Live feeds are often essential for larval fish. Live feeds are proven to be essential first-feed for many larval fish, essentially all those that hatch from small eggs with limited yolk reserves and often immature feeding and digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval fish with essential nutrients that are naturally ‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages. They include a high proportion of easily-assimilated free amino acids and free fatty acids, as well as digestive enzymes and beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut contents of the prey. The swimming activity of live prey also stimulates feeding responses in larval fish, a vital concern because small larvae with very limited metabolic reserves can quickly starve if they do not promptly begin feeding actively.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Millibeter breeds black soldier fly larvae that can be used to convert organic waste into valuable products like proteins, lipids, and chitin. The larvae are fed organic waste and then processed to extract these components. Millibeter is building an Insect Bioconversion Reactor facility to produce these products at scale for use as sustainable aquaculture and animal feeds. The process and products comply with all relevant EU regulations.
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud SamyMahmoud Bahgat
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud Samy
to attend & Get the Address Confirm to me on Pvt WhatsApp
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
#Marketing_Club
Only If you are a Marketer Register as a member & or a Speaker in the link
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروبات خاصة عالواتساب ب
محبي العمل فالتسويق فالمستقبل
غير عاملين بالتسويق حاليا للتعلم
■ أهم الإعلانات والأفكار والكتب في التسويق■
■■ *بدون كلام ولا سلام ولا شكرا*■■
فقط اشتراك الجروبات
وليس حضور اجتماعات نادي الماركتينج
■ *(الماركتيرز لهم جروبات خاصة)*■
ويستطيعوا حضور الاجتماعات الشهرية ولنا
■ اشترك في جروب واحد منهم فقط دوس على اللينك ■
Marketing club 19 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/IqDyV0a7GcPIKhcSKan8zD
Marketing club 20 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/Kt0SlWIeh3n8JPNrUKBOX8
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Marketing Club Middle East
Since 29 October 2015
We have 7 groups whatsapp
with 750 marketers
From all middle east
since 9 years
& now 13 more groups
For Marketing Club Lovers as future Marketers
Many non Marketers yet have asked to Attend the Club
((We Wish All can Attend,But Cant right now but soon we will..))
Criteria for attending Marketing Club Meetings
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
For Better Harmony & Mind set.
Must be only Marketer
Also Previous Marketing experience
●Business Managers
●Country Manager,GM
●Directors, CEO
Are most welcomed to add Value to us.
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》 till we allow all soon
Not Med Rep,
Not Key Account,
Not Product Specialist,
Not Sales Supervisor,
Not Sales Manager,
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
But till you become a marketer
you can join our What'sApp group
Marketing Lover Future Club Group
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》
For Conflict of Interest
Also Can't attend
If Working in a Marketing Services Provider
=not Hotel or tourism
=not Restaurant
=not Advertising
=not Event Manager
=not Market Researcher
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
this Club for Only Marketers
Soon will open for all
Very Soon we will have
■ Business Leaders Club ■
For Sales Managers & Directors
Will be Not for Marketers
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروب وصفحة الماركتينج كلووب عالفيسبوك
#Marketing_Club Group on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
Now we can talk freely In all marketing topics
As open discussion all the time
On our Facebook group
Without disturbing anyone
on our 16 what'sApp groups
To keep what's app groups simple &to the point
Only 2 or 3 posts daily
■اتكلم براحتك على الفيسبوك■
وخلي الواتساب صور وكتبو وبوستات كاملة فقط حتى لا نزعج الناس
اشترك الآن في صفحة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/MarketingTipsPAGE/
اشترك الآن في جروب الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
لتسجيل بيناتك لتصلك بعض المحاضرات لو أمكن عالايميل
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
#Marketing_Club
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
The document discusses the Suez Canal Fish Farming and Aquaculture Company, which is located on 7500 acres along the Suez Canal and wholly owned by the Suez Canal Authority. The company aims to be a leading fish farming company in Egypt and the region. It currently produces several types of fish and has plans to expand production capacity and introduce additional species and processed products. While current production is around 10,000 tons annually, the company aims to reach 9,000 tons to help close Egypt's 400,000 ton annual fish deficit. The document outlines the company's vision, facilities, production and marketing strategies.
A company dedicated to the design and creation of business models focused on the development of the Agricultural Industry by implementing projects with a proposed high social value. We also promote environmental care and our business model is based upon the use of an aquatic plant known as duckweed (Lemna - Duckweed) as a base raw material for:
Systems for Wastewater Treatment.
Aquaculture Farms.
Poultry and pig farms.
Manufacturing of protein powder for human consumption.
Production of Biopolymers (Plastic) from starch.
Production of biofuels.
This document discusses the potential for insects as a source of protein for feed, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes that the global population is growing and meat consumption is increasing, putting pressure on traditional livestock production. Insects require less land and water than traditional livestock and can use organic waste as a feedstock. Insects are a nutritious protein source comparable to meat and can be produced at a large scale economically. The document argues that developing an industrial insect industry could help meet growing global protein demand in a sustainable way.
Innovation nation - How new developments in aquaculture are boosting the Scot...International Aquafeed
With an estimated market value of over £1.8 billion and Scottish salmon exports alone reaching over £500 million, Scotland’s aquaculture sector is fast becoming a core pillar for the future growth of the Scottish economy. However, with such a steep increase in the demand for fish products, there is a real need for innovation within the sector to stay ahead of the curve and provide a sustainable supply of healthy protein; not only for the present but for the future of a market that appears set to keep growing. Ahead of Aquaculture UK, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC), Heather Jones, shares some of the organisation’s forays into finfish research projects and the ways in which is working with both industry and academia to enhance the whole of the Scottish aquaculture sector.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The Faivre equipped trout farms of AbbevilleInternational Aquafeed
Amidst the picturesque countryside of Abbeville, Northern France, Darren Parris, Tom Blacker and Peter Parker from the International Aquafeed team, spent an afternoon late last year visiting trout farms. Our hosts were Phillip Jorgensen, fish farms manager, and Aubert Faivre, who is sales manager for Faivre.
Millibeter breeds black soldier fly larvae that can be used to convert organic waste into valuable products like proteins, lipids, and chitin. The larvae are fed organic waste and then processed to extract these components. Millibeter is building an Insect Bioconversion Reactor facility to produce these products at scale for use as sustainable aquaculture and animal feeds. The process and products comply with all relevant EU regulations.
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud SamyMahmoud Bahgat
16th Cairo Marketing Club, Animal Health Marketing by Dr. Mahmoud Samy
to attend & Get the Address Confirm to me on Pvt WhatsApp
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
#Marketing_Club
Only If you are a Marketer Register as a member & or a Speaker in the link
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروبات خاصة عالواتساب ب
محبي العمل فالتسويق فالمستقبل
غير عاملين بالتسويق حاليا للتعلم
■ أهم الإعلانات والأفكار والكتب في التسويق■
■■ *بدون كلام ولا سلام ولا شكرا*■■
فقط اشتراك الجروبات
وليس حضور اجتماعات نادي الماركتينج
■ *(الماركتيرز لهم جروبات خاصة)*■
ويستطيعوا حضور الاجتماعات الشهرية ولنا
■ اشترك في جروب واحد منهم فقط دوس على اللينك ■
Marketing club 19 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/IqDyV0a7GcPIKhcSKan8zD
Marketing club 20 (Future)
https://chat.whatsapp.com/Kt0SlWIeh3n8JPNrUKBOX8
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
Marketing Club Middle East
Since 29 October 2015
We have 7 groups whatsapp
with 750 marketers
From all middle east
since 9 years
& now 13 more groups
For Marketing Club Lovers as future Marketers
Many non Marketers yet have asked to Attend the Club
((We Wish All can Attend,But Cant right now but soon we will..))
Criteria for attending Marketing Club Meetings
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
For Better Harmony & Mind set.
Must be only Marketer
Also Previous Marketing experience
●Business Managers
●Country Manager,GM
●Directors, CEO
Are most welcomed to add Value to us.
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》 till we allow all soon
Not Med Rep,
Not Key Account,
Not Product Specialist,
Not Sales Supervisor,
Not Sales Manager,
●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●
But till you become a marketer
you can join our What'sApp group
Marketing Lover Future Club Group
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
《 *Unmatched Criteria*》
For Conflict of Interest
Also Can't attend
If Working in a Marketing Services Provider
=not Hotel or tourism
=not Restaurant
=not Advertising
=not Event Manager
=not Market Researcher
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
this Club for Only Marketers
Soon will open for all
Very Soon we will have
■ Business Leaders Club ■
For Sales Managers & Directors
Will be Not for Marketers
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
جروب وصفحة الماركتينج كلووب عالفيسبوك
#Marketing_Club Group on Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
Now we can talk freely In all marketing topics
As open discussion all the time
On our Facebook group
Without disturbing anyone
on our 16 what'sApp groups
To keep what's app groups simple &to the point
Only 2 or 3 posts daily
■اتكلم براحتك على الفيسبوك■
وخلي الواتساب صور وكتبو وبوستات كاملة فقط حتى لا نزعج الناس
اشترك الآن في صفحة الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/MarketingTipsPAGE/
اشترك الآن في جروب الفيسبوك
https://www.facebook.com/groups/837318003074869/
لتسجيل بيناتك لتصلك بعض المحاضرات لو أمكن عالايميل
http://goo.gl/forms/RfskGzDslP
#Marketing_Club
#Mahmoud_Bahgat
00966568654916
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■
The document discusses the Suez Canal Fish Farming and Aquaculture Company, which is located on 7500 acres along the Suez Canal and wholly owned by the Suez Canal Authority. The company aims to be a leading fish farming company in Egypt and the region. It currently produces several types of fish and has plans to expand production capacity and introduce additional species and processed products. While current production is around 10,000 tons annually, the company aims to reach 9,000 tons to help close Egypt's 400,000 ton annual fish deficit. The document outlines the company's vision, facilities, production and marketing strategies.
A company dedicated to the design and creation of business models focused on the development of the Agricultural Industry by implementing projects with a proposed high social value. We also promote environmental care and our business model is based upon the use of an aquatic plant known as duckweed (Lemna - Duckweed) as a base raw material for:
Systems for Wastewater Treatment.
Aquaculture Farms.
Poultry and pig farms.
Manufacturing of protein powder for human consumption.
Production of Biopolymers (Plastic) from starch.
Production of biofuels.
This document discusses the potential for insects as a source of protein for feed, food, and pharmaceuticals. It notes that the global population is growing and meat consumption is increasing, putting pressure on traditional livestock production. Insects require less land and water than traditional livestock and can use organic waste as a feedstock. Insects are a nutritious protein source comparable to meat and can be produced at a large scale economically. The document argues that developing an industrial insect industry could help meet growing global protein demand in a sustainable way.
The document summarizes the establishment of a new yellowtail hatchery in Mexico by Baja Seas. Key points:
1) The hatchery recently began operations and had its first successful spawnings of yellowtail this year. It aims to supply fingerlings to Baja Seas' ocean growout site and potentially other farms.
2) The hatchery was carefully designed with input from international consultants to utilize best practices and equipment for yellowtail breeding and rearing. It uses recirculating and flow-through tank systems.
3) Baja Seas is working with local research institutes to refine hatchery operations and feeds, such as developing soy-based fish meal replacements. Their goal is a
Presentation of preparation of multiple enterprise farm plansabin bhattarai
Sample presentation about preparation of multiple enterprise farm plan prepared by Bsc Ag undergraduates students of Agriculture and Forestry University
How Advance International can assist the European Union in creating sustainability within the commercial fishing industry & increase global food supply in a 100% natural way.
Pellet distribution modelling: a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cagesInternational Aquafeed
The document discusses a pellet distribution model that was developed to simulate how fish feed pellets disperse in ocean fish cages. The model accounts for factors like feed properties, water currents, wind, and fish behavior. It can help optimize feeding regimes and provide operators real-time information on pellet distribution. Experimental data was used to refine how the model represents pellet sinking rates and diffusion. The model may help operators better understand pellet movement throughout the entire cage volume.
1) The document discusses the nutritional value and applications of insects as an alternative food source. It provides nutritional information on various edible insect species and reviews several studies on insect consumption in different countries and cultures.
2) The studies examined entomophagy practices in India and Cote d'Ivoire, finding widespread traditional consumption of various insect species and their economic significance.
3) A nutritional analysis of the African palm weevil larvae found it to be a good source of protein, minerals, and energy, supporting its potential as a food.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
This document provides information on successfully raising earthworms, including their biology, environmental requirements, and production methods. It discusses setting up beds or bins with proper temperature, moisture, aeration, and pH levels. Potential markets for selling earthworms and vermicompost are also outlined, such as to gardeners, compost facilities, and fishing enthusiasts. Earthworm classification and pests like mites and ants that can affect worm beds are briefly covered.
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing can improve key traits over multiple generations. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in other livestock, challenges around record keeping and animal mixing make these difficult for smallholder farmers in Namibia. Instead, selecting best animals to breed and culling poor performers can still provide benefits at low cost. Modeling suggests scaling improved breeding across Namibia's northern region could provide economic gains of $9-106 million by 2025.
Hailey R. Freeman is a third year civil engineering student at Michigan Tech passionate about making a difference through her engineering career. Her interests include design, civil engineering, the environment, and sustainability. Upon graduating from Michigan Tech with a B.S. in Civil Engineering and minor in Historical Studies, she hopes to have an ethical career striving for success, greatness, and happiness in construction, water resources or consulting.
The document outlines a plan for a magazine article and cover on the 10 most influential footballers of the decade. It will follow conventions of sports magazines by having images and less text. The representations shown will focus on the influence of ethnic minority footballers and if athletes are still portrayed as heroes. The target audience is males aged 18-30 from social groups C and D who typically read sports magazines. The article and cover will examine ethnic minority representation in Britain football compared to British athletes and any nationalist portrayals.
Cristy Porting is a mother who runs a dog grooming business with her mom and is a full-time student. She believes in God but considers herself more spiritual than religious, and values honesty highly. Her greatest accomplishment is her family, including her 19 month old son Cohen Michael.
Monaghans is a construction consultancy established in 1975 that provides multi-disciplinary services including quantity surveying, project management, building surveying, and more. They have over 70 staff across the UK and work with over 150 additional consultants through partner businesses. Monaghans has experience across many sectors such as retail, commercial, education, and data centers. They offer a full range of in-house services and strategic partnerships.
This document describes an all-in-one jewelry holder made from scrap materials costing less than $5.50. It has places to store earrings, rings, necklaces and bracelets. The holder uses two spray painted metal plates with over 100 places for earrings and a test tube in the middle for rings. A necklace and bracelet holder is attached to one side of the plates to display those pieces. This inexpensive jewelry holder replaces expensive individual holders and prevents losing earrings.
An eating disorder is a condition affecting eating habits that can be self-inflicted or a bodily reaction to food. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by low body weight, distorted body image, and an obsessive fear of weight gain. Bulimia nervosa involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by purging to avoid weight gain. Medical treatment for eating disorders includes nutritional therapy, counseling, and potentially hospitalization to restore healthy eating and weight.
Provost Michael Arthur reflects on what makes a university world-class and how UCL and other leading universities may evolve. Key characteristics of world-class universities include producing cutting-edge research, attracting top students and faculty, and enjoying institutional autonomy. While online education and MOOCs will develop, world-class universities will remain campus-based and focus on integrating research and education to tackle global challenges through interdisciplinary collaboration.
Capita Symonds is one of the largest consultancies in the UK, with over 4,000 staff providing design, engineering, management, and infrastructure services. It is a wholly owned division of Capita Group and has worked on major projects in the UK such as Wembley Stadium and the 2012 Olympics. Capita Symonds offers a full range of in-house services throughout the entire project lifecycle from a single point of responsibility.
El documento discute la simplificación de procesos de trabajo. Explica que simplificar procesos reduce actividades que no agregan valor y mejora las que sí agregan valor, enfocándose en reducir tiempo y costos. Las actividades que no agregan valor incluyen movimientos innecesarios, esperas y demoras. Simplificar procesos hace el trabajo más fácil, reduce costos, aumenta calidad, eficiencia y productividad.
Mining Product Opinions and Reviews on the WebFelipe Japm
This document summarizes a presentation on opinion mining and sentiment analysis from user reviews and comments on the web. It discusses the basics of opinion mining, including defining the opinion model and levels of sentiment analysis. It outlines the requirements and design for a system to perform opinion mining, including functional requirements, architecture, and modules for opinion retrieval, composition, feature identification, and sentiment analysis. The design details the implementation of algorithms for identifying opinion words and orientation, as well as aggregating sentiments for features. Evaluation of the system examines effectiveness of feature identification and sentiment classification. Areas for future work are identified to improve handling of complex language patterns and domain-specific contexts.
The document summarizes the establishment of a new yellowtail hatchery in Mexico by Baja Seas. Key points:
1) The hatchery recently began operations and had its first successful spawnings of yellowtail this year. It aims to supply fingerlings to Baja Seas' ocean growout site and potentially other farms.
2) The hatchery was carefully designed with input from international consultants to utilize best practices and equipment for yellowtail breeding and rearing. It uses recirculating and flow-through tank systems.
3) Baja Seas is working with local research institutes to refine hatchery operations and feeds, such as developing soy-based fish meal replacements. Their goal is a
Presentation of preparation of multiple enterprise farm plansabin bhattarai
Sample presentation about preparation of multiple enterprise farm plan prepared by Bsc Ag undergraduates students of Agriculture and Forestry University
How Advance International can assist the European Union in creating sustainability within the commercial fishing industry & increase global food supply in a 100% natural way.
Pellet distribution modelling: a tool for improved feed delivery in sea cagesInternational Aquafeed
The document discusses a pellet distribution model that was developed to simulate how fish feed pellets disperse in ocean fish cages. The model accounts for factors like feed properties, water currents, wind, and fish behavior. It can help optimize feeding regimes and provide operators real-time information on pellet distribution. Experimental data was used to refine how the model represents pellet sinking rates and diffusion. The model may help operators better understand pellet movement throughout the entire cage volume.
1) The document discusses the nutritional value and applications of insects as an alternative food source. It provides nutritional information on various edible insect species and reviews several studies on insect consumption in different countries and cultures.
2) The studies examined entomophagy practices in India and Cote d'Ivoire, finding widespread traditional consumption of various insect species and their economic significance.
3) A nutritional analysis of the African palm weevil larvae found it to be a good source of protein, minerals, and energy, supporting its potential as a food.
Natural additives for fish - do we have to reinvent the wheel or is there a s...International Aquafeed
The global importance of aquaculture, in particular finfish, is growing and correspondingly, the demand for high-quality feeds and additives is increasing year by year (Aquafeed Directory Issue 2013/14).
This document provides information on successfully raising earthworms, including their biology, environmental requirements, and production methods. It discusses setting up beds or bins with proper temperature, moisture, aeration, and pH levels. Potential markets for selling earthworms and vermicompost are also outlined, such as to gardeners, compost facilities, and fishing enthusiasts. Earthworm classification and pests like mites and ants that can affect worm beds are briefly covered.
Technology Profile - Breeding TIMPs for Small RuminantsPodisi (CCARDESA) 2017 Hillary Hanson
This document summarizes improved breeding practices for small ruminants like sheep and goats in Namibia. It discusses how selection of superior animals through genetic testing can improve key traits over multiple generations. While techniques like artificial insemination are used in other livestock, challenges around record keeping and animal mixing make these difficult for smallholder farmers in Namibia. Instead, selecting best animals to breed and culling poor performers can still provide benefits at low cost. Modeling suggests scaling improved breeding across Namibia's northern region could provide economic gains of $9-106 million by 2025.
Hailey R. Freeman is a third year civil engineering student at Michigan Tech passionate about making a difference through her engineering career. Her interests include design, civil engineering, the environment, and sustainability. Upon graduating from Michigan Tech with a B.S. in Civil Engineering and minor in Historical Studies, she hopes to have an ethical career striving for success, greatness, and happiness in construction, water resources or consulting.
The document outlines a plan for a magazine article and cover on the 10 most influential footballers of the decade. It will follow conventions of sports magazines by having images and less text. The representations shown will focus on the influence of ethnic minority footballers and if athletes are still portrayed as heroes. The target audience is males aged 18-30 from social groups C and D who typically read sports magazines. The article and cover will examine ethnic minority representation in Britain football compared to British athletes and any nationalist portrayals.
Cristy Porting is a mother who runs a dog grooming business with her mom and is a full-time student. She believes in God but considers herself more spiritual than religious, and values honesty highly. Her greatest accomplishment is her family, including her 19 month old son Cohen Michael.
Monaghans is a construction consultancy established in 1975 that provides multi-disciplinary services including quantity surveying, project management, building surveying, and more. They have over 70 staff across the UK and work with over 150 additional consultants through partner businesses. Monaghans has experience across many sectors such as retail, commercial, education, and data centers. They offer a full range of in-house services and strategic partnerships.
This document describes an all-in-one jewelry holder made from scrap materials costing less than $5.50. It has places to store earrings, rings, necklaces and bracelets. The holder uses two spray painted metal plates with over 100 places for earrings and a test tube in the middle for rings. A necklace and bracelet holder is attached to one side of the plates to display those pieces. This inexpensive jewelry holder replaces expensive individual holders and prevents losing earrings.
An eating disorder is a condition affecting eating habits that can be self-inflicted or a bodily reaction to food. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by low body weight, distorted body image, and an obsessive fear of weight gain. Bulimia nervosa involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by purging to avoid weight gain. Medical treatment for eating disorders includes nutritional therapy, counseling, and potentially hospitalization to restore healthy eating and weight.
Provost Michael Arthur reflects on what makes a university world-class and how UCL and other leading universities may evolve. Key characteristics of world-class universities include producing cutting-edge research, attracting top students and faculty, and enjoying institutional autonomy. While online education and MOOCs will develop, world-class universities will remain campus-based and focus on integrating research and education to tackle global challenges through interdisciplinary collaboration.
Capita Symonds is one of the largest consultancies in the UK, with over 4,000 staff providing design, engineering, management, and infrastructure services. It is a wholly owned division of Capita Group and has worked on major projects in the UK such as Wembley Stadium and the 2012 Olympics. Capita Symonds offers a full range of in-house services throughout the entire project lifecycle from a single point of responsibility.
El documento discute la simplificación de procesos de trabajo. Explica que simplificar procesos reduce actividades que no agregan valor y mejora las que sí agregan valor, enfocándose en reducir tiempo y costos. Las actividades que no agregan valor incluyen movimientos innecesarios, esperas y demoras. Simplificar procesos hace el trabajo más fácil, reduce costos, aumenta calidad, eficiencia y productividad.
Mining Product Opinions and Reviews on the WebFelipe Japm
This document summarizes a presentation on opinion mining and sentiment analysis from user reviews and comments on the web. It discusses the basics of opinion mining, including defining the opinion model and levels of sentiment analysis. It outlines the requirements and design for a system to perform opinion mining, including functional requirements, architecture, and modules for opinion retrieval, composition, feature identification, and sentiment analysis. The design details the implementation of algorithms for identifying opinion words and orientation, as well as aggregating sentiments for features. Evaluation of the system examines effectiveness of feature identification and sentiment classification. Areas for future work are identified to improve handling of complex language patterns and domain-specific contexts.
This document discusses DNS rebinding attacks and defenses against them. DNS rebinding works by resolving a domain name to the attacker's IP address for a short time, then rebinding it to the target's IP. This allows the attacker to circumvent the same-origin policy and run code on the target's machine. Experiments showed the attack could recruit over 30,000 browsers to a botnet without any user interaction using Flash. Defenses include smarter pinning in browsers, host name authorization, and policy-based approaches. Plug-ins also need to consult server policies before opening sockets.
During the current culture of austerity measures where public sector is facing unprecedented levels of cuts, there is a sense of foreboding about the impact on rural services. Policy rhetoric is that individuals, families and communities have to do more and the state will do less. Kate Stephen will give her perspective on the potential implications for rural communities in Highland and will describe what the DIY approach can look like, warts and all. Clive Sheppard will draw on his experience to describe the role social enterprise can play in rural service delivery.
Kate Stephen has been Project Manager on the O4O: Older People for Older People project and has experience working and volunteering in community development and community care.
Clive Sheppard has extensive experience in the social enterprise sector as a mentor, teacher and practitioner. He sits on the Board of Community Care Assynt which was supported by the O4O project.
This document provides an update to Bloom's Revised Taxonomy to account for new behaviors, actions, and learning opportunities emerging from advancing technology and ubiquitous computing. It presents Bloom's Digital Taxonomy, which maps cognitive elements and digital methods and tools to Bloom's original and revised taxonomies. The taxonomy is not restricted to cognitive domains and aims to reflect classroom practices. It also discusses how collaboration facilitated by digital tools can impact learning. Key terms are defined for each level of the taxonomy, from remembering to creating, along with possible digital activities and rubrics for assessment.
The potential of microalgae meals in compound feeds for aquacultureInternational Aquafeed
Intensive production of mainly carnivorous fish has resulted in fish feeds containing high levels of fishmeal and fish oil, with Europe requiring around 1.9 million tonnes a year. Although this use of fishmeal was initially the recycling of waste from fishing through the use of bycatch and trimmings, due to the rapid development of aquaculture this reliance on fishmeal and fish oil is environmentally unsustainable. This has resulted in other sources of fish feed being investigated. This literature review will focus on microalgae; the composition in terms of nutritional quality, the current methods of production and associated costs along with potential future uses such as feed in aquaculture.
Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in food production. However, the future of this growth will depend largely on availability of raw materials and development of new nutrient sources from vegetable or animal origin.
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world. It is an aquatic plant often found in fresh water or wetlands in most parts of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
The global fish consumption for human nutrition increases. The supply of enough aquatic products is still possible, because the experienced fish capture peak in the 1990s is buffered by the increasing amount of fish from hatcheries, both onshore and offshore.
Duckweed is the smallest flowering plant in the world, an aquatic plant which can be found in fresh water or wetlands in most corners of the world that do not freeze too frequently. Floating on or just below the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of water, many around the world perceive it as a pest, claiming it “clogs up lakes or ponds”.
Rotifers - They often evoke a love-hate relationship, but you just can’t get ...International Aquafeed
The green water encouraged by the traditional carp farmers in the Far East and then Europe would be rich with live infusoria including cilates and freshwater rotifers for first feeding. The marine fish industry has had to look at marine rotifers and recreating the plankton soup as many larval species are too small to take newly hatched Artemia. The leading research labs using fish in medical and ecotoxicology projects that have relied upon lab-grown Paramecia cultures are revisiting rotifer culture to maximise fry survival rates.
Olmix presented antibiotic-free chicken raised on algae-included feed to over 400 delegates at a conference about using algae in food production. The chicken was tasted by attendees. While practices differ, algae products aim to improve food safety for both livestock and aquaculture. Algae has long been considered beneficial for health and nutrition but is now seen as valuable for protecting animal health and reducing antibiotic needs. The conference in Paris may be a turning point in considering algae's role in food systems.
Aquatic animals have various feeding habits and feed intakes. For example, fish swallow feeds so they need about 40 minutes to intake feeds. However, shrimps nibble feeds so they need three to six hours to intake feeds.
In our previous article in International Aquafeed (vol. 16, issue 2, March/April 2013, 22-24), the concept of sustainable production of functional fish feeds and hence fish was introduced. Our work focuses on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and how we can produce sustainably functional fish feeds and hence fish with enhanced cardioprotective activities. Even today, it is still not entirely clear why some cohorts in the seven countries study had coronary heart disease (CHD) at low frequencies but high levels of serum cholesterol (Keys et al., 1984). In our everyday practice as nutritionists and aquaculturists, this question needs to be addressed: do we really need to lower our serum cholesterol in order to protect ourselves from CHD and CVDs?
This document discusses the potential for oil seed crops like sunflower and oil seed rape (OSR) to replace soy in organic poultry feed in the UK. Sunflower meal has good nutritional properties for poultry like adequate levels of sulfur-containing amino acids. Both sunflower and certain OSR varieties can make useful contributions to organic poultry rations. However, UK production of OSR is currently very small and limited by agronomic and economic factors. Sunflower has more potential as it grows well in parts of southern England and Wales and is easier to produce organically in the UK climate than OSR.
Most poultry producers identify feed issues and feed costs as one of their biggest challenges. Part of the problem is that the UK poultry industry depends heavily on imports, leaving producers at the mercy of global commodity prices for key feed ingredients. For organic farmers, the problem is even more acute; organic, and indeed non-GM, soya is getting harder to come by and therefore more expensive.
Spray-dried plasma from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic salmon parrsInternational Aquafeed
This document summarizes a study on the effects of incorporating spray-dried plasma from porcine blood (SDP) into diets for Atlantic salmon parr and smolts. The study found that including SDP at 6% provided the best results, improving feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Fish fed the 6% SDP diet also showed a more homogeneous distribution in body weight. Additionally, the 9% SDP diet resulted in an increase in goblet cell number in the intestinal mucosa, indicating SDP may support the fish's innate immune system. In conclusion, SDP is an excellent feed ingredient that can improve growth performance and feed utilization for Atlantic salmon.
Aquaculture is a growing and increasingly important industry in many parts of the world, including Scotland, Chile, Norway, Greece and Turkey. It helps to sustain economic growth in rural and coastal communities which are often isolated from the more developed and industrialised areas of these countries.
This document discusses the use of algae in ornamental fish feeding. It describes how aquafeed manufacturers use cultivated algae or algae from the wild at an industrial scale since it is impossible to provide ornamental fish with natural algae from their environment. The most popular microalgae used is spirulina due to its high protein content of 62-68% which is more valuable than plant proteins. Other popular algae included are Chlorella vulgaris and various kelp algae. Algae provide fish with valuable nutrients beyond just protein, such as fatty acids, carotenoids, and fiber, which benefits the fish's health, condition, disease resistance and coloration.
Aquatic feed production has undergone tremendous changes as the industry has advanced towards efficiency and sustainability of the aquaculture industry.
A comprehensive study on the suitability of these species for value addition has to be carried out to propose optimized utilization protocols. Functional fish products will be in much demand in future; the challenge will be to retain the functional benefits of fish & shellfish meat by way of adopting product specific processing protocols or alternate delivery systems for sensitive components. These issues offer ample scope for Innovation coupled with entrepreneurial skills for the creation of wealth and employment in fisheries sector.
Utlisation of Roasted Guar Korma as alternative for fishmeal and soybean meal...International Aquafeed
This document summarizes a study that tested the use of roasted guar korma (RG) as a replacement for fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp feeds. The study found that:
- Diets with 5% RG replacement performed similarly to the control diet in terms of shrimp growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR).
- Diets with 10% RG replacement showed slightly lower shrimp growth and a statistically higher FCR compared to the control, though all FCR values were still good.
- The results indicate that 5% RG can safely replace fishmeal and soybean meal in shrimp feeds, providing an important cost savings. Higher 10% inclusion is possible but may impact growth and efficiency slightly.
With the continued expansion of cultured fish and shellfish species, aquaculture has become a key component of the animal health industry. Aquaculture is the fastest growing industry around the world with around 80 million tonnes produced annually. With an average annual growth rate of 7 percent, more then 60 percent of the global seafood is currently supplied from aquaculture. However, this growth is not without its problems, as demonstrated by the latest outbreak of Early Mortality Syndrome (EMS) in the shrimp industry, sea lice in the salmon industry and an array of other diseases.
Similar to They are what they eat - Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds with microalgae (20)
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY: The use of feed in recirculating aquaculture systems...International Aquafeed
One of the greatest operating costs in aquaculture is the use of commercial feed pellets, which can comprise of up to 50-60 percent of total expense in some farms.
The Salmonidae family, collectively known as Salmonids, comprises of salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes, and graylings, but it is the trout and Atlantic salmon, of the genus Salmo, which gives the family their name. A slender teleost fish, they can range in size between just 13 cm to a whopping 2 m in length. With a single row of sharp teeth, Salmonids are predators, choosing to feed on smaller fish, aquatic insects and small crustaceans. Despite spawning in fresh water Salmonids are mostly anadromous, spending their lives at sea, choosing only to return to rivers to reproduce.
The Asian catfish Pangasius, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus is recognised as a leading aquaculture food fish on world markets. The commercial culture of Pangasius was developed in the mid 1990’s in Vietnam and quickly expanded to production levels of nearly one million tons per year. Other countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and India have adapted Pangasius as part of their aquaculture production. Pangasius can be successfully cultured in most tropical regions of the world however countries in the Western Hemisphere have been slow to embrace Pangasius aquaculture, in part, due to the lack of practical knowledge of the species food requirements during the larval and fry stages.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
In the past 50 years, the global demand for fish products has doubled, and more than 45 percent of the world’s seafood today now comes not from wild catches, but from either land-based or offshore fish farms. To meet this rising demand for seafood worldwide, more fish have to be raised in fish farms, and aquaculture is an essential link in the agricultural chain.
When farming animals and fish, there is often a danger that we may assume that their dietary requirements match our own. However, those of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio, certainly do not.
Mexico, with a population of 122 million is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world. The country is known for its Pacific and Gulf of Mexico beaches and its diverse landscape of mountains, deserts and jungles. Ancient ruins such as Teotihuacan (Aztec), Chichen Itza (Mayan) and Spanish colonial-era towns are scattered throughout the country.
The quality and digestibility of proteins is one of the most important issues in shrimp nutrition. Marine proteins (mainly fish meal) can only be partially replaced by standard vegetable proteins like soybean meal.
KRILL OIL: Phospholipids that make a difference to filet quality and quantityInternational Aquafeed
The nutritional quality of larvae diets affects fishes’ fillet quality and quantity. Studies show that phospholipids increase fish larvae growth and development; so phospholipids are an essential component of the early weaning diet.
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy and carbon in feed formulations. They can be easily distinguished from the other energy yielding nutrients in terms of their abundance and low price. To illustrate, the collective global production of the major cereal grains i.e., maize, wheat and rice amounted to a colossal 2.5 billion tonnes in the year 2013 (FAO). The total carbohydrate content and the digestible fraction of starch and sugars in these grains can be roughly estimated to be about 2.1 and 1.75 billion tonnes, respectively (www.feedipedia.org). Besides, the unit cost of carbohydrate sources is almost three to five fold less than that of the protein and lipid sources of interest. Therefore, the inclusion level of carbohydrates in commercial fish feed assumes direct economic significance i.e., in terms of lower feed cost per unit weight gain.
Brewers' yeast and its derivatives have been used successfully in animal nutrition for decades. Leiber GmbH produces brewers' yeast products from their facilities in Germany, Poland, and Russia. Brewers' yeast is a high-quality byproduct of the beer brewing process, which is strictly regulated in Germany. Leiber produces various yeast derivatives for animal feed through processing, including inactivated yeast, autolyzed yeast with broken cell walls for improved nutrient availability, yeast cell walls containing beneficial glucans and mannans, and highly purified beta-glucans. These products provide nutrients, support immune function, and aid digestion when included in animal and aquaculture feeds.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming...International Aquafeed
The main purpose of a feed barge is to provide an efficient and reliable feed system for fish farming operations. The second purpose is to provide a safe worksite for operators.
FISH FARMING TECHNOLOGY - Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting systems for ear...International Aquafeed
Over recent times we have noticed an increasing amount of media coverage and industry chatter regarding the role of light in aquaculture. Most of this has been in relation to the use of low-energy technology to reduce costs, and in this area almost all the talk is about LED
The Latin names of some aquatic species can have fascinatingly obscure meanings that provide anyone in need of a hobby with hours of joyful investigation and speculation. The channel catfish is, alas, not one of them: Ictalurus punctatus simply means ‘spotty catfish’, and the briefest glance at one will tell you why.
It is often thought that vacuum coating was firs t invented in Norway. The idea might have been Norwegian, but the technology was developed in the Netherlands. It has been 25 years now since Dinnissen, together with aquafeed producer Skretting, invented the firs t vacuum coater.
The Pegasus® Vacuum Coater is intended for everyone who wishes to manufacture pelleted and extruded products in accordance with mos t modern production specifications.
It allows you to create a vacuum environment for your production process and to deal effectively with a very wide range of future challenges.
International Aquafeed spoke to Peter Raeven, Account Manager for Dinnissen, about the previous 25 years of the Pegasus® Vacuum Coater as well as any future plans that Dinnissen might have for their now well es tablished brand.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
As an aquafeed processor, you are always aware that your drying operation has a significant impact on your bottom line. Drying is a very energy-intensive operation; that’s why most aquafeed producers diligently track the cost of fuel used in their drying operation.
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McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
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2. www.oj-hojtryk.dk
Die and roll re-working machines
O&J Højtryk A/S
Ørnevej 1, DK-6705
Esbjerg Ø
CVR.: 73 66 86 11
Phone: +45 75 14 22 55
Fax: +45 82 28 91 41
mail: info@oj-hojtryk.dk
O&J HØJTRYK A/S endeavours to be a powerful, vigorous
and energetic company. With our customers needs and the
immediate environment as our point of departure, we want
to be a trendsetter in our core area of business - Mechanical
Engineering - Re-working of Dies and Rollers for the
manufacture of Feedstuffs and Biopellets, as well as the sale
and delivery of wearing parts in connection
with Roller Re-working - as well as to
remain open to new initiatives and
business opportunities.
O&J HØJTRYK A/S has drawn up a
strategy plan setting out guidelines for
how we as an organisation must conduct
and develop ourselves in order to make
our mark, not just in the present, but also in the
future.
O&J HØJTRYK A/S must achieve success by adapting
to the conditions of the market more quickly
and efficiently than our competitors. As a service
organisation we must, in relation to our customers,
attach great importance to our own vitality and efficiency
by constantly living up to the ever-growing demands made on
the services we provide.
3. “Today the most costly and
perhaps least understood live
food are the unicellular algae”
- Dhert & Sorgeloos 1995
L
ive feeds are often essential for
larval fish. Live feeds are proven
to be essential first-feed for many
larval fish, essentially all those that
hatch from small eggs with limited yolk
reserves and often immature feeding and
digestive functions. Live feeds provide larval
fish with essential nutrients that are naturally
‘microencapsulated’ in bite-sized packages.
They include a high proportion of easily-
assimilated free amino acids and free fatty
acids, as well as digestive enzymes and
beneficial bacterial microfloras in the gut
contents of the prey. The swimming activity
of live prey also stimulates feeding responses
in larval fish, a vital concern because small
larvae with very limited metabolic reserves
can quickly starve if they do not promptly
begin feeding actively.
The natural live foods of such larvae are of
course microplankton, both zooplankton and
(although often not appreciated) phytoplank-
ton. Natural zooplankton assemblages are
often highly diverse and may include protozoa,
rotifers, arroworms, microcrustaceans such as
copepods, and eggs and larvae of nearly every
group of marine animals including sponges,
coelenterates, polychaetes, various crusta-
ceans, molluscs, echinoderms, and even fish.
This diverse array of prey organisms supplies
multiple sources of essential nutrients. But it
can be very difficult to obtain sufficient natural
plankton to supply the needs of a hatchery,
and natural plankton can introduce predators,
parasites and pathogens. Hatchery-cultured
live feeds are therefore the only practical and
safe feed for many larval fish.
Use of live feeds in aquaculture
By far the most commonly-used live feeds
in hatcheries are rotifers (Brachionus spp.)
and brine shrimp (Artemia) (Conceição et
al. 2010), with some use of copepods such
as species of Acartia, Calanus, Tisbe, and
Parvocalanus. Although copepods gener-
ally provide better nutritional value, their
culture presents so many difficulties that
they are not commonly used in hatcheries
(Drillet et al. 2006, 2011). Rotifers can read-
ily be mass-cultured at high densities and
can double their numbers in a day. Rotifers
are smaller than newly-hatched Artemia,
which can be too large for some larvae.
Artemia are most convenient because their
resting eggs (cysts) can be purchased and
hatched when needed, but newly-hatched
Artemia nauplii do not begin to feed until
after the first molt, so their nutritional value
depends entirely on the nutritional environ-
ment of the previous wild generation that
produced the eggs. One study found that
the content of the important omega-3
Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) EPA
in Artemia cysts from the same source can
vary as much as 44-fold (Dhert & Sorgeloos
1995). Such variations mean that the nutri-
tional content of newly hatched Artemia
may be largely unknown, and only after
the first molt can their nutritional value be
improved by feeding.
It is important to understand that nei-
ther Brachionus rotifers nor Artemia are
truly marine organisms. Rather they are
found in ‘saline’ habitats, which are mostly
inland environments with often extreme
seasonal variations in temperature, salinity,
and even availability of water. Adaptation
to such extreme conditions has endowed
these species with characteristics that are
very useful in aquaculture, such as tolerance
of a wide range of culture conditions, rapid
asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis
(Brachionus), and formation of resistant rest-
ing cysts (Brachionus and Artemia). They are
also relatively omnivorous and do not have
stringent nutritional requirements, and so
can be fed on low-cost feeds such as yeast,
starch, rice bran, and dried Spirulina (cyano-
bacteria).
It may be no surprise that feeding larvae
only one or two species of hatchery-pro-
duced live feeds might not provide adequate
nutrition. But the underlying cause of such
nutritional inadequacy is often the low quality
of the low-cost food sources used to pro-
duce the live feeds. It is therefore necessary
to choose carefully the food sources used
for hatchery-produced live feeds if they are
to provide adequate nutritional support for
larval fish.
They are what they eat
Enhancing the nutritional value of
live feeds with microalgae
by Eric C Henry PhD, research scientist, Reed Mariculture Inc., USA
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
FEATURE
4. Innovations for a better world.
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fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com
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systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they
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5. Limitations of formulated feeds
for live feed production
Formulated feeds offer low cost and con-
venience, but they have fundamental short-
comings. Zooplankton, including rotifers and
Artemia, can feed only on micro particles of
appropriate size (from bacteria to 10 µm for
Brachionus [Baer et al. 2008, Vadstein et al.
1993], and from bacteria to 28 µm, with the
optimum about 8-16 µm for Artemia [Makridis
and Vadstein 1999, Fernández 2001]). It is
difficult to produce dry feeds that provide
uniform particle sizes, and even when uniform
dry particles can be produced they can be
subject to clumping when dispersed into
water for feeding. But probably the most criti-
cal shortcoming of dry feeds is rapid leaching
of water-soluble nutrients; the smaller the par-
ticle, the faster nutrients are leached out. Not
only are leached nutrients unavailable to the
live feeds, they can cause fouling of the water.
Rotifer Brachionus
plicatilis
Algae concentrate (Reed
Mariculture Tetraselmis 3600)
May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
FEATURE
6. Lipid emulsions of high-PUFA oils may be
used to improve the fatty acid profile of live
feeds. Although their contents are not subject
to leaching, lipid droplets are prone to stick
to surfaces, including the walls of the culture
tank and the live feed organisms themselves.
Lipid enrichment protocols therefore often
must include a rinsing step to clean the
rotifers or Artemia of adhering lipid droplets,
which would otherwise foul the larval tank.
Short-term feeding of oil emulsions results
in lipid-enriched rotifers with high EPA and
DHA levels, but, they are prone to rapid
loss of their gut contents and acquire an
extreme lipid:protein ratio (Dhert et al. 2001).
Moreover, it has been shown that when the
rotifers are collected on screens, as they are
for rinsing, this mechanical stress can cause
ejection of the nutritious gut contents that
were ingested during enrichment feeding
(Romero-Romero & Yúfera 2012), defeating
the purpose of the enrichment.
Advantages of microalgae
Microalgae are the base of the plankton
food web, and their great biochemical diver-
sity is the source of the high nutritional value
of natural zooplankton. As the natural food
of zooplankton, microalgae offer a number of
advantages over formulated feeds. They are
natural ‘microencapsulation’ particles bounded
by a cell membrane that retains the nutri-
tious contents. They naturally contain a wide
spectrum of nutritional components, such as
essential amino acids, PUFAs, sterols, vitamins,
and phytopigments. Different species provide
a wide range of cell sizes and nutritional
factors, as well as components that enhance
digestion and immune functions (Guedes
& Malcata 2012). Some strains have been
found to have antibacterial effects (Austin &
Day 1990, Kokou et al. 2012, Regunathan &
Wesley 2004).
Selecting the right microalgae
Although hundreds of microalgae strains
have been tested as feeds for aquaculture,
fewer than 20 are in widespread use (Guedes
& Malcata 2012). Because these strains
vary so greatly in their nutritional profiles,
careful consideration is necessary in order
to select the most nutritionally appropri-
ate strains. Such algae as Spirulina, Chlorella,
Haematococcus, and Dunaliella are easily mass-
produced because they can be cultivated
in open ponds at low cost, but they all lack
the omega-3 PUFAs EPA and DHA that are
essential for production of live feeds that
provide adequate nutrition to marine fish.
High-PUFA algae in wide use include strains
of Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae),
favoured for rotifer production and green-
water; Tetraselmis (Prasinophyceae); Isochrysis
and Pavlova (Prymnesiophyceae); Thalassiosira,
Chaetoceros, and
Skeletonema (diatoms);
and Rhodomonas
(Cryptophyceae).
Although the PUFA
content of many strains
has by now been well-
documented, sterol
profiles have been
more challenging to
characterise because
there is far more strain-
to-strain variation, even
among strains suppos-
edly of the same spe-
cies, as revealed in a
recent investigation of
over 100 diatom strains
(Rampen et al. 2010).
Protein content is less
variable, with a study of
40 strains of microalgae
in seven algal classes
finding consistently high
contents of essential
amino acids (Brown
et al. 1997). Vitamin
contents of microalgae
also appear to be con-
sistently high (Brown
& Miller 1992, Brown
et al. 1999, De Roeck-
Holtzhauer et al. 1991).
Although various nutritional components
have been well-documented in many strains,
it remains difficult to assemble complete
nutritional profiles of many strains so that the
optimal combination of strains can be selected
for a particular application. It is unfortunate
that so many studies of the nutritional per-
formance of microalgae have tested single
strains as the only feed, when it should be
obvious that no single strain is likely to provide
an optimal nutritional profile comparable to
that provided by a natural phytoplankton
assemblage.
In practice, microalgae have repeatedly
been shown to dramatically improve the PUFA
content of rotifers and Artemia (Chakraborty
et al. 2007, Ferreira et al. 2008, Kjell et al.
1993, Lie et al. 1997, Øie et al. 1994, Reitan et
al. 1997), which frequently results in improved
larval performance. But it is important to
recognise that the high nutritional quality of
enriched live feeds can be maintained after
delivery to the larval tank only by application
of ‘greenwater’ techniques. Unless microalgae
are added to the larval tank water, the live
feed organisms quickly begin to starve, and
can metabolize a significant fraction of their
biomass before they are eaten by the larvae.
The algal cells themselves can also function
as live feeds, since they have been shown to
be eaten and digested by larvae (Reitan et al.
1997, Van Der Meeren et al. 2007), and may
Nauplius stage of copepod
Parvocalanus crassirostris
14 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | May-June 2013
FEATURE
7.
8. also stimulate digestive enzyme production
(Cahu et al. 1998).
Production of microalgae
Despite the many advantages of microalgae,
their wider use is hampered by difficulties in
culturing, storage, and high costs. Microalgae
culture can consume a significant fraction of the
resources of a hatchery, and requires special
equipment, skilled labour, and a large alloca-
tion of space that is unproductive during the
seasons when live feeds are not needed.
Low-cost open-pond culture methods
carry high risks of contamination and culture
failure due to the impossiblity of tightly con-
trolling culture conditions, and the most highly
prized high-PUFA strains such as Isochrysis and
Pavlova require indoor culture.
It is very difficult to synchronize microalgal
production with live feed requirements to
prevent feed shortages or wasteful overpro-
duction, and it is difficult to accurately dose
algae cultures directly into live feed cultures.
If the algae are harvested and concentrated,
the tightly-packed cells can deteriorate rapidly
in refrigerated storage. Some microalgae have
been freeze- or spray-dried, but dried cells
are subject to protein denaturation, and when
they are rehydrated the leaching of water-
soluble substances can rapidly deplete their
nutritional value, as with other dry feeds.
Microalgae concentrates
The best solution to these problems
can be the use of commercially-available
refrigerated or frozen algae concentrates
or ‘pastes’ (Guedes & Malcata 2012,
Shields & Lupatsch 2012). These products,
which are actually viscous liquids, have
proven to be effective feeds for rotifers,
Artemia, shellfish and other filter-feeders,
as well as for greenwater applications.
In products formulated to provide a
long shelf-life, the concentrated microalgae
are suspended in buffer media that pre-
serve cellular integrity and nutritional value,
although the cells are non-viable. When
concentrates with well-defined biomass
densities are employed, the algae can be
accurately dosed into live feed cultures
with a metering pump, and non-viability
confers the advantage that the products
pose no risk of introducing exotic algal
strains. The best refrigerated products typi-
cally have a shelf-life of 3-6 months, and
frozen products several years. This means
that a reliable supply of algae can be kept
on hand, available for use in any season or
if an unexpected need arises. Algae costs
become predictable, and often prove to
be less than on-site production when total
production costs and inefficiencies are
accounted for.
Although costs of liquid algae concen-
trates are higher than for dried algae or
formulated feeds, they offer all the nutritional
advantages of live cultures. The nutritional
quality of live feeds can be no better than
the food sources used to produce them.
Success of early larvae is so critical to the
success of a hatchery that even a relatively
small improvement in survival or growth rate
can yield great benefits.
Outlook
Live feeds remain indispensable for
larviculture of many fish. Although micro-
algae are among the costliest food sources
used to produce live feeds, their many
advantages justify the cost for hatcheries
producing high-value fish. Research contin-
ues to better characterise the nutritional
properties of various algae strains and to
optimise algae production technologies.
We can anticipate that introduction of
novel algae strains and nutritionally-opti-
mised combinations of strains, along with
improved feeding protocols, will ensure
that microalgae remain the food of choice
for production of the highest-quality live
feeds.
References
www.aquafeed.co.uk/referencesIAF1303
May-June 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 15
FEATURE
Naturally ahead
MYC OFIX
Myco
toxin Ri
sk
M
a
n a g e M
ent
Mycofix®
More protective.
Mycotoxins decrease performance and interfere
with the health status of your animals.
Mycofix®
is the solution for mycotoxin risk management.
mycofix.biomin.net
9. www.aquafeed.co.uk
LINKS
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They are what they eat
Enhancing the nutritional value of live feeds
with microalgae
Controlling mycotoxins with
binders
Ultraviolet
water disinfection for fish
farms and hatcheries
Niacin
– one of the key B vitamins for sustaining
healthy fish growth and production
Volume 16 Issue 3 2013 - mAY | Ju Ne
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