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EM-UNIT II -non ferrous metal
This document provides information on non-ferrous metals and their properties and applications. It discusses copper, its extraction process, properties, and common alloys like brass, bronze, gun metal and cupronickel. It also covers aluminium, describing its extraction, properties, common alloys and uses. Bearing materials are discussed last, outlining characteristics of bearing materials and common types used like white metals, copper alloys, aluminium alloys, plastics and ceramics.
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EM-UNIT II -non ferrous metal
- 1. NON FERROUS METAL (Otherthan iron as a major constituent) .
- 2. NON FERROUS MATERIALS •Elements other than iron (OR) • Other than iron is a major constituent • More costly than ferrous materials CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Lighter in weight 2. Electrical and thermal conductivity 3. Resistance to corrosion
- 3. A metal containinglittle or no iron content NON-FERROUS METAL - Aluminum - Bronze - Brass - Copper - Lead -Nickel -Tin
- 4. Engineering Materials Metals Ferrous Iron Steel Pig iron Cast iron Wrought iron Non- Ferrous Copper& Alloys Aluminium Zinc Tin Lead Non-Metals Rubber Plastics Resin
- 5. COPPER (செம்பு) Its aoldest and most widely used non-ferrous metal in industry. Melting point 1083˚C
- 6. Copper extraction • Copper isconverted in to IRON SULPHIDE and COPPER SULPHIDE MATTE OXYGEN INTRODUCED ( Iron sulphide in to Iron oxide) (COPPER SULPHIDE IN TO AN IMPURE COPPER) Impure copper is purified to pure copper Ore ( Copper pyrites) Chemically combined (With Iron and Sulphur)
- 8. Properties of copper •High electrical conductivity • High thermal conductivity • Excellent resistance to corrosion • It’s a soft, ductile and malleable. • It can be worked in hot and cold condition • It cannot be welded • Its become brittle just below its melting point.
- 9. Applications of copper Mostlyused in cable • telephone cables • Cables for computer network • Printed circuit boards • connectors • Used in the form of sheets and in agriculture purposes • Domestic items like vessels • Used chemical and food industries • Used as a tubes in heat exchangers. • Used mainly in the manufacturing of brass and bronze alloys
- 10. COPPER ALLOYS • Copperalloyed with number of elements to provide a range of useful alloys Characteristics: high thermal and electrical conductivity high corrosion resistance high ductility and formability
- 11. Important copper alloys •Brasses (பித்தளை) ( copper – Zinc alloys) • Bronze(வெண்கலம்) (copper – Tin alloys) • Gun Metals ( copper – tin – Zinc alloys ) • Cupro Nickels (copper – nickel alloys)
- 12. Other elements results •Small amount of beryllium or chromium to copper give high strength alloy • A small addition of cadmium gives a significant increases in strength with little loss in electrical conductivity • Addition of terrilium gives very good machinability
- 13. BRASS • Its analloy of copper(cu) and zinc (zn) sometimes other elements like tin(sn), lead(pb), aluminium(al) and manganese(mn) may be added. Upto 36% of zinc, the brass is a single phase α solid solution ----- These alloys are called α brasses -These are soft, ductile and easily cold worked More than 36% of zinc have two phases α and β phases at room temperature -- these are stronger than α brasses
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- 15. Characteristics of brasses •Its stronger than copper • Low thermal and electrical conductivity than copper • It can be into moulds, drawn into wires, rolled into sheets and turned into sheets. • For improving machining property in brass they are adding 1 – 3% of lead. • The brass color varies from reddish to white depend on the amount of zinc present
- 16. Types of Brasses Dependon the copper and zinc they are, • Gliding metal • Cartridge brass • Standard brass • Naval brass • Admiralty brass • High tensile brass • Free cutting brass
- 18. Bronze • Its analloy of copper(cu) and tin (sn) • They have high strength with corrosion resistance than brass • The strength of the bronze increase with the increase of tin content. • The tin content should be below 12% because they lead to be brittle • Bronze can be shaped or rolled into wires , rods and sheets
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- 20. Types of Bronze •Bell bronze --------- 78 cu, 22 Sn(tin) • Phosphor bronze – 88 cu, 10 Sn 0.3 P, 1 Zn, 0.7 Pb • Silicon bronze ------ 95 cu, 3 Si , 1 Mn , 1 Fe • Aluminium bronze – 89 cu, 7Al, 3.5 Fe, 0.35 Sn • Coinage bronze ---- 95.5cu, 3 Sn, 1.5 Zn • Leaded bronze ----- 75 cu, 5 Sn , 18 Pb , 2 Ni
- 21. BELL BRONZE • Bellbronze --------- 78 cu, 22 Sn
- 22. Phosphor bronze • Phosphorbronze – 88 cu, 10 Sn 0.3 P, 1 Zn, 0.7 Pb
- 23. Silicon bronze • Siliconbronze ------ 95 cu, 3 Si , 1 Mn , 1 Fe
- 24. Aluminium bronze • Aluminiumbronze – 89 cu, 7Al, 3.5 Fe, 0.35 Sn
- 25. Coinage bronze • Coinagebronze ---- 95.5cu, 3 Sn, 1.5 Zn
- 26. Leaded bronze • Leadedbronze ----- 75 cu, 5 Sn , 18 Pb , 2 Ni
- 28. Gun Metal • Gunmetals are the alloys of copper(cu), tin(sn) and zinc(zn) • Zinc act as a deoxidiser and it improves fluidity during casting • Small amount of lead improve castability and machinability. • Zinc is cheaper than Tin so we reduced alloy cost
- 29. Types of gunmetal 1.Admiralty Gun Metal 2.Leaded Gun Metal
- 31. Cupronickel • Its aalloy of copper and nickel. • It’s a single phase uniform solid solution • Thus all copper nickel alloys are relatively ductile and malleable. • They have better corrosion resistance • It can be hot worked or cold worked. • It can be shaped by rolling, pressing, drawing and spinning
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- 33. Types of cupronickels S.NOALLOY NAME COMPOSIT ION PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS 1 Cupronickel 70 Cu, 30 Ni Good corrosion resistance Can be cast into any forms Salt water piping's , condenser tubings 2 Monel Metal 29 cu , 68 Ni , 1.25 Fe , 1.25 Mn Good corrosion resistance, Good mechanical properties Propellers, pipe fittings, condenser tubes, steam turbine blades, tanks, food and chemical industry plants 3 ‘K’ monel 29 cu , 66 Ni , 2.75 Al, 0.4 Mn, 0.6 Ti A heat treated alloy Good mechanical properties Used in motor boat propeller shafts
- 34. ALUMINIUM • It’s amost widely used and important Non-ferrous material Characteristics of aluminium: • Light weight ( 1/3 rd of weight of steel) • High thermal and electrical conductivity • Excellent corrosion resistance • Non – toxicity • Soft and ductile • Low specific gravity • High strength to weight ratio • High reflectivity.
- 36. EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM Bauxite ore Purification Dissolvedin fused cryolite(Aluminium and sodium) Electrolysis process Aluminium
- 37. Aluminium Vs Copper •Less cost than copper • Specific gravity of aluminium 2.7 compared to 8.9 for copper • Better electrical conductivity (20 % more than copper) • But it cannot be welded or soldered. • To over come this defect they are using tin coating on aluminium • Aluminium having low strength, for that its alloyed with Cu, Ni, Mn, Mg and Si
- 38. Aluminium alloys • Aluminiumcan be alloyed with one or more elements like Cu, Ni, Mn, Mg and Si • These elements convert the soft and weak elements into strong and hard non metal CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Properties less than steel, 2. Equal to alloys 3. Superior to manganese alloys
- 39. Types of aluminiumalloys • Heat treatable aluminium alloys • Non – Heat treatable aluminium alloys
- 40. Heat treatable aluminiumalloys • Using age or precipitation hardening we cannot strengthens the aluminum alloy. • Al – Cu Alloys • Al – Cu – Ni Alloys • Al – Mg – Si Alloys • Al – Li Alloys • Al – Zn – Cu Alloys
- 41. Non – Heattreatable aluminium alloys • These alloys are strengthened by cold working operations • Important Non – Heat treatable aluminium alloys are • Al – Mn Alloys • Al – Mg Alloys • Al – Si Alloys
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- 45. Al – CuAlloys 1.Duralumin 2.Y-alloy
- 46. AGE or PRECIPITATION HARDENING •It’s a process of increasing the strength of an alloy ( Al – Cu Alloy) • Step – 1 ------ solution treatment • Step – 2 ----- - Quenching process • Step – 3 ------- Ageing Process
- 48. BEARING ALLOYS For makingbearings
- 49. Characteristics of abearing material • It should have sufficient hardness and wear resistance. • It should have a low co-efficient of friction. • It should have a sufficient melting point. • It should have high thermal conductivity. • It should have good casting qualities. • It should have good resistance to corrosion. • It should be tough , shock resistant and sufficient ductility.
- 50. Bearing Materials Widely usedbearing materials: • White metals • Copper base alloys • Aluminium base alloys • Plastic materials • Ceramics. • The selection based on loading, running speed and service conditions.
- 51. 1) White bearingmetal • Its either tin based or lead based alloys. • It contain 10% antimony (Sb). • Tin(sn) + Antimony ---- form a intermetallic compound SbSn This form a small hard cubic crystals, termed cuboids. cuboid is a hard, low friction substance.
- 52. i) Tin basedbearing alloys • They are called babbit metals. • Sb 10 % , Sn 82 %, cu 4 %, Pb 4 % • They are high quality high duty bearing material than lead based alloys. • They are used in medium and high duty applications like in automobile industries.
- 53. ii)Lead based alloys •These are cheaper than tin based alloy. • Sb 13 % , Sn 12 % , Cu 0.75 % , As 0.25% , Pb 74 % • Used in low pressure low speed applications.
- 54. 2) COPPER BASEDBEARING ALLOYS • Plain tin bronze -- Cu 85 %, Sn 15 % • Phosphor bronzes – cu 88%, Sn 10 % P 0.3%, Zn 1%, Pb 0.7% • Leaded bronzes - Cu 75% ,Sn 5%, Pb 18%, Ni 2% • Sintered bronzes – Cu powder 90%, Sn powder 10% • Phosphor bronze gives improved load bearing capacity. • Leaded bronzes are less strong than other bearing bronzes. but they will sustain higher loads at higher speeds than white metal.
- 55. Uses of copperbase bearing alloys • Used in aero engines, • Automobile and diesel crank shaft bearings. • Vacuum cleaners • Washing machines, • Extractor fan • Audio equipments
- 56. 3)Aluminium based bearingmaterials • It contain alloys of tin , copper and nickel • The expensive tin is replaced by aluminium base bearing alloys. • Sn(tin) 5.5 – 7 % , Cu 0.7 – 1.3 % , Ni 0.7 – 1.3 % , remaining aluminium • Used in automobile big end and main bearings.
- 57. 4) Plastic bearingmaterials • 1. Nylons (polymides) • 2. poly tetra fluro ethylene (PTFE or Teflon) • They have very low coefficients of friction • USES These bearings used in small load applications Particularly oil lubrication is impossible or undesirable
- 58. 5) Ceramic BearingMaterials • These bearings are used in small precision instruments like jewel bearings in watch movements • Alumina used as a bearings in large speed precision movements.
- 59. Super alloy • Itis a general term used to describe the nickel base and cobalt base alloys which have been developed for use at elevated temperatures. • Super alloys produce a combination of high strength at elevated temperatures up to 1000°C and resistance to corrosion.
- 60. Applications • Blades forturbine and jet engines • Heat exchangers, chemical reaction vessel components and heat treating equipment.