Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his theories on the relationship between power and knowledge, arguing that they function as social control through institutions. Born in Poitiers, Foucault was educated in philosophy and became a professor while also advocating for marginalized groups, notably homosexuals, during his life. His significant works include 'The Birth of the Clinic' and 'The History of Madness,' and he passed away in 1984 due to AIDS.