The document discusses various measurements in the metric system including length, volume, mass, temperature, and density. It explains that the metric system uses base units like meters, liters, and grams along with prefixes like kilo, centi, and milli which are powers of ten. Converting between units involves moving the decimal place right or left based on multiplying or dividing by ten. The Celsius scale uses 0°C for freezing and 100°C for boiling water. Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume.
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Lesson plans and teaching
This free teaching resource is from Innovative Teaching Resources. You can access hundreds of their excellent resources here. https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Innovative-Teaching-Ideas
Lesson plans and teaching
K-12 Module in T.L.E. Grade 8 Second Grading (Handicrafts)Daniel Manaog
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K-12 Module in A.P. Grade 8 Second Grading!
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Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. Types of Measurements
• Length-measure of distance
– Measured with a meter stick or ruler
• Volume-measure of how much
space an object takes up
– Measured with a graduated
cylinder, by water displacement, or
by equation
• cube volume=length X width X height
(LXWXH)
• Mass-technically a measure of
matter, but here on Earth it is the
same thing as weight
– Measured with a triple-beam-
balance
3. Metric System
• The metric system is based
on a base unit for each
measurement
•Length = meter
•Volume = liter
•Mass(Weight) = gram
•Temperature = Celsius
•Time = seconds
• Prefixes plus base units
make up the metric system
– Example:
•Centi + meter = Centimeter
4. Metric System
• The three prefixes that we will use
the most are:
– kilo
– centi
– milli
kilo hecto deka
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci centi milli
5. Metric System
• These prefixes are based on powers
of 10.
• From each “step” is either:
•10 times larger
or
•10 times smaller
kilo hecto deca
Base Units
meter
gram
liter
deci centi milli
6. Why 10 times larger?
– Units that are 10 times larger
or smaller are easier to
convert.
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm
1 cm
40
41
41
40
7. Metric System
• For each “step” to right,
you are multiplying by 10
1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters
2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100)
(2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200)
8. Metric System
• An easy way to move within the metric
system is by moving the decimal point one
place for each “step”
1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters
or
1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
9. Metric System
• Now let’s try from meters to kilometers:
1600 meters = 160 decameters
16 hectometers
1.6 kilometers
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
10. Metric System
• If you move to the left in the diagram,
move the decimal to the left
• If you move to the right in the diagram,
move the decimal to the right
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
11. Clicker Question
• How many milliliters are in a 2 liter
bottle of soda?
A. 0.002
B. 200
C. 2000
D. 20
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
12. Clicker Question
• How many kilometers do they run in
a 1600 meter relay?
A. 160,000
B. 160
C. 16
D. 1.6
kilo hecto deca
meter
liter
gram
deci centi milli
13. Temperature
• Celsius Scale is based on water
– The freezing point of water is 0OC
– The boiling point of water is 100OC
14. Temperature Conversion
• The equations to convert between
Fahrenheit and Celsius are:
°F = (1.8 x °C) +32
°C = (°F-32) x 0.555
15. Example
• If it is 80°F outside, what is the
temperature in °C?
°C = (°F-32) x 0.555
°C = (80-32) x 0.555
°C = (48) x 0.555
°C = 26.6
16. Clicker Question
• If a substance is 80°C, what is the
temperature in °F?
°F = (1.8 x °C) +32
°F = (1.8 X 80) + 32
°F = (144) + 32
°F = 176
A.114
B.176
C.4608
D.112
17. Density
• Density is calculated by dividing the mass
of an object by the volume.
Density = Mass/Volume
• For example 1mL of water has a mass of
1g.
Density = Mass/Volume
Density = 1g/1mL
Density = 1g/mL
• Objects with a density less than 1g/mL will
float in water and objects with a density
greater than 1g/mL will sink in water
18. Clicker Question
• What is the density of a box with a
mass of 40 g and a volume of 50 mL
D = mass/volume
D = 40g / 50 mL
D = 0.8 g/mL
A. 0.8 g/mL
B. 12.5 g/mL
C. 90 g/mL
D. Impossible
to Calculate
19. Clicker Question
• What units would you use to
measure the mass of your neighbor?
A. g
B. m
C. L
D. kg
20. Clicker Question
• What units would you use to
measure the length of your pencil?
A. m
B. g
C. km
D. cm
