The document discusses the Frankfurt School of critical theory and its key figures. It summarizes their views on how advertising and propaganda manipulate public behavior by appealing to emotions rather than facts. Figures like Freud, Reich, Adorno, Horkheimer, Marcuse, Habermas are discussed. They analyzed how Enlightenment ideals of reason and liberation were subverted and humans dominated. Habermas aimed to rationally evaluate norms and legitimize social decisions through open communication to bridge the fact-value divide.
At the Policy department at the University of Birmingham Aston, Dr Calzada delivered the lecture on 'Frankfurt School and Critical Social Theory'. He underlined the importance of this third-way of approaching policy and social issues in-between Marxist and Weberian theory. Jurgen Habermas centred his main contribution and the debate around democracy, digital commons and participation.
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
At the Policy department at the University of Birmingham Aston, Dr Calzada delivered the lecture on 'Frankfurt School and Critical Social Theory'. He underlined the importance of this third-way of approaching policy and social issues in-between Marxist and Weberian theory. Jurgen Habermas centred his main contribution and the debate around democracy, digital commons and participation.
The term ‘critical theory’ describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud....
Key Concepts in Media Studies Lecture 3 SemioticsMarcus Leaning
An introductory lecture on semiotics covering concepts such as the sign, signifier, signified, referent, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, indexical, iconic and symbolic signs.
Given as part of the Key Concepts in Media Studies 1st year module of the BA (hons) Media Studies at the University of Winchester in the UK.
Key Concepts in Media Studies Lecture 3 SemioticsMarcus Leaning
An introductory lecture on semiotics covering concepts such as the sign, signifier, signified, referent, paradigmatic and syntagmatic analysis, indexical, iconic and symbolic signs.
Given as part of the Key Concepts in Media Studies 1st year module of the BA (hons) Media Studies at the University of Winchester in the UK.
For this assignment, you will research and analyze a communication tDustiBuckner14
For this assignment, you will research and analyze a communication theory. Your paper should be at least 1200 words, use at least four authoritative sources of which at least two are peer-reviewed journal articles, be written in third person, take a scholarly tone, and reflect APA format and documentation rules. (Worth 25% of your final grade.)
Here are some reflection questions to get your started:
Why were you drawn to this theory? What captivated you to want to write about it?
What have you learned about the theory?
How do you relate to it? Have you seen it used in the media, such as in news coverage, speeches, political advertisements or commercials for products?
Is the theory still applicable today? Does it still have meaning? How is it reflected in the workplace? In the social setting?
What have the critics said about the theory?
Make sure to use in-text citations and end-of-text references in APA style.
Communication Theories
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory argues that the experience of dissonance (or incompatible beliefs and actions) is aversive and people are highly motivated to avoid it. In their efforts to avoid feelings of dissonance, people will avoid hearing views that oppose their own, change their beliefs to match their actions, and seek reassurance after making a difficult decision.
Communication Accommodation Theory
This theoretical perspective examines the underlying motivations and consequences of what happens when two speakers shift their communication styles. Communication Accommodation theorists argue that during communication, people will try to accommodate or adjust their style of speaking to others. This is done in two ways: divergence and convergence. Groups with strong ethnic or racial pride often use divergence to highlight group identity. Convergence occurs when there is a strong need for social approval, frequently from powerless individuals.
Coordinated Management of Meaning
Theorists in Coordinated Management of Meaning believe that in conversation, people co-create meaning by attaining some coherence and coordination. Coherence occurs when stories are told, and coordination exists when stories are lived. CMM focuses on the relationship between an individual and his or her society. Through a hierarchical structure, individuals come to organize the meaning of literally hundreds of messages received throughout a day.
Cultivation Analysis
This theory argues that television (and other media) plays an extremely important role in how people view their world. According to Cultivation Analysis, in modern Culture most people get much of their information in a mediated fashion rather than through direct experience. Thus, mediated sources can shape people’s sense of reality. This is especially the case with regard to violence, according to the theory. Cultivation Analysis posits that heavy television viewing cultivates a sense of the world that is more violen ...
Does Social and Transcultural Psychiatry Have a Political Agenda? Should It? Université de Montréal
Title: Does Social and Transcultural Psychiatry Have a Political Agenda? Should It?
Presenter: Vincenzo Di Nicola, MPhil, MD, PhD
Where: Division of Social & Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University When: February 20, 2020
Abstract:
Social and transcultural psychiatry, understood as a systemic understanding of historically and culturally situated relationships, the social determinants of health and their cognate approaches and studies, now compel psychiatry to consider the political. This seminar argues against the Western dichotomy since Aristotle of natural and political, private and public life, allowing the state to politicize biological life, creating a “biopolitics,” employing Giorgio Agamben’s historical-philosophical investigations. We will examine two figures in 20th century psychiatry – Frantz Fanon and Franco Basaglia – in their call for revolution and reform in psychiatry and society and contrast their positions with the political uses and abuses of psychiatry including Didier Fassin’s critique of humanitarian reason and Martin La Roche’s call for therapeutic activism. Finally, we conclude on the implications for a new politics and a new psychiatry.
Keywords: Social and transcultural psychiatry, activism, politics, political activism, biopolitics, potenza/impotenza, potentiality/impotentiality
GuidanceUtilitarianism Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart MillUti.docxwhittemorelucilla
Guidance
Utilitarianism: Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism associates the notion of “good” in relation to “happiness” or “pleasure,” if we can understand these words in the widest possible sense. See below for Bentham's appeal to "pain and pleasure" as the "masters" of humankind. This view of what is “good” is referred to as “hedonism.” Hedonism is a word which some may be familiar with in a negative, pejorative sense. This is not surprising, since the idea of “hedonism” have long been used disparagingly as a charge against people who seem to seek their own pleasure, without concern for the welfare or interests of others. Concern for happiness or pleasure does not need to be taken in such a narrow way. Many religious traditions from Buddhism, Christianity (particularly the “Puritans” who immigrated to the Americas from England) and Islam, amongst others, have emphasized denial of bodily pleasure and enjoyment, preferring sacrifice of self and denial of the body as ideals, making the idea of “hedonism” as source for ethical judgment seem contradictory to many people. These religious traditions tend to portray the pursuit of pleasure as “sinful,” distracting from what they take to be more important pursuits like worshiping of a God, or preparation for death. But even many versions of these religious traditions also seek or promise some form of “happiness” or “pleasure” to those who follow their ways (though, such happiness is often supposedly found in another realm after death.)
The joys or pleasures we seek are not always the immediate product of our actions. We may in fact choose to do less than pleasant things for the sake of achieving some sought goal, which will then bring about happiness. We might consider the example of going to the dentist and getting our teeth drilled as one such activity. *(Note, I would like to contend from my own experience that if one uses local anesthesia and has a competent dentist, there shouldn't really be pain involved.)
The following excerpt from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy adds some important, general considerations regarding the philosophy of utilitarianism:
"utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in terms of consequences produced. What distinguishes utilitarianism from egoism has to do with the scope of the relevant consequences. On the utilitarian view one ought to maximize the overall good — that is, consider the good of others as well as one's own good.
The classical utilitarians, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, identified the good with pleasure, so, like Epicurus, were hedonists about value. They also held that we ought to maximize the good, that is, bring about ‘the greatest amount of good for the greatest number’.
Utili ...
Week 4, Reading Section 4.1 David Humes AntecedentsI. David H.docxcockekeshia
Week 4, Reading Section 4.1: David Hume's Antecedents
I. David Hume’s Antecedents
David Hume was a British Philosopher, in the tradition of the Empiricists, John Locke and George Berkeley. He is credited, among many contributions, with revisiting the question of whether Ethics/Morality should be based on Reason vs. Emotions/Passions. Unlike Aristotle and many other Western thinkers before him, Hume argued that Ethics could not be based on Reason, since Reason provides only alternative choices, based on analyses of issues and situations.
Thus, Hume answered the question, by concluding that Ethical Thought must be based on Emotion, in general, and Compassion for one’s fellows, in particular. Reason provided a moral decision-maker with facts and choices, along with positions for each choice. But many Ethical dilemmas involve conflicting values and choices. Reason, alone, could not lead a decision-maker to choose one alternative as “the best.” As we shall see in Week 5, Immanuel Kant, the creator of Deontology, disagreed with Hume.
Resource: Empathy and Sympathy in Ethics
As the Eighteenth Century gave way to the Nineteenth and to the Industrial Revolution, with its concentration of productive activities into factories and the squalid conditions under which workers labored and they and their families existed, reformers arose, seeking solutions to those conditions and problems. Three such reformers were Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Harriet Taylor, who came to be called Utilitarians, after the Principle of Utility that Bentham and Mill promulgated.
Resource: David Hume
Week 4, Reading Section 4.2: General Theory of Utilitarianism
II. General Theory of Utilitarianism
First Bentham, then Mill and Taylor, analyzed the World in terms of Pain and Pleasure/ Happiness. The predominant condition, especially in Industrial societies in Europe, and later in North America, for the vast majority of people, was Pain and Displeasure. For these three writers, Happiness and Pleasure were characterized by the removal or abatement of Pain, whether of a physical or an emotional nature. Given the conditions our modern media show us, as existing in many parts of the World, it is not difficult, even now, to imagine such conditions existing in the predecessors of our own societies. Disease, war, famine, civil strife, violence, among other factors, were the primary causes of Pain.
Resource: Notes on Utilitarianism
The Utilitarians argued that moral/ethical actions were those, which, on balance, reduced Pain and increased, thereby, Pleasure/Happiness. By positing the definition of Happiness/ Pleasure, as the Removal of Pain, they provided a measure by which to gauge such ameliorative efforts. One weakness is that those definitions are circular: (1) Happiness is the absence of Pain; (2) Pain is the absence of Happiness. Nevertheless, it was a more concrete, starting point, than more esoteric concepts of “the Good,” as suggested by Aristotle and h.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
Homily: The Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity Sunday 2024.docxJames Knipper
Countless volumes have been written trying to explain the mystery of three persons in one true God, leaving us to resort to metaphors such as the three-leaf clover to try to comprehend the Divinity. Many of us grew up with the quintessential pyramidal Trinity structure of God at the top and Son and Spirit in opposite corners. But what if we looked at this ‘mystery’ from a different perspective? What if we shifted our language of God as a being towards the concept of God as love? What if we focused more on the relationship within the Trinity versus the persons of the Trinity? What if stopped looking at God as a noun…and instead considered God as a verb? Check it out…
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
7. Smoking was associated with power and independence
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9. The Birth of Consumer Culture President Herbert Hoover’s “Happiness Machines” Consumerism is necessary for a healthy economy and stable political order People must be made happy and docile
10. Sigmund Freud and the ‘Repressive Hypothesis’ Freud’s ‘Discoveries’ Linked Childhood to adult behaviors Libido and infantile “sexuality”: infants reach towards pleasure and away from pain Repression causes pathologies (e.g. neurosis) Morality derived from repressive childhood upbringing (1856-1939)
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14. Contrary to Freud, Reich argued that Human Nature is inherently peaceful, loving, and affectionate.
15. Rather than repression and redirection of the primary drives (sublimation) being necessary for peaceful coexistence, Reich argued that such repression was the cause of violent and pathological tendencies in humans.(1897-1957)
16. Wilhelm Reich Reich sought answers to the following questions: What explains fascism? Why are children more emotional than adults? What is the biological function/purpose of emotions?
17. Reich’s ‘Discoveries’ Muscular and Character Armor Our personalities reflect in part the chronic tensions we hold in our bodies Primary versus Secondary Drives Our primary drives/desires are to reach out towards pleasure, affection, and love. These often get chronically unsatisfied or blocked, and we develop secondary drives, like obtaining money, or becoming famous, etc. Sexual Emotional Energy and “Function of the Orgasm” His most famous and controversial claim was that the purpose of the sexual orgasm was the release of chronic in-built tension. The release of this muscular “armor” (tension) would concur with a psychological release of our character structure. We would become more spontaneous and caring.
19. Critical Theory Overview Focus: The use of reason to critique the ways in which reasoned, critical thought is suppressed in culture and in institutional practices Reason used to dominate rather than to liberate individuals/groups Highlight the irrational character of the established rationality
20. The Frankfurt School The Frankfurt School tried to assimilate the psycho-analytic writings of Freud with Marxian political economy, in an attempt to explain why the revolutions had not occurred. They turned to a theory of culture and ideology to account for the failure of socialist revolutions in the West.
21. The Frankfurt School The ‘first generation’ of Frankfurt School theorists included Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, among others. Habermas is the leading intellectual figure in the Frankfurt School, belonging to its second generation of theorists. Horkheimer Adorno Benjamin Fromm Marcuse
22. Dialectic of Enlightenment Enlightenment thought was intended to emancipate humanity. It accomplished this through science and technology, which entailed the domination of nature. Instead of freeing humanity, technology has been used to dominate both nature and humanity! Horkheimer Adorno
25. Agreed with Freud that some repression of our instincts was necessary, but argued that there existed in society surplus repression, or more repression than is technologically necessary to keep the society running.
26. Freedom is repressed through a process he refers to as "repressive desublimation.” (1898-1979)
27. JürgenHabermas Associated with the ‘2nd generation’ of Frankfurt School theorists Opposes technological determinism. Growth of productive forces doesn’t necessarily emancipate Therefore, emancipation requires critical reflection Wants to liberate us from external constraints on speech and thought.
28. Facts and Norms Is there a ‘rational’ way to determine the ends we pursue? Or is this just a matter of opinion, faith, values, etc.? Habermas says yes, there is a way to rationally determine whether a value or opinion is rational!
29. Habermas and Legitimacy According to JürgenHabermas, social relationships are legitimate to the extent that they are based on free, unconstrained, and open communication among all of participants and include all of those affected. He refers to this as the ideal speech situation.
30. Two Types of Criticisms INTERNAL CRITIQUE Accepts the moral criterion of evaluation of a justification, but rejects the collective decision (or relationship) as falling short of this criterion, or even being incompatible with it. EXTERNAL CRITIQUE Rejects the value implied in the justification and offers an alternative moral criterion of evaluation.
33. Implied normative criterion: TasteInternal critique: “Yes, we should eat at the best tasting restaurant, but Burger King is better” External critique: “No, we should eat at the healthiest restaurant”
38. Bridging the Fact-Value Divide According to Habermas, to understand any statement means you can evaluate its validity (truth, sincerity, or rightness). Evaluation is inherent to understanding. For Habermas, the primary intent of every communication is that the intent of the communication be understood. Therefore, to understand a normative statement implies we can evaluate it in some way (e.g. by examining the arguments pro and con). What is important for Habermas is that normative statements can also be evaluated on a rational basis. He thus attempts to bridge the divide between facts and norms (aka facts and values).
39. Bridging the Fact-Value Divide Habermas tells us that social interaction consists of communication, and that the social decisions (aka “collectively binding decisions”) are valid to the extent that they are arrived at through a process of free and open (unconstrained) communication. His theory doesn’t tell us whether the content of any particular decision is valid or invalid, but rather, his theory attempts to show us how we can determine whether the means by which we arrive at collective decisions are valid or invalid.
40. Bridging the Fact-Value Divide ‘Seriously intended agreement is an end in itself’ Agreement = power that rests on the forceless force ofconviction, or, the ‘force of the better argument.’ The strength of a consensus is measured on its claim to ‘rational validity’ , not its success in achieving goals.
41. Bridging the Fact-Value Divide How do we know which coercion is rationally legitimate? What kind society could be rationally legitimated? Every society has to use some coercion. It has to have laws, etc. It must serve general interests. Must find universal moral rules that apply to every rational person. Example: all human beings share a common interest in preventing deadly diseases and environmental devastation. All coercive mechanisms must be legitimate in the eyes of all (or most) of all those capable of participating in a rational discourse about it. = “Universal pragmatics”
42. Structural Violence and Distorted Communication “Structural violence” = unperceived blockages to communication, which does not manifest itself as force. Agreements (consensus) can *appear* to arise from unconstrained, unblocked communication (‘ideal speech situation’), and therefore *appear* to give rise to legitimate power, when in reality, it arises from blocked, constrained communication and is therefore illegitimate.
43. Structural Violence and Distorted Communication A speech situation is deformed if it is coerced. Example: your boss asks you, “Do you like my new tie?” (You can’t say no!) This is coercive, and deforms and distorts communication. This is a kind of coercion for Habermas.
44. Structural Violence and Distorted Communication In short: Habermas thinks that people are deluded about their objective interests, because of ‘distortions’ in communication, i.e. b/c of ideology. Is this just another version of ideology-critique? YES (but with a ‘communicative’ twist). ?
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46. Public Sphere and ‘Colonization of Life-World’ Freedom to engage in political discussion and informal communication core to democratic society Civil society: Private individuals/citizens coming together in, and as a public Today, public sphere colonized by economic interests; communication is restricted
47. Criticisms and Evaluation of Habermas Habermas as new critique of Censorship. Central dilemma: Habermas’ theory implies a capture of the state to eliminate old bourgeois limitations on public discourse, but this would impose new systems of domination. *To do what it must to establish equality, it will undermine the freedom it espouses. Habermastherefore doesn’t want to spell out explicitly the political command implications of his theory, because he is troubled by the historical failures of communism/socialism. So he confines his project to the level of theory alone.
Editor's Notes
Prior to the age of advertising, products were sold primarily on the basis of NEEDS. Products were advertised as necessities rather than as luxury goods, as things that you needed. During this era the image of the “American consumer” began to replace the traditional roles/identities of “American worker.”
Smoking was seen primarily as a man's activity, and there was a taboo against women smoking in public. Bernays hired young women involved in the suffrage movement to smoke cigarettes as a symbol of power and independence. These cigarettes were called "torches of freedom." Shortly thereafter smoking became socially acceptable for women.
Note: The unconscious is distinct from preconscious. The unconscious actively resists becoming conscious. Unconscious memories are said to be “repressed” rather than simply forgotten.
Importantly, he regarded the sexualization of culture (e.g. in pornography, prostitution) to be a symptom of the repression of our true sexual nature. Both Freud and Reich reduce the essence of human nature to that of a single attribute: the libido (sexuality). For this they can be criticized for being deterministic as well as essentialist. Whereas for Freud, the libido is a quasi-metaphorical and literary concept, for Reich the libido is a real, physical force that can be quantitatively measured (akin to electricity or gravity).
Note: the term “validity” pertains to whether a statement (aka ‘communication’) is valid or invalid. The term “valid” is a broader, more general description than “truth” which pertains to only the first of the three categories. In other words, truth is a special case of validity. Validity also pertains to subjective statements, which can be evaluated according to the criterion of sincerity, and normative statements, which can be evaluated according to the criterion of moral rightness.