The document summarizes the calibration of a long travel stage using machine metrology techniques. It describes the stage's positioning capabilities and measurement systems, including displacement measuring interferometers. Calibration involved a Fizeau interferometer to measure angular drift and a straightedge to monitor straightness. Analysis found sub-nanometer repeatability but cyclic errors combined with angular drift affected straightness measurements. Automatic cyclic error compensation was implemented to improve results. In conclusion, classical machine metrology provided high-precision calibration of the stage's straightness and angular motions.
APPLICATION OF MECHATRONICS IN COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE.USE OF MULTI-SENSOR TECHNOLOGY.CMM IS USED TO MEASURE COORDINATE OF A WORKPIECE WITH THE HELP OF PROBE.CMM CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH THE HELP OF NUMERICAL CONTROL. INTRODUCTION TO 5 AXIS TECHNOLOGY.
ADVANTAGES OF CMM.TYPES OF CMM.
Applications Use of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) for Measurement Produc...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Coordinate Measuring Machine (measuring machine coordinates) is a measuring device multifunction high-speed (hight speed) the accuracy and efficiency in a high measurement, the working principle of Coordinate Measuring Machine CMM opposite of Computer Numerical Control CNC, the CNC machine coordinates that generating inserted chisel movement on the axes X, Y and Z on the workpiece, while the CMM contact between the probe with the workpiece to produce coordinates. In addition, if the CNC machines use ball bearings circulating (Circulated ball bearing) then the machine CMM using the annulment of air (air pad bearing) so movement is very smooth, to ensure the accuracy of construction CMM is made of rigid once One way to use a table grader made of granite as the reference plane. Cordinat Measuring Machine is measuring multi-function tools hight speed and accuracy and efficiency in Measuring result
Uncertainty of Coordinate Measuring MachinesHassan Habib
The presentation was delivered in the presentation of a conference paper at ICAYS (International Conference in Aerospace for Young Scientists) at Beihang University, Beijing, China. The topic takes into account the critical factors that effect the CMM measurements. The presentation represents the way of Guide to Expression of Uncertainty Measurement (GUM). All the formulas taken for the calculation are based on literature review.
APPLICATION OF MECHATRONICS IN COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE.USE OF MULTI-SENSOR TECHNOLOGY.CMM IS USED TO MEASURE COORDINATE OF A WORKPIECE WITH THE HELP OF PROBE.CMM CAN BE CONTROLLED WITH THE HELP OF NUMERICAL CONTROL. INTRODUCTION TO 5 AXIS TECHNOLOGY.
ADVANTAGES OF CMM.TYPES OF CMM.
Applications Use of Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) for Measurement Produc...QUESTJOURNAL
Abstract: Coordinate Measuring Machine (measuring machine coordinates) is a measuring device multifunction high-speed (hight speed) the accuracy and efficiency in a high measurement, the working principle of Coordinate Measuring Machine CMM opposite of Computer Numerical Control CNC, the CNC machine coordinates that generating inserted chisel movement on the axes X, Y and Z on the workpiece, while the CMM contact between the probe with the workpiece to produce coordinates. In addition, if the CNC machines use ball bearings circulating (Circulated ball bearing) then the machine CMM using the annulment of air (air pad bearing) so movement is very smooth, to ensure the accuracy of construction CMM is made of rigid once One way to use a table grader made of granite as the reference plane. Cordinat Measuring Machine is measuring multi-function tools hight speed and accuracy and efficiency in Measuring result
Uncertainty of Coordinate Measuring MachinesHassan Habib
The presentation was delivered in the presentation of a conference paper at ICAYS (International Conference in Aerospace for Young Scientists) at Beihang University, Beijing, China. The topic takes into account the critical factors that effect the CMM measurements. The presentation represents the way of Guide to Expression of Uncertainty Measurement (GUM). All the formulas taken for the calculation are based on literature review.
A Coordinate measuring machine is an electromechanical system design to perform coordinate metrology.
CMMs are also considered as transducers that can convert physical measurements into electrical signals.
They are versatile in their capability to record measurement of complex profiles with high sensitivity (0.0025 mm) and speed.
Collinearity Equations
Kinds of product that can be derived by the collinearity equation
- Space Resection By Collinearity
- Space Intersection By Collinearity
- Interior Orientation
- Relative Orientation
- Absolute Orientation
- Self-Calibration
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity EquationsAhmed Nassar
Space resection is commonly used to determine the exterior orientation parameters (which refers to position and orientation related to an exterior coordinate system) associated with one or more photos based on measurements of ground control points (GCPs). space resection is a nonlinear problem, existing methods involve linearization of the collinearity condition and the use of an iterative process to determine the final solution using the least-squares method. The process also requires initial approximate values of the unknown parameters, some of which must be estimated by another least-squares solution.
CMM is basically mechanical systems designed to move a measuring probe so as to find out the geometrical location of an object. These machines provide accurate and precise measurement. Electronicaems is one of the leading manufacturer of Coordinate Measuring Machine. we provides Granite based CMM, Manual CMM, CNC, CMM, Multi sensor CMM etc
Coordinate metrology is concerned with the measurement of the actual shape and dimensions of an object and comparing these with the desired shape and dimensions.
In this connection, coordinate metrology consists of the evaluation of the location, orientation, dimensions, and geometry of the part or object.
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)Hassan Habib
This presentation is made in an effort to impart information regarding the techniques used for the calibration of coordinate measuring machines. These versatile machines are today being used for the inspection of very precise and accurate mechanical components manufactured by keeping in view advanced geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing techniques.
A Coordinate measuring machine is an electromechanical system design to perform coordinate metrology.
CMMs are also considered as transducers that can convert physical measurements into electrical signals.
They are versatile in their capability to record measurement of complex profiles with high sensitivity (0.0025 mm) and speed.
Collinearity Equations
Kinds of product that can be derived by the collinearity equation
- Space Resection By Collinearity
- Space Intersection By Collinearity
- Interior Orientation
- Relative Orientation
- Absolute Orientation
- Self-Calibration
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity EquationsAhmed Nassar
Space resection is commonly used to determine the exterior orientation parameters (which refers to position and orientation related to an exterior coordinate system) associated with one or more photos based on measurements of ground control points (GCPs). space resection is a nonlinear problem, existing methods involve linearization of the collinearity condition and the use of an iterative process to determine the final solution using the least-squares method. The process also requires initial approximate values of the unknown parameters, some of which must be estimated by another least-squares solution.
CMM is basically mechanical systems designed to move a measuring probe so as to find out the geometrical location of an object. These machines provide accurate and precise measurement. Electronicaems is one of the leading manufacturer of Coordinate Measuring Machine. we provides Granite based CMM, Manual CMM, CNC, CMM, Multi sensor CMM etc
Coordinate metrology is concerned with the measurement of the actual shape and dimensions of an object and comparing these with the desired shape and dimensions.
In this connection, coordinate metrology consists of the evaluation of the location, orientation, dimensions, and geometry of the part or object.
A Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) is an electromechanical system designed to perform coordinate metrology.
Calibration of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM)Hassan Habib
This presentation is made in an effort to impart information regarding the techniques used for the calibration of coordinate measuring machines. These versatile machines are today being used for the inspection of very precise and accurate mechanical components manufactured by keeping in view advanced geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing techniques.
Callus cultures are initiated from a small part of an organ or tissue segment called the explants on a growth supporting solidified nutrient medium under sterile conditions. Any part of the plant organ or tissues may be used as the explants.Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants.Plant Tissue Culture products include Murashige and Skoog media, plant growth regulators, plant growth hormones, plant transformation systems,
Motion compensation for hand held camera deviceseSAT Journals
Abstract
With handy camera image is not enough stable at that time stabilization method is used to recover that shaky effect. So, stabilization of image is concept to recover the scale and theta of shaky image. For that algorithm should be able to stabilize the image with maximum original information from that shaky input image. And from this image stabilization algorithm we can use this as a fundamental concept to stabilize the video. Here in this paper algorithm is applied for 2D image and measure the efficiency of that algorithm
Keywords: Motion estimation; Feature detection methods; FAST feature detection
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
3. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 3
INTRODUCTION
• Lithography is a critical infrastructural technology demanding nanometer level
positioning uncertainties over macroscopic displacements
• Machine coordinate systems can be adapted to the part coordinate system to ensure
that feature overlay targets are met
• This approach is not possible for a variety of manufacturing and metrology tools
• In these cases it has long been the practice to design highly repeatable machine
systems which can subsequently be calibrated to correct for repeatable errors
• As target positioning uncertainties continue to decrease, the requirements for
repeatability, displacement metrology, and calibration all become more difficult
4. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 4
MACHINE METROLOGY
• The measuring machine under development has a working
volume (X,Y,Z) of 1 x 1 x 500 mm3, with angular
adjustments (rx, ry, rz) of +/-1 mrad
• The system, located in a metrology laboratory with
temperature control to +/- 0.0l 0
C, operates in a coarse
vacuum (5 mBar)
• Stage position is measured using two different
configurations of displacement measuring interferometers
• A rotary table provides for discrete part rotation of +/-
1850
• A conventional Cartesian metrology frame required, at
minimum, two 500 mm long straightedges integrated into
the machine
• In addition to the six moving DMls, the machine is
equipped with 3 double pass, zero shear interferometers
• Three sets of DMls are arranged symmetrically around the
metrology frame, each fed by a separate delivery module Figure 1 Metrology frame concept
5. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 5
• A retroreflector for the vertical interferometer is
carried on a mount attached to the part stage
• Beam delivery and steering optics, the inclined
straightedge, and the zeroshear interferometer and
its return flat are all attached to the metrology
frame
• The additional independent measurements may be
considered a counter balance to the loss of
resolution in the XY plane resulting from inclining
the straightedges (to 300
)
• The system designer has to choose between a
number of possible transformations between the 9
measurement signals and the 6 degrees of freedom -
a choice that affects both machine performance and
calibration
• The transformation described qualitatively as:
– 3 vertical DMI measurements give z, rx (pitch) and ry
(Yaw) ;
– differences between selected pairs of moving DMls
give x and y;
– difference between "clockwise" and "anti-clockwise''
moving DMls gives rz (roll) Figure 3 Calibration straightedge in situ
6. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 6
CALIBRATION
• Two additional measurement systems are used to provide calibration data
• First, a Fizeau interferometer configured to provide a collimated beam approximately
parallel to the Z axis of the machine
• The Fizeau cavity comprises a transmission flat located in the metrology frame and a return
flat mounted in the stage
• The second calibration system comprises a four-sided Zerodur straightedge, the displacement
of which is monitored by 4 high stability plane mirror interferometers
• Straightedge is used for straightness and XY squareness
• In this case, we could not create a large enough through hole in the part mount (rotary table)
to achieve the required dynamic performance from the straightedge
• Since we directly measure angular error motions, we chose to mount the straightedge in the
moving stage (and for the straightedge)
• Use of opposed DMls and straightedge reversal gives two solutions for machine straightness
7. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 7
ANGULAR ERROR MOTIONS
• The machine can be programmed to
autonull the Fizeau interferometer and
record the resulting tip and tilt (rx, ry)
• This drift(-9.6 nanorad/h (rx) and -6
nanorad/h (ry)) decreased with further time
after pump down
• Residuals from autonulling are of order 10
nanorad
• The difference between the data taken
moving "up" vs "down" is consistent with
the previously observed drift and the time
between measurements
Figure 5 Machine pitch and yaw
8. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 8
STRAIGHTNESS
• Initial straightness measurements were made
before final DMI alignment; data were taken
at 1 mm increments over the full 500 mm
stage travel
• The two calculations for machine x-
straightness (after compensation for angular
error motion) are shown in Figures 6 and 7
• The sub-nm repeatability ripple with a spatial
period of approximately 3 mm and the
modulation envelope observed in the upper
portions of Figures 6 and 7 result from the
combination of:
– Different amplitude cyclic errors in the 3 z-axis
DMls
– Different cosine errors in the z-axis DMls
– Aliassing
Figure 7 Central portion of the data of Figure 6
9. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 9
CYCLIC ERROR CORRECTION
• These errors can be minimized by DMI system
design and by careful alignment of tilt-tuned
waveplate
• Cyclic error compensation differentiates
between desired component of heterodyne
interferometer signal and undesired components
based on their frequency characteristics
• Desired component at a frequency = Reference
frequency of heterodyne interferometer light
source + Doppler shift
• Undesired components are located at unshifted
reference frequency and at reference frequency
minus Doppler shift
• Compensation is performed by measuring
undesired components
• Coefficients derived from these measurements
are digitally generated and signals subtracted
that are equal to cyclic error signals
• Coefficients are retained during periods when
interferometer is at or near rest and continue to
correctly compensate for cyclic error terms even
though signal components are not measured at
rest
Figure 8 Difference of straightness measurements
with and without cyclic error compensation
10. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 10
SIMPLE STRAIGHTNESS MODEL
• Stage pitch and yaw are derived from the
3 vertical (Z) DMls
• It is apparent that cyclic errors and cosine
errors will cause stage angular motions
which will affect the output of the
"straightness" DMls
• This effect can be simply modeled and
sampled measurements of mixing in the
machine just before acquisition of the
data of Figures 6 and 7 were used to
estimate cyclic errors in the three Z DMls
• The qualitative similarity is striking
• Clearly all these plots are simply sampled
from an envelope which passes through
zero at z=100 mm, the control point for
the system
Figure 11 Multiple (44) measurements of straightness
11. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 11
STRAIGHTNESS REPEATABILITY
• Straightness repeatability was evaluated by taking multiple measurement runs over
approximately 24 hours in the "forward" and "reversed" positions, in each case
starting data acquisition with 20 minutes after pump down
• Figure 11 shows the resulting 44 computations of the machine x-straightness
(before correction for angular errors)
• Standard deviations of each of the calibration DMls at each point is less than 0.5
nm
• Slopes removed from the data changed by less than 0.08 microradians over the
entire data set
12. 14/11/2015 COURSE SEMINAR 12
CONCLUSIONS
• This paper has presented results from the calibration of straightness and angular
error motions using classical machine metrology techniques
• High stability plane mirror interferometers provide sub-nanometer straightness
uncertainties
• Results from a Fizeau interferometer used in a "nulling" mode as an autocollimator
are limited at the 0.02 microradian level by residual machine drift
• Selection of a moving straightedge configuration results in a sensitivity to a
combination of cosine errors, Z-axis cyclic errors, and aliasing
• Automatic cyclic error compensation has been implemented