The document discusses particulate matter (PM) air pollution, including what PM is, its health risks like premature death and respiratory disease, and how factors like weather patterns and emission sources affect PM concentrations. It also reviews the history of PM research from early episodes showing links between air pollution and mortality to modern cohort and time-series studies examining health impacts.
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Atmospheric particulate matter, Sources Of Particulate Matter
Industrial Sources of Particulate Emissions
Types Of Particulate Matter
Important Terms Describing Atmospheric Particles
Particulate Matter And Health
General Methods For Control Of Particulate Emissions
Particulate Collection Mechanism
PARTICULATE MATTER IN DETAIL 2017 (UPDATED) AMIR HASSAN
Environmental air pollution contain the most toxic substance called particulate matter discuss in detail by AMIR HASSAN OF POST GRADUATE COLLAGE MARDAN KPK (PAKISTAN)
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
Let us make chemistry easy and loveable by having strong concepts. its video is also uploaded on youtube if you wanna understand it.
check out my youtube channel Chemistry Philics...I hope so this PowerPoint presentation will be helpful for you
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Atmospheric particulate matter, Sources Of Particulate Matter
Industrial Sources of Particulate Emissions
Types Of Particulate Matter
Important Terms Describing Atmospheric Particles
Particulate Matter And Health
General Methods For Control Of Particulate Emissions
Particulate Collection Mechanism
PARTICULATE MATTER IN DETAIL 2017 (UPDATED) AMIR HASSAN
Environmental air pollution contain the most toxic substance called particulate matter discuss in detail by AMIR HASSAN OF POST GRADUATE COLLAGE MARDAN KPK (PAKISTAN)
: Air pollution is the presence of substances in ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity of man in sufficient concentration, present for sufficient time and cause harmful effect on humans, plants and animals.
Let us make chemistry easy and loveable by having strong concepts. its video is also uploaded on youtube if you wanna understand it.
check out my youtube channel Chemistry Philics...I hope so this PowerPoint presentation will be helpful for you
PM is a complex mixture of air borne particles that differ in size, origin and chemical composition, all of which are <10 µm in size.
US EPA described PM pollution as ‘mixture of mixtures’.
PM is among the most harmful of all air pollutants.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminantsChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
PM is a complex mixture of air borne particles that differ in size, origin and chemical composition, all of which are <10 µm in size.
US EPA described PM pollution as ‘mixture of mixtures’.
PM is among the most harmful of all air pollutants.
Definition, Composition of atmospheric air, Classification and sources of air
pollutants. Effects of air pollution on human, plant and material, Air pollution control methods, equipment and safety.
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminantsChockalingam T
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Air pollution: its causes,effects and pollutantsMaliha Eesha
This presentation gives the complete detail of air, air pollution, air pollutants and their types, each pollutant in detail and its causes and effects, acid rain, methods of prevention,smog,acidification,indoor pollution and so on. It is a complete package and I hope it'll be helpful in school! :)
We recently built wearable gadget for Air Quality Monitor with data upload capability and Cloud server for storing historical data and computing trend analysis.
This slide deck is my personal learning of impact of Air pollution on our health through that journey and an attempt to share with others who could benefit from that learning
A national study on long-term exposure to air pollution to human health and correlation to COVID-19 mortality - pollution kills and every 1ug/m3 PM 2.5 increases the death rate from COVID by 15%.
Air pollution is a familiar environmental health hazard. We know what we’re looking at
when brown haze settles over a city, exhaust billows across a busy highway, or a plume
rises from a smokestack. Some air pollution is not seen, but its pungent smell alerts you.
It is a major threat to global health and prosperity. Air pollution, in all forms, is responsible
for more than 6.5 million deaths each year globally, a number that has increased over the
past two decades.
Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.
Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing
and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical
production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution.
Nature releases hazardous substances into the air, such as smoke from wildfires, which are
often caused by people; ash and gases from volcanic eruptions; and gases, like methane,
which are emitted from decomposing organic matter in soils.
Running head AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1.docxtoddr4
Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the formation of haze. As documented by the World Health Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression and incidence of some health complications such as low birth weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality are undeniably the most important to address since they are also among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the world. Most epidemiological da.
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
3. What is Particulate Matter?
Particulate matter (PM)
describes a wide variety of
airborne material. PM pollution
consists of materials (including
dust, smoke, and soot), that are
directly emitted into the air or
result from the transformation of
gaseous pollutants. Particles
come from natural sources (e.g.,
volcanic eruptions) and human
activities such as burning fossil
fuels, incinerating wastes, and
smelting metals.
Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/
module3/distribu/distribu.htm
4. How is PM Regulated?
PM is one of the six EPA “criteria pollutants” that have been
determined to be harmful to public health and the environment.
(The other five are ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and lead.)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national
ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public
health from exposure to these pollutants. Areas that exceed the
NAAQS are designated as nonattainment, and must institute
air pollution control programs to reduce air pollution to levels
that meet the NAAQS.
5. PM
Where Does PM Originate?
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors
such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), which are transformed through
atmospheric chemistry to form PM.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
6. Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources
(vehicles)
VOCs, NO2, PM
Stationary Sources
(power plants, factories)
NO2, SO2, PM
Area Sources
(drycleaners, gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources
(forest fires, volcanoes)
PM
7. Determinants of PM Concentration
• Weather patterns
• Wind
• Stability (vertical movement of air)
• Turbulence
• Precipitation
• Topography
• Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving
currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of
smokestack emissions.
8. The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely
stable layer of the atmosphere
that forms over areas.
Temperature inversions trap
pollutants close to the ground.
These inversions involve layers
of hot air sitting above cooler air
near ground level. When
particles accumulate in the air
layer, they are unable to rise
into the atmosphere where
winds will disperse them.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/apti/ course422/
ce1.html
9. 1930: Meuse River Valley, Belgium
• An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold, damp
weather
• Main sources: zinc smelter, sulfuric acid
factory, glass manufacturers
• 60 deaths recorded
1948: Donora, Pennsylvania
• Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley
• Main sources: iron and steel factories, zinc
smelting, and an acid plant
• 20 deaths observed
1952: London
• Killer fog (right)
• Primary source: domestic coal burning
• 4,500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in December
The Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution
due to Inversions
10. Establishing a particle size
definition for irregularly shaped
particles necessitates the use of a
standardized measure referred to
as the aerodynamic diameter,
measured in microns or
micrometers (μm), a unit equal to
one millionth of a meter. The graph
at the right shows the distribution of
the 4 main particle size categories,
with the categories historically and
currently regulated by EPA
indicated below. By comparison, a
human hair is approximately 70
microns in diameter.
Top: Modified from Online Reference Module by JR
Richards et al. http://registrar.ies. ncsu.edu/ol_2000.
Bottom: U.S. EPA. Office of Research and Development.
Particulate Matter:
Aerodynamic Diameter
11. Size is important to the behavior
of PM in the atmosphere and
human body and determines the
entry and absorption potential
for particles in the lungs.
Particles larger than 10 µm are
trapped in the nose and throat
and never reach the lungs.
Therefore, particles 10 µm in
diameter or less are of most
concern for their effects on
human health. Particles
between 5 and 10 µm are
removed by physical processes
in the throat. Particles smaller
than 5 µm reach the bronchial
tubes, while particles 2.5 µm in
diameter or smaller are
breathed into the deepest
portions of the lungs.
Image: PM2.5. By D. Hershey. From New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dar/baqs/micro
/two.html
Particulate Matter:
Size Matters
12. • Premature death
• Lung cancer
• Exacerbation of COPD
• Development of chronic lung disease
• Heart attacks
• Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung
disease
• Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with
chronic lung disease and asthma
• Decreased lung function
• Pre-term birth
• Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects
Have Been Linked to PM?
13. Increasing Evidence of
Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s, most
research focused on the
association of PM exposure with
respiratory disease. Since then,
there has been growing evidence
of cardiovascular health effects
from PM.
Source: Pope and Dockery, JAWMA, 2006
14. Toxicological, clinical and
epidemiological studies have
increased understanding of the
mechanism of action by which
PM leads to mortality and lung and
heart disease.
For example, at right are stained
photomicrographs of abdominal
arteries from mice exposed to
filtered air and air polluted with fine
particulate matter, with the
increased arterial blockage in the
PM-exposed mice providing
scientific support for the link
between PM and atherosclerosis
found in a study of human subjects
(Kunzli et al., 2005). Sun et al. JAMA, 2005
Integrating Toxicology, Epidemiology
and Clinical Studies
15. Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of
action. It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in
causing PM-related health effects. Theories include the following:
4. PM causes inflammation
of lung tissue, resulting in
the release of chemicals
that impact heart function;
5. PM causes changes in
blood chemistry that
results in clots that can
cause heart attacks.
1. PM leads to lung irritation
which leads to increase
permeability in lung tissue;
2. PM increases susceptibility to
viral and bacterial pathogens
leading to pneumonia in
vulnerable persons who are
unable to clear these
infections;
3. PM aggravates the severity
of chronic lung diseases
causing rapid loss of airway
function;
How Does PM Cause Health Effects?
16. Types of Air Pollution and Health
Studies
• Ecologic study – Examines the association between exposure rates
and disease rates in a group over time. In ecologic studies, the
exposure and disease status of individuals in the group are unknown.
Therefore, one limitation of this study design is that those exposed and
those with the disease may not be the same individuals.
• Time-series study – Analyzes a series of data points that results from
repeated measurements over time. Adjustments are made for cyclical
or seasonal trends such as daily peaks in PM levels or annual influenza
trends in order to identify larger trends that demonstrate the association
between exposure and disease.
• Cohort study – The health status of individuals in a cohort (i.e., group
of study participants) whose exposure status is known at the start of the
study is monitored over time to see if there is an association between
their exposure and particular health outcomes.
17. Donora, PA at noon on Oct. 29, 1948. Photo source:
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Early Studies
Early studies of air pollution
concentrated on the severe
episodes described earlier.
These episodes demonstrated a
clear link between increased
levels of ambient pollution and
adverse health outcomes.
Methods used to describe these
events included population
surveys, ecological studies,
and, later, time-series analyses.
18. The London Fog event of
1952 provides a clear
example of an early time-
series analysis. The figure
to the right shows the
estimates of weekly
mortality and average sulfur
dioxide concentrations for
London during the winter of
1952-53. Deaths in
December increased
approximately 2.5 times
over comparable periods in
1947 to 1951, and remained
elevated through February
1953. Source: http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/
studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - The London Fog
19. The modern era of air pollution
research involved using laboratory
sampling equipment and
epidemiologic methods to
determine personal exposures and
to monitor health effects. These
efforts were used in the Harvard
Six Cities Study, a prospective
study pioneered in 1973, in which
mortality data from a cohort of
adults in six cities with different
levels of air pollution were
analyzed, controlling for
behavioral risk factors such as
smoking. This study led to more
complex techniques for both
measuring exposure and modeling
the exposure-response
relationship between PM and
health endpoints.
Source: Dockery D, et al. An Association between
Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities,
NEJM
1993; 329 (24):1753-1759.
P=Portage, WI H=Harriman, TN
T=Topeka, KS L=St. Louis, MO
W=Watertown, MA
S=Steubenville, OH
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Modern Studies
20. More recent studies have
introduced sophisticated statistical
approaches to the time-series
relationship. The National
Morbidity, Mortality, and Air
Pollution Study (NMMAPS) has
made substantial contributions
towards understanding the
association of PM with mortality by
applying a consistent approach to
data collected at 90 different sites
across the nation.
The graph at the right shows the
relative rates of mortality per 10 μg
increase in PM10 levels for the 90
individual study sites.
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Multiple Sites
Source: Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici FD et al. 2000. The
National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part
II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United
States. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute.
21. Air Pollution Research:
Setting the Future Agenda
The Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate
Matter was established by the National Research Council in
January 1998 in response to a request from Congress and the EPA.
The Committee produced 4 reports over the period 1998 – 2004.
I. Immediate Priorities
and a Long-Range
Research Portfolio
II. Evaluating Research
Progress and Updating
the Portfolio
III. Early Research
Progress
IV. Continuing Research
Progress
22. Research Priorities
The Committee identified ten research areas of priority in
establishing the relation between PM exposure and public health:
1. Outdoor measures vs. actual
human exposure
2. Exposures of susceptible
subpopulations to toxic PM
components
3. Characterization of emission
sources
4. Air-Quality-Model development
and testing
5. Assessment of hazardous
particulate matter components
6. Dosimetry: Deposition and
fate of particles in the
respiratory tract
7. Combined effects of PM and
gaseous co-pollutants
8. Susceptible subpopulations
9. Mechanisms of injury
10. Analysis and measurement
23. For More Information
Further information on particulate matter air pollution is
available at:
http://www.healtheffects.org/
http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html
http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/pindex.html