Micro HTTP Server Implemented in C @ COSCUP 2016

Micro HTTP Server
Implemented in C
HTTP Server & Embedded System
StarNight @ COSCUP 2016

Who am I
潘建宏 / Jian-Hong Pan (StarNight)
出沒在～
http://www.slideshare.net/chienhungpan/
Email : starnight [AT] g.ncu.edu.tw
GitHub : starnight
PTT : zack2004
plurk : StarNight
Facebook : Jian-Hong Pan
目前暫時在種花店當個打雜園丁～

Outline
● History
● HTTP Protocol
○ Header & Body
● The HTTP Server
○ Concurrency
○ CGI & FastCGI
○ Prototype with Python
○ Automation Test
○ Implemented in C
● Micro HTTP Server
on RTOS
○ FreeRTOS
○ Hardware
○ Socket API
○ Select API
○ Assemble Parts
● Demo
○ If the local WiFi is
accessible (XD)

History
● It starts from machine controlling which
controls the machine’s motion.
● It is the motor that most be used as an
actuator in the machine controlling.
MechanismMSet Output
Feedback
-
+
distance
velocity
torque
...
error

Motor Controlling ...
Controller M
Feedback
from Motor
error
Motor
rotor position
rotation rate
voltage, current
...
PID
Adaptive
Optimize
...
M
error

Measurement of Motor
● Parameters of a motor may changed due to
the environment: temperature, humidity...,
etc.
● Measure the rotation of the motor:
○ With the encoder which produces square waves.
○ With the sensorless method: the waves of the
phases of motor’s voltage, current or something
else.
● Also for system identification.

Send & Get of the Communication
● In traditional, a protocol over the serial port
is used for communication between the
computer and the controller, measuring
instruments.
● The devices are distributed anywhere and
the serial ports wiring with the central
computer could be a problem.
● Send commands and get values through the
communication over serial ports that may not
as fast as we want.

Communication over Internet
● Linking the devices with the TCP/IP based
internet is possible. It is faster and more
convenient for management.
● Protocol over TCP/IP:
○ MQTT, CoAP ...
○ or just RESTful web API on HTTP
○ Choosing depends on case by case.
PS. Internet may not be the best solution for all
of the cases, but is one of the candidate.

In General
Internet
Device
or
Internet
Gateway
Device #1 Device #2 Device #n
RS232, 485, 422
Bluetooth, Zigbee
Ethernet, WiFi ...

For My Condition
Internet Device
GPIO
PWM
HTTP Server
Communication
ADCController
Full Stack / IoT
正夯！！！
I just want to have
an HTTP server on
the embedded
system.

Limitations
● Considering the size and power restrictions, most
embedded devices have limited resources. (MCU level)
○ Less processors: Usually has only one processor, single
thread.
○ Less memory: On-chip RAM < 1MB.
○ Less storage: On-chip flash < 1MB.
○ Lower speed grade: Clock rate < 1GHz.
○ The on chip OS may even not provide process, thread APIs.
● The Apache, NGINX... HTTP server could not be placed
in that restricted environment.
PS. The numbers mentioned above may not be the real
numbers, but they are around that grade levels.

HTTP Server on OSI 7 Layers
Reference: Wiki OSI model https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
HTTP Sockets
HTML
HTTP Web API
TCP
IP
Link neighbors
Controlled
by
Application
Controlled
by OS
Electircs, Lines
Socket APIs

RFC 2616 HTTP/1.1
Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616

● The HTTP protocol is a request/response protocol.
● A client sends a request to the server in the form of a
request method, URI, and protocol version, followed by
a MIME-like message containing request modifiers,
client information, and possible body content over a
connection with a server.
● The server responds with a status line, including the
message's protocol version and a success or error
code, followed by a MIME-like message containing
server information, entity metainformation, and possible
entity-body content.
Overall Operation
Reference: RFC 2616 1.4 Overall Operation

HTTP Message - Message Types
● HTTP messages consist of requests from client to server and responses
from server to client.
● Request (section 5) and Response (section 6) messages use the generic
message format of RFC 822 [9] for transferring entities (the payload of the
message).
● Both types of message consist of a start-line, zero or more header fields
(also known as "headers"), an empty line (i.e., a line with nothing
preceding the CRLF) indicating the end of the header fields, and possibly a
message-body.
generic-message = start-line
*(message-header CRLF)
CRLF
[ message-body ]
start-line = Request-Line | Status-Line
Reference: RFC 2616 4.1 Message Types

HTTP Message - Message Headers
● HTTP header fields, which include general-header (section 4.5),
request-header (section 5.3), response-header (section 6.2), and
entity-header (section 7.1) fields.
● Each header field consists of a name followed by a colon (":") and the field
value. Field names are case-insensitive. The field value MAY be preceded
by any amount of LWS, though a single SP is preferred.
Reference: RFC 2616 4.2 Message Headers
message-header = field-name ":" [ field-value ]
field-name = token
field-value = *( field-content | LWS )
field-content = <the OCTETs making up the field-value and
consisting of either *TEXT or combinations of
token, separators, and quoted-string>

HTTP Message - Message Body
● The message-body (if any) of an HTTP
message is used to carry the entity-body
associated with the request or response.
Reference: RFC 2616 4.3 Message Body
message-body = entity-body
| <entity-body encoded as per
Transfer-Encoding>

start line → Request-Line
HTTP Request Message Header
empty line

start line → Status-Line
HTTP Response Message Header
empty line
HTTP Response Message Body

Request
● A request message from a client to a server includes,
within the first line of that message, the method to be
applied to the resource, the identifier of the resource,
and the protocol version in use.
Request = Request-Line
*(( general-header
| request-header
| entity-header ) CRLF)
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Reference: RFC 2616 5 Request

Request-Line
● The Request-Line begins with a method token, followed
by the Request-URI and the protocol version, and
ending with CRLF. The elements are separated by SP
characters. No CR or LF is allowed except in the final
CRLF sequence.
Request-Line = Method SP Request-URI SP
HTTP-Version CRLF
Reference: RFC 2616 5.1 Request-Line

Request-URI
● The Request-URI is a Uniform Resource Identifier
(section 3.2) and identifies the resource upon which to
apply the request.
Request-URI = "*"
| absoluteURI
| abs_path
| authority
Reference: RFC 2616 5.1.2 Request-URI

Request Header Fields
● The request-header fields allow the client to pass
additional information about the request, and about the
client itself, to the server. These fields act as request
modifiers, with semantics equivalent to the parameters
on a programming language method invocation.
request-header = Accept
| Accept-Charset
| Accept-Encoding
| Accept-Language
| Authorization
| Expect
...
Reference: RFC 2616 5.3 Request Header Fields

Response
● After receiving and interpreting a request message, a
server responds with an HTTP response message.
Response = Status-Line
*(( general-header
| response-header
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Reference: RFC 2616 6 Response

Status-Line
● The first line of a Response message is the Status-Line,
consisting of the protocol version followed by a numeric
status code and its associated textual phrase, with each
element separated by SP characters. No CR or LF is
allowed except in the final CRLF sequence.
Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP
Reason-Phrase CRLF
Reference: RFC 2616 6.1 Status-Line

Status Code and Reason Phrase
● The Status-Code element is a 3-digit integer result code of the attempt to
understand and satisfy the request. These codes are fully defined in
section 10. The Reason-Phrase is intended to give a short textual
description of the Status-Code.
Reference: RFC 2616 6.1.1 Status Code and Reason Phrase
- 1XX: Informational - Request received, continuing process
- 2XX: Success - The action was successfully received, understood,
and accepted
- 3XX: Redirection - Further action must be taken in order to
complete the request
- 4XX: Client Error - The request contains bad syntax or cannot be
fulfilled
- 5XX: Server Error - The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid
request

Response Header Fields
● The response-header fields allow the server to pass
additional information about the response which cannot
be placed in the Status- Line.
● These header fields give information about the server
and about further access to the resource identified by
the Request-URI.
response-header = Accept-Ranges
| Age
| ETag
| Location
...
Reference: RFC 2616 6.2 Response Header Fields

Entity
● Request and Response messages MAY
transfer an entity if not otherwise restricted
by the request method or response status
code.
● An entity consists of entity-header fields and
an entity-body, although some responses
will only include the entity-headers.
Reference: RFC 2616 7 Entity

Entity Header Fields
● Entity-header fields define metainformation about the entity-body or, if no
body is present, about the resource identified by the request.
● Some of this metainformation is OPTIONAL; some might be REQUIRED
by portions of this specification.
entity-header = Allow
| Content-Language
| Content-Location
| Content-Range
| Expires
| extension-header
| Content-Encoding
| Content-Length
| Content-MD5
| Content-Type
| Last-Modified
extension-header = message-header
Reference: RFC 2616 7.1 Entity Header Fields

Entity Body
● The entity-body (if any) sent with an HTTP request or
response is in a format and encoding defined by the
entity-header fields.
● An entity-body is only present in a message when a
message-body is present, as described in section 4.3.
● The entity-body is obtained from the message-body by
decoding any Transfer-Encoding that might have been
applied to ensure safe and proper transfer of the
message.
extension-header = message-header
Reference: RFC 2616 7.2 Entity Body

After Sockets connected
Client HTTP ServerRequest Message:
Request-Line
*(( general-header
| request-header
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Response Message:
Status-Line
*(( general-header
| response-header
CRLF
[ message-body ]

The HTTP Server
Concurrency & Backend

Single Server Thread & Single Client
Client
Socket
Server
Socket
Server
Application
HTTP Server
HTTP Request HTTP Request
Message
HTTP Response
MessageHTTP Response

Client
Socket
Client
Socket
Single Server Thread & Multi-Clients
Client
Sockets
Server
Socket
Server
Application
HTTP Server
HTTP Requests
One of HTTP
Request Message
The One of HTTP
Response MessagesThe One of
HTTP Response
Which one be proccessed first?

Server writes the response to the client socket
Server process the request and build the response
Server reads a request from the client socket
Flow Chart of Server Socket
Client socket sends a request
Server writes finished
I/O Bound
I/O Bound
CPU Bound
HTTP Request Message
HTTP Response Message

I/O Bound
● CPU runs faster than I/O devices. If system
needs the resources of I/O devices, it will be
blocked to wait for the resources.
● If there is only one client socket and request,
it may not be the problem.
● If there are two or more clients and requests
at the same time, the blocked I/O will hang
up the server. Clients may get responses
slowly or even be timeout.

Concurrency
● The server could use the process (fork()) or thread
(pthread library) APIs to serve multiple clients at the
same time.
○ Socket works great in blocking mode.
○ Process or thread APIs must be provided by OS. (Resources
considering.)
○ Overhead of context switching.
● Use I/O Multiplexing & Non-Blocking sockets.
○ It could be used in the single thread situation.
○ Compared with the process and thread, it is less resources
required.
○ No more processes or threads, no context switching.

I/O Multiplexing & Non-Blocking
● select() monitors the sockets’ (fd_set) status flag and
returns the status of all sockets. It exists in most OSes.
● poll() works like select(), but represents in different form
(pollfd).
● epoll() monitors sockets’ status and trigger the related
events. It returns only triggered events array. It has
been implemented since Linux 2.6.
● recv(), send() in non-blocking mode.
● Use fcntl() to set the O_NONBLOCK (non-blocking) flag
of the socket on.

select + poll + epoll
in linux kernel
by unclehandsome
@ COSCUP 2016 Day 2 13:30 ~ 14:15
活動中心R1

RFC 3857 CGI
The Common Gateway Interface Version 1.1
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875

Server Application - CGI
Abstract
The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a
simple interface for running external programs,
software or gateways under an information
server in a platform-independent manner.
Currently, the supported information servers
are HTTP servers.
Reference: RFC 3857 Abstract

Terminology
● 'script'
The software that is invoked by the server according
to this interface. It need not be a standalone program,
but could be a dynamically-loaded or shared library, or
even a subroutine in the server.
● 'meta-variable'
A named parameter which carries information from
the server to the script. It is not necessarily a variable in
the operating system's environment, although that is the
most common implementation.
Reference: RFC 3857 1.4. Terminology

Steps for CGI
1. Apache HTTP Server receive a request and parse it.
2. The server puts the request header into the
environment variables, then forks to have a child
process which inherits parent's environment variables.
3. The child process executes the CGI script and gets the
request header fields from environment variables, the
request body from STDIN.
4. The Apache HTTP Server will have the response which
is produced and written from the STDOUT of the child
process.

FastCGI
● It is a variation on the earlier CGI.
● Instead of creating a new process for each request, FastCGI uses
persistent processes to handle a series of requests. These
processes are owned by the FastCGI server, not the web server.
● To service an incoming request, the web server sends environment
information and the page request itself to a FastCGI process over a
socket (in the case of local FastCGI processes on the web server) or
TCP connection (for remote FastCGI processes in a server farm).
● Responses are returned from the process to the web server over the
same connection, and the web server subsequently delivers that
response to the end-user.
● The connection may be closed at the end of a response, but both
the web server and the FastCGI service processes persist.
Reference: Wiki FastCGI

以現代 C 語言來實作一個高效能
RESTful 的 http-server
by cch
@ COSCUP 2016 Day 2 10:45 ~ 11:30
人文館R1

NSAPI
Netscape Server Application Programming Interface
● Applications that use NSAPI are referred to as NSAPI plug-ins.
Each plug-in implements one or more Server Application Functions
(SAFs).
● Unlike CGI programs, NSAPI plug-ins run inside the server
process. Because CGI programs run outside of the server process,
CGI programs are generally slower than NSAPI plug-ins.
● Running outside of the server process can improve server reliability
by isolating potentially buggy applications from the server software
and from each other.
● NSAPI SAFs can be configured to run at different stages of request
processing.
Reference: Wiki NSAPI

Micro HTTP Server
● It could work on limited resources embedded system.
● It could process multiple HTTP clients concurrently.
● It parses the HTTP request message and passes the
message to corresponding server application functions
(SAFs) according to the Request-Line. (Like NSAPI)
● The SAFs process with the HTTP request message and
build the HTTP response message.
● The server application functions can collaborate like a
chain. Therefore, each server application function only
does a simple job.

https://github.com/starnight/MicroHttpServer

Sequential Diagram
Server Socket Middileware SAFs
Micro HTTP Server
Response
Requests
I/O Multiplexing Model
select() NSAPI like
Dispatch

Is write state
Server Socket Flow Chart
Start
Have a socket
The socket listens
on designated port
Select ready sockets
Read the socket
Accept a new client socket
Write the HTTP response message
Build the HTTP request message
Process and build the HTTP response
message in server application functions
Close the socket
Is server socket
Not server socket
Is read state
Not read state
Not write state
Is close state
Not close state
For each
ready socket

There is a static file
matched with URI
There is a route
matched with
method and URI
Middileware - Route Flow Chart
Start
Have an HTTP
request message
1. Distpach and execute
the server application
function of matched route
2. Read the file and
write it into HTTP
response message
3. Make the HTTP
response message as
NOT FOUND message
Return
No matched route
No matched URI
Register routes before the server starts!

Prototype with Python
● The py-version of the repository.
● Python is so convenient to do prototypes.
● Because of that, there is a little different between
Python and C version, and is more simple with I/O
multiplexing and the states of ready sockets in part of
'Server Socket'.
● Both Python and C version's 'Middleware' models are
the same.
● Users only have to register the routes, the server
application functions (SAFs) of the routes and start the
HTTP server.

Works in Python 3.2 up!
Make sure the encoding
during reading and writing
sockets.

● lib/:
server.py: The Python Version Micro HTTP Server.
middleware.py: The Python Version Micro HTTP
Server middleware.
● static/:
static files: HTML, JS, Images ...
● main.py: The entry point of Python Version Micro HTTP
Server example.
● app.py: The web server application functions of Python
Version Micro HTTP Server example.
Directory Tree in Python Version

Example of Python Version
from lib.server import HTTPServer
from lib.middleware import Routes
import app
server = HTTPServer(port=8000)
routes = Routes()
routes.AddRoute("GET", "/", app.WellcomePage)
routes.AddRoute("GET", "/index.html", app.WellcomePage)
routes.AddRoute("POST", "/fib", app.Fib)
server.RunLoop(routes.Dispatch)
Register the routes
Run the HTTP server
The callback for new request

def WellcomePage(req, res):
'''Default wellcome page which makes
response message.'''
# Build HTTP message body
res.Body = "<html><body>Hello!<br>"
res.Body += "It's {} for now.".format(
datetime.now().strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
res.Body += "</body></html>"
# Build HTTP message header
res.Header.append(["Status", "200 OK"])
res.Header.append(
["Content-Type", "text/html; charset=UTF-8;"])

Automation Test
● The sub-directory autotest/ of the repository
● Write a test application client.py which acts
as an HTTP client with the Python unittest
library.
● Have an HTTP client with 4 actions:
Connect, Request with GET method,
Request with POST method, Close.
● Have an unittest class which will execute the
test scenarios.

Test Scenarios
● Only connect and close actions.
● Connect, request GET method with a
specific URI and check the response and
close.
● Connect, request POST method with a
specific URI and check the response and
close.
● Multiple clients request concurrently.
● Request different URIs to make sure the
SAFs work correctly.

Continous Integration
Use Travis CI:
https://travis-ci.org/starnight/MicroHttpServer
Thanks to Travis CI!

.travis.yml in the repository
● language: Python
● python version: 3.2 ~ 3.5
● before_script:
Build (if needed) and excute Python and
C version Micro HTTP Server in background
● script:
Execute the test application to test the
Python and C version Micro HTTP Server

Micro HTTP Server in C
● The c-version of the repository.
● Also could be test with the automated test application
and integrated with Travis CI.
● The C version is more efficient than the Python version.
(The comparison could be found in the automated test
result.)
● The C version also could be ported on embedded
system.
○ The system must provides socket APIs.
○ The file system is provided for the static files.

Directory Tree in C Version
● lib/:
server.c & .h: The C Version Micro HTTP Server.
middleware.c & .h: The C Version Micro HTTP
Server middleware.
● static/:
static files: HTML, JS, Images ...
● main.c: The entry point of C Version Micro HTTP Server
example.
● app.c & h: The web server application functions of C
Version Micro HTTP Server example.
● Makefile: The makefile of this example.

Example of C Version
#include "server.h"
#include "middleware.h"
#include "app.h"
/* The HTTP server of this process. */
HTTPServer srv;
int main(void) {
/* Register the routes. */
AddRoute(HTTP_GET, "/index.html", HelloPage);
AddRoute(HTTP_GET, "/", HelloPage);
AddRoute(HTTP_POST, "/fib", Fib);
/* Initial the HTTP server and make it listening on MHS_PORT. */
HTTPServerInit(&srv, MHS_PORT);
/* Run the HTTP server forever. */
/* Run the dispatch callback if there is a new request */
HTTPServerRunLoop(&srv, Dispatch);
return 0; }

#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "app.h"
void HelloPage(HTTPReqMessage *req, HTTPResMessage *res) {
int n, i = 0, j;
char *p;
char header[] = "HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnConnection: closern"
"Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8rnrn";
char body[] = "<html><body>Hello!<br>許功蓋<br></body></html>";
/* Build header. */
p = (char *)res->_buf;
n = strlen(header);
memcpy(p, header, n);
p += n; i += n;
/* Build body. */
n = strlen(body);
memcpy(p, body, n);
p += n; i += n;
/* Set the length of the HTTP response message. */
res->_index = i; }

Micro HTTP Server C APIs
GitHub repository Wiki
https://github.com/starnight/MicroHttpServer/wiki/C-API

Ported on STM32F4-Discovery
with FreeRTOS for Example
Micro HTTP Server on
Embedded System

FreeRTOS on STM32F4-Discovery
● The Micro HTTP Server needs the socket
APIs which provides by the OS. Therefore,
we need an OS on the development board.
● Putting a heavy Linux OS on the limited
resource board may not be a good idea.
Having a light weight RTOS will be a better
solution.
● Considering finding the documents and
usability, FreeRTOS is chosen because of
the mentioned above.

FreeRTOS is Free
which means Freedom
The License could be found at
http://www.freertos.org/license.txt

FreeRTOS
● Features Overview
○ http://www.freertos.org/FreeRTOS_Features.html
● FreeRTOS introduction by 成大資工 Wiki
○ http://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/embedded/freertos
● RTOS objects
○ tasks, queues, semaphores, software timers,
mutexes and event groups
● Pure FreeRTOS does not provide socket
related APIs!!! T^T

● STM32F4-Discovery as mainboard
○ STM32F407VG: Cortex-M4
○ USART × 2:
■ 1 for connecting to WiFi module
■ 1 for serial console
○ 4 LEDs for demo
● ESP01 as WiFi module
○ ESP8266 series
■ UART connecting to STM32F4-Discovery
Hardware
No general internet
connection (including Wifi)
on borad. So ...

STM32F4-
Discovery
ESP01
UART
PC6 USART6_TX
PC7 USART6_RX
RX
TX
PC
PA2 USART2_TX
PA3 USART2_RX
UART
Console
Communication Wiring

Power
& ST-LINK
STM32F4-Discovery
USB to Serial ESP01

HTTP Server on STM32F4-Discovery
Session
Presentation
Application
Socket
provided by
OS
HTTP
HTML
HTTP Web API
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
UART
Serial Lines
Socket APIs
STM32F4-Discovery
EPS01 WiFi module
Socket
to
USART
Serial Device Driver

Socket API
● Data Types:
○ socket, sockaddr_in
● Constant Flags
● Initial socket:
○ socket()
○ bind()
● Server’s works:
○ listen()
○ accept()
● I/O:
○ send()
○ recv()
● Release I/O:
○ shutdown()
○ close()
● Manipulate I/O
○ setsockopt()
○ fcntl()

Select API
● Data types:
○ fd_set
○ struct timeval
● I/O Multiplexing:
○ select()
○ FD_ZERO()
○ FD_SET()
○ FD_CLR()
○ FD_ISSET()

We also need
ESP8266 & serial drivers
which communicates with
ESP01 through UART!

The protocol of the
communication between
the MCU and ESP01 is
AT commands!

AT Commands of ESP01
https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/learn_tutorials/4/0/3/4A-ES
P8266__AT_Instruction_Set__EN_v0.30.pdf
● AT+CWJAP: Connect to AP
● AT+CIFSR: Get local IP address
● AT+CIPMUX: Enable multiple connections
● AT+CIPSERVER: Configure as TCP server
● AT+CIPSEND: Send data
● AT+CIPCLOSE: Close TCP or UDP connection
● [num],CONNECT: A new client connected (Not listed)
● +IPD: Receive network data

Micro HTTP Server on FreeRTOS
STM32F4-Discovery connected with ESP01
FreeRTOS USART Driver
ESP8266 Driver acts as NIC
Socket & Select APIs
Micro HTTP Server
Yellow blocks need to be implemented
就自幹吧！

Principles of Implementation
1. Implement the APIs as much as possible!
2. Mocking may be used if the function is
not important! → To reduce the complexity

Socket & Select APIs’ Header Files
Refer to and copy Linux header files directly.
To make it simple, merge the variety header
files which are included and rewrite them into
several files.
Thanks to Open Source!!!

Reference Serial Drivers of Linux
Reference: Serial Drivers http://www.linux.it/~rubini/docs/serial/serial.html

Data Flow and Function Calls
Micro HTTP
Server
Socket
ESP8266
USART
Hardware
send()
SendSocket()
USART_Send()
USART_SendByte()
TX/RX Lines
recv()
RecvSocket()
__rxBuf
clisock.rxQueue
Interrupt_Handler
USART_ReadByte()
USART_Read()
xQueueReceive()
GetClientRequest()
Function Call Data Flow

ESP8266 Driver
● Initial the USART channel
● Makes ESP01 as a network interface
○ Translates the system calls to AT commands
● Manage socket resources
○ The file descriptors of sockets
● USART channel mutex
○ Both the vESP8266RTask and vESP8266TTask communicate
with ESP01 through the same USART channel
● Join an access point

ESP8266 Driver Cont.
● vESP8266RTask
○ A persistent task parses the active requests from ESP01
(connect for accept, the requests from client’s sockets)
● vESP8266TTask
○ A persistent task deals the command going to be sent to
ESP01 (socket send, socket close)
● Socket ready to read
○ Check the socket is ready to be read for I/O multiplexing to
monitor the socket’s state
● Socket ready to write
○ Check the socket is ready to be written for I/O multiplexing to
monitor the socket’s state

Flow of vESP8266RTask
Enable USART RX pipe
Try to take USART mutex
Give USART mutex
Get ESP8266 request
Task delay and block
Start
Check USART RX
pipe is readable
Take mutex failed
Take mutex
More to read
No more to read

Flow of vESP8266TTask
Try to take USART mutex
Task Suspend
Task delay and block
Start
Take mutex failed
Take mutex
SEND CLOSE
Send
Socket
Close
Socket
ESP8266
Command
Give USART mutex

Select System Call
int select( int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds,
fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout);
select() and pselect() allow a program to monitor multiple
file descriptors, waiting until one or more of the file
descriptors become "ready" for some class of I/O operation
(e.g., input possible). A file descriptor is considered ready
if it is possible to perform a corresponding I/O operation
(e.g., read(2) without blocking, or a sufficiently small
write(2)).
Reference: Linux Programmer's Manual SELECT(2)

Select System Call Cont.
● readfds will be watched to see if characters become
available for reading (more precisely, to see if a read will
not block; in particular, a file descriptor is also ready on
end-of-file).
● writefds will be watched to see if space is available for
write (though a large write may still block).
● exceptfds will be watched for exceptions.
● nfds is the highest-numbered file descriptor in any of the
three sets, plus 1.
● timeout argument specifies the interval that select()
should block waiting for a file descriptor to become ready.

Select System Call Cont.
● On success, select() and pselect() return the number of
file descriptors contained in the three returned
descriptor sets (that is, the total number of bits that are
set in readfds, writefds, exceptfds) which may be zero if
the timeout expires before anything interesting happens.
● On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the
error; the file descriptor sets are unmodified, and
timeout becomes undefined.

fd_set
Linux/include/uapi/linux/posix_types.h
typedef struct {
unsigned long fds_bits[ __FD_SETSIZE /
(8 * sizeof(long))];
} __kernel_fd_set;
Linux/include/linux/types.h
typedef __kernel_fd_set fd_set;
=> Each bit of fd_set corresponds to one file descriptor in
order.
Bits Array fd=0 fd=1 fd=2 fd=3 fd=4 fd=5 fd=6 ...
I make it as the data type
of uint64_t !!!
typedef uint64_t fd_set;

Select System Call Implementation
Go through each
socket whose file
descriptor fd
is < nfds
Start
The __readfds
is not NULL and
the current fd is
interested
Check the fd is
ready to be read
Increase
count
Clear the
bit of the fd
The __writefds is
not NULL and the
current fd is
interested
Check the fd is
ready to be written
Increase
count
Clear the
bit of the fd
The __exceptfds
is not NULL and
the current fd is
interested
It is a dummy
function
Return
count
read fd_set
__readfds
write fd_set
__writefds
except fd_set
__exceptfds
Less
Not less
Yes
Not
Yes
Not
Yes Not Yes Not
假的！！

Overall Flow Diagram
Start
Setup LEDs
and USART2
peripherals
Initial
ESP8266
Driver
Create Micro
HTTP Server
task
FreeRTOS task
scheduler
Setup USART6
Create tasks:
vESP8266RTask
vESP8266TTask
Start
Check
ESP8266
state
Get
interface IP
Add
routes
Initial Micro
HTTP Server
Run Micro
HTTP Server
Booting Flow Micro HTTP Server Task
Linked
Not
linked

● RFC 2616 HTTP 1.1 https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616
● RFC 3875 CGI https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875
● FastCGI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastCGI
● NSAPI
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Progra
mming_Interface
● Django & Twisted by Amber Brown @ PyCon Taiwan 2016
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4b3rKZTW3WA
● eserv https://code.google.com/archive/p/eserv/source
● tinyhttpd
http://tinyhttpd.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/tinyhttpd/tinyhttpd/
● GNU Libmicrohttpd https://www.gnu.org/software/libmicrohttpd/
Reference

Micro HTTP Server Implemented in C @ COSCUP 2016

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