basis.
The digestibility of both feeding sourc-
es for L. vannamei has been previously
assessed and is similarly high (>80%).
Live macroalgae was supplied to shrimp
by attaching the algal biomass to plastic
mesh units from which the algal filaments
were constantly available and easily nibbled
upon by shrimp.
Feeding rations and proportions were pro-
gressively adjusted in relation to the amount
of macroalgal biomass consumed, animal sur-
vival and sampling. Shrimp samples (whole
bodies and muscle tissue) and diet samples
were collected and pre-treated for isotopic
analysis.
Growth and survival
There was a high variability in final wet
Figure 1: Carbon and nitrogen flow in shrimps produced
under semi-intensive farming conditions. Bold arrows
indicate components that can be isotopically analyzed to
determine their origin and fate
May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 49
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11. weight of shrimps under the different dietary
treatments; however, a clear tendency for
higher growth was observed in shrimps reared
on regime 75F/25U (1,067 ±364 mg, final
mean weight), followed by shrimps fed only
on formulated feed (995 ±289 mg). Shrimps
from both feeding regimes increased their
weight more than 400 percent (Table 1).
Animals fed only on U. clathrata bio-
mass showed very low growth (221 ±49
mg) and only 23 percent of the animals in
this treatment survived by day 21. Higher
survival rates (93-95%) were observed in
shrimps reared on feeding regimes 100F and
75F/25U, while shrimps in dietary treatments
50F/50U and 25F/75U had respective mean
survival rates of 78 and 60
percent. The positive effect
of supplying both, live feeds
and formulated diets has been
recurrently observed in previ-
ous crustacean studies.
Dietary contributions
from macroalgae and
formulated feed
At the end of the experi-
ment, isotopic values of shrimp
tissue reared on co-feeding
treatments were strongly
biased towards the isotopic
values of U. clathrata biomass.
Figure 2 combines carbon
and nitrogen stable isotope
values measured in shrimps
and provides a graphic indica-
tion of the total organic matter
contributed by both, the for-
mulated feed and macroalgae.
Results from an isotopic mixing
model indicated that shrimps in
the three co-feeding regimes
incorporated significantly higher
amounts of dietary carbon and
nitrogen from U. clathrata biomass than from
the formulated feed (Table 2).
At the end of the experiment, shrimps in
treatment 75F/25U incorporated 68 percent
of carbon from the formulated feed and 32
percent from the macroalgae. Shrimps under
feeding regimes 50F/50U and 25F/75U incor-
porated significantly higher amounts of dietary
carbon from U. clathrata (49 and 80%, respec-
tively) when compared to the expected
dietary carbon proportions supplied by these
the co-feeding regimes (34 and 70%, respec-
tively). Shrimp grown in co-feeding regime
75F/25U incorporated 27 percent of nitrogen
from the formulated feed and the remaining
73 percent from the macroalgal biomass,
while animals reared on regimes 25F/75U and
50F/50U incorporated the majority of their
dietary nitrogen (98 and 96%, respectively)
from the macroalgae.
The lower growth attained by these ani-
mals indicated that a very high proportion of
the isotopic change was due to high nitrogen
metabolic turnover and not to tissue accre-
tion. Due to its lower carbon and nitrogen
contents, the macroalgal biomass had to be
consumed at higher amounts in order to sup-
ply the observed elemental contributions to
shrimp whole bodies and muscle tissue.
The availability and
incorporation of nutrients from
formulated and live feeds
The higher than expected contributions
of macroalgal carbon and nitrogen to shrimp
growth are possibly related to the high
digestibility of U. clathrata and its continuous
availability for shrimp. Chemical analyses of U.
clathrata have shown that it typically contains
low to medium protein levels (20 - 30%) and
very low lipid levels. The cell wall polysac-
charides in macroalgae might represent more
than half of dry algal matter, but a tentative
role of the latter as energy source is unlikely as
specific enzymatic activities for these polysac-
charides (ulvanase, fucoidanase) have not
been reported for Penaeid shrimps. Despite
their lower nutrient concentration, live feed
contains higher water content which contrib-
utes to higher digestibility.
In contrast, formulated feed can contribute
nutrients that are scarce or absent in live feed,
but the incorporation of such nutrients is limited
by low feed digestibility or unsuitable formulation.
Previous co-feeding experiments conducted on
postlarval shrimp and larval fish have shown
that the supplied live feed frequently contributes
higher proportions of nutrients to the growth of
the consuming animals than those supplied by
formulated feeds in co-feeding regimes.
Conclusion
Although the live macroalgae by itself was
not nutritionally complete for Pacific white
shrimp, it supplied a very significant propor-
Table 2: estimated contribution of dietary nitrogen supplied
from formulated feed and live biomass of Ulva clathrata and
incorporated in tissue of postlarval Pacific white shrimp L.
vannamei as indicated by stable isotope analysis.
Feeding regime
expected* observed
Whole
bodies
Muscle
tissue
75F/25U
Formulated feed 79.6a** 15.9 b 20.5 b
Ulva biomass 20.4 84.1 79.5
50F/50U
Formulated feed 66.1a 2.2 b 6.9 b
Ulva biomass 33.9 97.8 93.1
25F/75U
Formulated feed 30.1a 1.0 b 3.2 b
Ulva biomass 69.9 99.0 96.8
*Expected proportions are estimated from the actual
proportions of formulated feed and macroalgal biomass
offered (on a dry weight basis)
**Superscripts indicate significant differences between
expected and observed dietary contributions
Figure 2: Carbon and nitrogen dual isotope (‰) plot of whole bodies and muscle
tissue of white shrimp L. vannamei reared on feeding regimes consisting of different
proportions of formulated feed and live U. clathrata biomass. Muscle tissue values
for treatment 100U were estimated for day 28 from values in whole bodies. n= 2-4,
mean values ±SD
50 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERT T●PIC
12.
13. tion of structural carbon and nitrogen when
co-fed with formulated feed.
However, the high amount of nutrients
derived from the live macroalgae biomass in
co-feeding regimes supplying more than 50
percent of macroalgae, was not reflected in a
fast growth increase. This was possibly due to
the restriction of other nutrients in this mac-
roalgae species. Interestingly, shrimp under
the co-feeding regime supplying 75 percent
of formulated feed and 25 percent of live
macroalgae biomass showed higher growth
rates than animals reared only on commercial
formulated feed, although the difference was
not statistically significant.
The low levels of energy, amino acids and
fatty acids in the macroalgae biomass avail-
able to shrimp, were compensated through
high ingestion rates, which caused a higher
incorporation of nutrients in shrimp tissue.
On the other hand, it is very likely that the
carbohydrates and lipids supplied by the
formulated feed significantly contributed to
the energy requirements of shrimp under the
three co-feeding regimes.
The importance of the natural productivity to
shrimp grown in semi-intensively managed ponds
has been widely documented. The systematic
use of macroalgae in production ponds not only
provides a significant nutritional supply to cultured
organisms, but also offers substrate for periphyton
growth and refuge for moulting shrimps. In addi-
tion, it has been demonstrated that Ulva clathrata
and other macroalgae species are efficient remov-
ers of the main dissolved inorganic nutrients,
hence maintaining good water quality levels in
aquaculture ponds and effluents.
Diverse isotopic techniques can be applied
to elucidate the transfer of nutrients at the level
of amino acids and fatty acids; therefore, future
experimental assays might reveal what specific
nutrients are contributed from the macroalgal
biomass (or any other component of the natu-
ral biota) and from the supplied formulated
feeds. The loss of some nutritional properties
that occurs in dietary ingredients that undergo
drying (or freeze drying) has not been thor-
oughly explained and future studies applying
stable isotopes might shed some light on the
differences observed when aquatic animals
consume moist or dry dietary components.
References
Burtin, P. 2003. Nutritional value of seaweeds.
Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 2:498–503.
Cruz-Suárez, L.E., A. León, A. Peña-Rodríguez, G.
Rodríguez-Peña, B. Moll, D. Ricque-Marie. 2010.
Shrimp/Ulva co-culture: a sustainable alternative to
diminish the need for artificial feed and improve
shrimp quality. Aquaculture 301: 64–68.
Gamboa-Delgado, J. 2013. Nutritional role of
natural productivity and formulated feed in semi-
intensive shrimp farming as indicated by natural
stable isotopes. Reviews in Aquaculture In press.
Gamboa-Delgado, J., M.G. Rojas-Casas, M.G.
Nieto-López, L.E. Cruz-Suárez 2013. Simultaneous
estimation of the nutritional contribution of
fishmeal, soy protein isolate and corn gluten to
the growth of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus
vannamei) using dual stable isotope analysis.
Aquaculture 380-383: 33-40.
Gamboa-Delgado, J., A. Peña-Rodríguez, L.E. Cruz-
Suárez, D. Ricque D. 2011. Assessment of nutrient
allocation and metabolic turnover rate in Pacific
white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei co-fed live
macroalgae Ulva clathrata and inert feed: dual
stable isotope analysis. J. Shellfish Res. 30: 1–10.
Moll, B. (Sinaloa Seafields International). 2004.
Aquatic surface barriers and methods for culturing
seaweed. International patent (PCT) no. WO
2004/093525 A2. November 4, 2004.
Villarreal-Cavazos D.A. 2011. Determinación
de la digestibilidad aparente de aminoácidos de
ingredientes utilizados en alimentos comerciales
para camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei) en
México. PhD Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de
Nuevo León, Mexico. http://eprints.uanl.mx/2537
More InforMatIon:
Julián Gamboa-Delgado PhD
Tel: +52 81 8352 6380
Email: julian.gamboad@uanl.mx
52 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
EXPERT T●PIC
20th
Annual Practical Short Course on
Aquaculture Feed Extrusion,
Nutrition, & Feed Management
September 22-27, 2013
For more information, visit
http://foodprotein.tamu.edu/extrusion
or contact
Dr. Mian N. Riaz
mnriaz@tamu.edu
979-845-2774
Hands-On Experience
Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas
o various shaping dies (sinking, floating, high fat),
coating (surface vs vacuum), nutrition, feed
formulation, and MUCH MORE!
Extruding Aquaculture Feeds
o 30+ lectures over a wide
variety of aquaculture
industry topics
o one-on-one interaction with
qualified industry experts
o at the internationally
recognized Food Protein
R&D Center on the campus
of
o discussion and live equipment demonstrations
following lectures on four major types of extruders
also stimulate digestive enzyme production
(Cahu et al. 1998).
Production of microalgae
Despite the many advantages of microalgae,
their wider use is hampered by difficulties in
culturing, storage, and high costs. Microalgae
culture can consume a significant fraction of the
resources of a hatchery, and requires special
equipment, skilled labour, and a large alloca-
tion of space that is unproductive during the
seasons when live feeds are not needed.
Low-cost open-pond culture methods
carry high risks of contamination and culture
failure due to the impossiblity of tightly con-
trolling culture conditions, and the most highly
prized high-PUFA strains such as Isochrysis and
Pavlova require indoor culture.
It is very difficult to synchronize microalgal
production with live feed requirements to
prevent feed shortages or wasteful overpro-
duction, and it is difficult to accurately dose
algae cultures directly into live feed cultures.
If the algae are harvested and concentrated,
the tightly-packed cells can deteriorate rapidly
in refrigerated storage. Some microalgae have
been freeze- or spray-dried, but dried cells
are subject to protein denaturation, and when
they are rehydrated the leaching of water-
soluble substances can rapidly deplete their
nutritional value, as with other dry feeds.
Microalgae concentrates
The best solution to these problems
can be the use of commercially-available
refrigerated or frozen algae concentrates
or ‘pastes’ (Guedes & Malcata 2012,
Shields & Lupatsch 2012). These products,
which are actually viscous liquids, have
proven to be effective feeds for rotifers,
Artemia, shellfish and other filter-feeders,
as well as for greenwater applications.
In products formulated to provide a
long shelf-life, the concentrated microalgae
are suspended in buffer media that pre-
serve cellular integrity and nutritional value,
although the cells are non-viable. When
concentrates with well-defined biomass
densities are employed, the algae can be
accurately dosed into live feed cultures
with a metering pump, and non-viability
confers the advantage that the products
pose no risk of introducing exotic algal
strains. The best refrigerated products typi-
cally have a shelf-life of 3-6 months, and
frozen products several years. This means
that a reliable supply of algae can be kept
on hand, available for use in any season or
if an unexpected need arises. Algae costs
become predictable, and often prove to
be less than on-site production when total
production costs and inefficiencies are
accounted for.
Although costs of liquid algae concen-
trates are higher than for dried algae or
formulated feeds, they offer all the nutritional
advantages of live cultures. The nutritional
quality of live feeds can be no better than
the food sources used to produce them.
Success of early larvae is so critical to the
success of a hatchery that even a relatively
small improvement in survival or growth rate
can yield great benefits.
Outlook
Live feeds remain indispensable for
larviculture of many fish. Although micro-
algae are among the costliest food sources
used to produce live feeds, their many
advantages justify the cost for hatcheries
producing high-value fish. Research contin-
ues to better characterise the nutritional
properties of various algae strains and to
optimise algae production technologies.
We can anticipate that introduction of
novel algae strains and nutritionally-opti-
mised combinations of strains, along with
improved feeding protocols, will ensure
that microalgae remain the food of choice
for production of the highest-quality live
feeds.
References
www.aquafeed.co.uk/referencesIAF1303
May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
FEATURE
Naturally ahead
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14. AQUAFEED
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INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED DIRECTORY 2012/13
SCIENCE DFO SCIENCE SCI
Saltwater mariculture-aquaculture inQuebec may soon welcome a newarrival: the Spotted Wolffish, athreatened and little-known species thattastes delicious.
In Quebec, commercial fish farmscurrently limit themselves to farmingfreshwater fish, while the maricultureindustry has focused until very recentlyon molluscs. In other parts of the world,saltwater fish farms are located right inthe ocean. Doing so significantly reducesfarming costs and makes themprofitable. In Quebec, installingaquaculture equipment in the ocean is adicey prospect because of ice cover inwinter. Previously, experiments withfarming saltwater fish in tanks revealedthe need for technical expertise as wellas the high cost of production. Today,however, research advances are showingthe potential of the Spotted Wolffish.This new mariculture candidate wasfirst noticed in the early 2000s. At thetime, teams from the Maurice-Lamontagne Institute in Mont-Joli,Quebec, collected their first SpottedWolffish as part of the research projectsthey were conducting with the
Université du Québec à Rimouski andthe Quebec ministry of agriculture,fisheries and food.
First of all, the Spotted Wolffish is afish that adapts well to the conditions itis kept in and is easy to domesticate. Itdevelops quickly at very lowtemperatures and is not very sensitive tochanges in the salinity of the water.Spotted Wolffish can be farmed in highdensities, something that is crucial forthe profitability of an aquacultureoperation (see Figure 2). As well, eventhough the Spotted Wolffish does notreproduce spontaneously in captivity,new generations can be produced everyyear using captive broodstock. And let’snot forget another important quality thisfish possesses: it tastes great.Aside from these obvious advantages,it is important to find out how thisspecies grows in captivity so that itspotential benefit to Quebec’s aquacultureindustry can be properly assessed. Forthat reason, Denis Chabot, a researcher atthe Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, wasapproached by the Société dedéveloppement de l’industrie maricole(SODIM) to carry tests using water tanks.
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Photo: Arianne Savoie, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
pg16_DFO_wolffish.qxd 24/8/12 12:30 Page 16
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They are what they eat
Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds
with microalgae
Controlling mycotoxins with
binders
Ultraviolet
water disinfection for fish
farms and hatcheries
Niacin
– one of the key B vitamins for sustaining
healthy fish growth and production
Volume 16 Issue 3 2013 - mAY | Ju Ne
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