Mercerization & its maintenance
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Reactive dye and disperse dye
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Exhaust dyeing process
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
Slitter Machine
The document summarizes the operation of a slitting machine used in textile processing. The slitting machine cuts open tubular knitted fabrics and removes excess water. It consists of a blade and sensor that detects the needle line to properly cut open the fabric. The fabric passes through rollers and a basket with an exhaust fan before being cut, padded with softeners, squeezed, and delivered as an open width fabric.
Lycra void, damage and precaution to avoid those in washing
There is a lot of factor are involve behind of lycra damage. By the following preventive monitoring in every step of our manufacturing process we can get improvement all over the standard level and will be able to overcome those kinds of unwanted issues.
Softning finishes
Softening finishes are important textile after treatments that can make fabrics softer through the use of chemical softeners. Softening finishes work by orienting softener molecules on fiber surfaces and penetrating fibers to plasticize the polymer chains, reducing brittleness. This creates properties like softness, fullness, smoothness, flexibility, drape and pliability. The three main types of softeners are cationic, anionic and non-ionic softeners, which work through different molecular interactions with fibers. Silicone softeners also provide unique softness and properties. While softeners improve handle, some can reduce durability, cause discoloration or affect dye properties.
Mercirization
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
Stenter Machine
Mahmuda Ema presented on stenter machines to Mutasim Uddin for their Advanced Textile Finishing course. A stenter machine is used to stretch and dry fabrics after they pass through an open compactor. It functions to control the width, apply finishing chemicals, control shrinkage and properties, and cure fabrics. Stenter machines work by passing fabric through chambers heated by burners, with fans circulating hot air and exhaust fans removing it, while attraction rollers stretch the warp yarns.
Heat setting
Heat setting is a heat treatment applied to thermoplastic fabrics like polyester and nylon to impart dimensional stability. It involves heating the fabric above the glass transition temperature to allow polymer chains to rearrange into a stress-free configuration, then cooling to fix this new shape. Uneven heating can cause unlevel dyeing. Proper heat setting improves crease resistance but can reduce dye uptake if not done uniformly before dyeing. Stenters are commonly used and temperature, moisture, and processing time must be carefully controlled to avoid issues like fabric yellowing or stiffness.
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Reactive dye and disperse dye
This document provides information about reactive dyes and disperse dyes. It discusses the dyeing conditions for different types of dyes including acid, basic, direct, disperse, and reactive dyes. It also summarizes the types and properties of reactive dyes and disperse dyes, as well as the dyeing processes for polyester fibers using disperse dyes. Finally, it lists some of the author's textile-related Facebook pages for additional information.
Exhaust dyeing process
Batch dyeing involves dyeing fabric in a stationary dye bath. There are three main types of batch dyeing machines. Jigger dyeing machines transfer fabric back and forth between rollers through a dye bath, applying tension. Winch dyeing machines pass rope-formed fabric over rollers through a stationary dye bath with little tension. Jet dyeing machines eliminate rollers and use jet nozzles to circulate fabric through a closed tubular system at high temperatures and pressures.
Slitter Machine
The document summarizes the operation of a slitting machine used in textile processing. The slitting machine cuts open tubular knitted fabrics and removes excess water. It consists of a blade and sensor that detects the needle line to properly cut open the fabric. The fabric passes through rollers and a basket with an exhaust fan before being cut, padded with softeners, squeezed, and delivered as an open width fabric.
Lycra void, damage and precaution to avoid those in washing
There is a lot of factor are involve behind of lycra damage. By the following preventive monitoring in every step of our manufacturing process we can get improvement all over the standard level and will be able to overcome those kinds of unwanted issues.
Softning finishes
Softening finishes are important textile after treatments that can make fabrics softer through the use of chemical softeners. Softening finishes work by orienting softener molecules on fiber surfaces and penetrating fibers to plasticize the polymer chains, reducing brittleness. This creates properties like softness, fullness, smoothness, flexibility, drape and pliability. The three main types of softeners are cationic, anionic and non-ionic softeners, which work through different molecular interactions with fibers. Silicone softeners also provide unique softness and properties. While softeners improve handle, some can reduce durability, cause discoloration or affect dye properties.
Mercirization
Mercerization is a process that treats cotton fabrics with a cold sodium hydroxide solution. This treatment causes the cotton fibers to swell and gives the fabric an increased luster and strength. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844, though it did not become popular until H.A. Lowe improved it in 1890 by preventing shrinkage during treatment. The modern process involves bathing cotton thread in sodium hydroxide then neutralizing it with an acid. This increases the thread's luster, strength, dye affinity, and mildew resistance. Mercerization results in fiber swelling and morphology changes that allow for more dye absorption and a brighter colored fabric with better color retention after washing.
Stenter Machine
Mahmuda Ema presented on stenter machines to Mutasim Uddin for their Advanced Textile Finishing course. A stenter machine is used to stretch and dry fabrics after they pass through an open compactor. It functions to control the width, apply finishing chemicals, control shrinkage and properties, and cure fabrics. Stenter machines work by passing fabric through chambers heated by burners, with fans circulating hot air and exhaust fans removing it, while attraction rollers stretch the warp yarns.
Heat setting
Heat setting is a heat treatment applied to thermoplastic fabrics like polyester and nylon to impart dimensional stability. It involves heating the fabric above the glass transition temperature to allow polymer chains to rearrange into a stress-free configuration, then cooling to fix this new shape. Uneven heating can cause unlevel dyeing. Proper heat setting improves crease resistance but can reduce dye uptake if not done uniformly before dyeing. Stenters are commonly used and temperature, moisture, and processing time must be carefully controlled to avoid issues like fabric yellowing or stiffness.
Auro textile Trainning report
This document provides information about various textile manufacturing processes at Auro Textile. It discusses the inspection and lot making of greige fabric, the stitching section where smaller lots are combined, and preparatory processes like singeing and washing on machines like the Swastic and Perble range. The document contains detailed descriptions of the components and workings of the Swastic greige washing machine and Osthoff and Perble range singeing machines.
Compactor
The document provides information about a compactor machine used to control fabric shrinkage. It summarizes the machine's functions, operating parameters, and components. Key points include:
1. The compactor machine compacts fabric in the lengthwise direction and provides overfeed to control shrinkage during processing with steam.
2. It lists the machine's functions such as improving hand feel, reducing thickness, and controlling shrinkage.
3. It describes the machine components and operating parameters like temperature, speed, and overfeed percentage for different fabric types.
4. Diagrams show the mechanism and fabric path through a blanket and tube compactor machine.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Raising Finishing
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Finishing process in knitdyeing1
This ppt elaborates the detail knitted fabric finishing processes and the finishing machinery with their parts.Use it,it is very helpful!!!
reactive Dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics
Exhaust dyeing is commonly used to dye cotton and cotton blend knitted fabrics. It involves dye migration from the dye liquor into the fabric batch using exhausting chemicals and circulation. Reactive and disperse dyes are most commonly used. Key parameters include temperature, speed, pressure, and cycle time. Proper preparation of dyes, salts, and chemicals is important to prevent issues. Checking points after dyeing ensure the required shade and pH are met before draining. An aftertreatment process includes neutralization, soaping, and fixing to improve wash fastness. Safety equipment and material safety data sheets are necessary in the dye house.
Dyeing machine
This document summarizes various dyeing machines and methods used in the textile industry. It describes exhaust dyeing machines that circulate dye liquor to fully saturate fibers, including winch, jet, and jig dyeing machines. It also discusses continuous dyeing processes that sequentially impregnate, fix, and rinse fabrics on a continuous basis. A wide range of dyeing machines are covered, from hank and package dyeers for yarn to beam, kier, and carpet dyeing machines.
Quality control and testing in wet Processing
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
Dyeing Faults
The document discusses common dyeing faults that occur in knit fabrics during the dyeing process. It lists 11 common knit dyeing faults including dyeing holes, running shade, dye spots, and uneven shade. For each fault, it provides the potential causes such as dye bath water hardness, defective plaiting devices, changes in pick-up percentage along the fabric length, and batch-to-batch shade variations. Remedies for each fault are also mentioned, such as restripping and re-dyeing fabrics or using softeners and spot lifters. The goal is to understand the causes of these dyeing faults and how to overcome them to improve fabric quality.
Presentation on Textile Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
Dyeing of polyester and cotton blends
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram
This document describes an experiment to determine cotton fiber length using a Shirley comb sorter. Key steps include:
1) Straightening and arranging cotton fibers within the comb sorter.
2) Removing fiber groups one by one and laying them out to create a fiber length distribution curve.
3) Analyzing the curve to determine fiber length parameters like maximum, upper quartile, effective, and modal lengths.
4) Calculating American and Indian staple fiber lengths as percentages of the effective length.
Jigger dyeing machine
This document provides information about jigger dyeing machines. It discusses that jigger dyeing machines apply tension to woven fabrics as they pass through a dye bath. The document outlines the main parts of jigger dyeing machines, including guide rollers, take up rollers, let off rollers, and dye baths. It also discusses technical details like fabric tension and speed. The document summarizes advantages of modern jigger dyeing machines like improved tension and speed control. It notes that jiggers are suitable for dyeing woven fabrics up to boiling temperatures without creasing.
Mercerization
mecerization is one kind of optional process.It is used for increasing various properties of cotton.
package dyeing machine
The presentation is about yarn dyeing and machines. The presentation also includes new technology in yarn dyeing
Knit Dyeing Faults
This document discusses common textile defects, their causes, and remedies. It was prepared by Mazadul Hasan sheshir, a student at Southeast University in Bangladesh studying Wet Processing Technology. The document outlines several common oil, dye, and finishing defects that can occur such as oil stains, rope marks, uneven dyeing, crease marks, and pilling. For each defect, the causes are described relating to processing parameters like chemical levels, temperatures, and machine settings. Suggested remedies are also provided such as the use of emulsifiers, mercerization, ensuring even pretreatment, and adjusting machine settings.
Fabrics faults and remedy
This document profiles two textile companies - Alim Knitwear Ltd and GMS Composite Knitting Industries Ltd. It then provides details on common faults that occur during various stages of textile production including yarn manufacturing, knitting, dyeing, printing, and garment assembly. For each type of fault, the causes and recommended remedies are outlined. Diagrams display the most common faults and most effective remedies for different stages of production. The document aims to help textile workers address issues that lower production capacity.
Winch machine
1. The winch dyeing machine dyes fabric pieces that are sewn end to end into a rope-like form.
2. The fabric rope is circulated in the dyeing machine by a horizontal rotor called a winch, which gives the machine its name.
3. The winch dyeing machine is commonly used to dye knitted, woolen, and worsted fabrics due to its ability to apply low tension on the fabric.
Discussion on gas singeing machine in textile industries
1. Gas singeing is a process where fabric passes over a burning gas flame, allowing protruding fibers to burn off without damaging the main body of fibers.
2. The main components of a gas singeing machine are a coal/gas/petrol burner, brush, guide roller, squeezing roller, and trolley.
3. Key parameters of gas singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed, singeing position, distance between flame and fabric, and flame width, which must be optimized to completely burn off fibers without over-singeing the fabric.
Woven dyeing process
This document provides details about various woven dyeing processes. It begins with an introduction to dyeing technology and lists the main types of fabrics - woven, knitted, and non-woven. It then outlines the typical steps in woven fabric dyeing, from inspection to packing. Several dyeing methods are described, including direct dyeing and yarn dyeing. Key dyeing machines like jet, overflow, airflow and jigger dyeing machines are explained. Limitations of jigger dyeing are also noted.
a1b2n3c4hs6juw7ha52bi56bu62-R.01;767;.rah
mercerize process flowchart and chemical reaction.from this slide we gain huge knowledge about textile mercerize, machine type, chemical reaction, process flowchart, advantage, disadvantage etc. thank
Presentation on mercerization
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
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Auro textile Trainning report
This document provides information about various textile manufacturing processes at Auro Textile. It discusses the inspection and lot making of greige fabric, the stitching section where smaller lots are combined, and preparatory processes like singeing and washing on machines like the Swastic and Perble range. The document contains detailed descriptions of the components and workings of the Swastic greige washing machine and Osthoff and Perble range singeing machines.
Compactor
The document provides information about a compactor machine used to control fabric shrinkage. It summarizes the machine's functions, operating parameters, and components. Key points include:
1. The compactor machine compacts fabric in the lengthwise direction and provides overfeed to control shrinkage during processing with steam.
2. It lists the machine's functions such as improving hand feel, reducing thickness, and controlling shrinkage.
3. It describes the machine components and operating parameters like temperature, speed, and overfeed percentage for different fabric types.
4. Diagrams show the mechanism and fabric path through a blanket and tube compactor machine.
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
This document discusses various chemicals and auxiliaries used in textile wet processing. It defines auxiliaries as chemicals that help processing operations like preparation, dyeing and printing work more efficiently. Some common auxiliaries mentioned include surfactants, wetting agents, sequestering agents, dispersing agents and emulsifiers. Basic chemicals used in wet processing like acids, bases, salts, oxidizing and reducing agents are also discussed. The roles and examples of various chemicals are provided in concise points.
Raising Finishing
Raising is a mechanical process that uses revolving cylinders covered with metal points or abrasives to stand up the surface fibers of a fabric, creating a lofty texture. It is done on wet wool or dry cotton fabrics. Raising is used to create effects such as pile, fleece, peach skin, and a warmer, softer hand. There are two main types of raising machines - teasel raising machines and card wire raising machines. The two primary types of raising are napping, which uses metal wires to dig out fibers and create higher pile, and sueding, which uses abrasives like sandpaper for a lower, suede-like pile typically on silk fabrics.
Finishing process in knitdyeing1
This ppt elaborates the detail knitted fabric finishing processes and the finishing machinery with their parts.Use it,it is very helpful!!!
reactive Dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics
Exhaust dyeing is commonly used to dye cotton and cotton blend knitted fabrics. It involves dye migration from the dye liquor into the fabric batch using exhausting chemicals and circulation. Reactive and disperse dyes are most commonly used. Key parameters include temperature, speed, pressure, and cycle time. Proper preparation of dyes, salts, and chemicals is important to prevent issues. Checking points after dyeing ensure the required shade and pH are met before draining. An aftertreatment process includes neutralization, soaping, and fixing to improve wash fastness. Safety equipment and material safety data sheets are necessary in the dye house.
Dyeing machine
This document summarizes various dyeing machines and methods used in the textile industry. It describes exhaust dyeing machines that circulate dye liquor to fully saturate fibers, including winch, jet, and jig dyeing machines. It also discusses continuous dyeing processes that sequentially impregnate, fix, and rinse fabrics on a continuous basis. A wide range of dyeing machines are covered, from hank and package dyeers for yarn to beam, kier, and carpet dyeing machines.
Quality control and testing in wet Processing
Quality control and testing are essential processes in the textile industry to ensure products meet specifications. There are several key steps:
1) Pretreatment processes like singeing, desizing, bleaching, and mercerization are tested for parameters like chemical concentrations, temperatures, and absorbency.
2) Dyeing and printing undergo physical tests for properties like colorfastness and chemical tests.
3) Finishing is tested for characteristics such as abrasion resistance, shrinkage, weather resistance, and burn resistance. Regular quality control and testing at all stages of production are vital for maintaining textile quality standards.
Dyeing Faults
The document discusses common dyeing faults that occur in knit fabrics during the dyeing process. It lists 11 common knit dyeing faults including dyeing holes, running shade, dye spots, and uneven shade. For each fault, it provides the potential causes such as dye bath water hardness, defective plaiting devices, changes in pick-up percentage along the fabric length, and batch-to-batch shade variations. Remedies for each fault are also mentioned, such as restripping and re-dyeing fabrics or using softeners and spot lifters. The goal is to understand the causes of these dyeing faults and how to overcome them to improve fabric quality.
Presentation on Textile Desizing
Desizing is the process of removing size material from warp yarns in woven fabrics to facilitate weaving. Size is applied before weaving to prevent breakage on the loom but must be removed before dyeing and finishing. There are two main methods of desizing - hydrolytic and oxidative. Hydrolytic methods like enzymatic desizing use enzymes like amylase to hydrolyze and reduce the molecular weight of starch size. Oxidative desizing uses oxidizing agents like bromides but risks damaging the cellulose fibers. Complete removal of size is important for effective dyeing and is tested by checking for color change or measuring weight loss in the fabric.
Dyeing of polyester and cotton blends
1. Dyeing polyester/cotton blend fabrics using reactive disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide has several advantages over conventional dyeing methods.
2. Supercritical carbon dioxide acts as a solvent for the hydrophobic disperse dyes and allows for deep penetration and homogeneous dyeing of the polyester fibers.
3. The process is more environmentally friendly as supercritical carbon dioxide is non-toxic, non-flammable and can be recycled in a closed system without disposal issues.
Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram
This document describes an experiment to determine cotton fiber length using a Shirley comb sorter. Key steps include:
1) Straightening and arranging cotton fibers within the comb sorter.
2) Removing fiber groups one by one and laying them out to create a fiber length distribution curve.
3) Analyzing the curve to determine fiber length parameters like maximum, upper quartile, effective, and modal lengths.
4) Calculating American and Indian staple fiber lengths as percentages of the effective length.
Jigger dyeing machine
This document provides information about jigger dyeing machines. It discusses that jigger dyeing machines apply tension to woven fabrics as they pass through a dye bath. The document outlines the main parts of jigger dyeing machines, including guide rollers, take up rollers, let off rollers, and dye baths. It also discusses technical details like fabric tension and speed. The document summarizes advantages of modern jigger dyeing machines like improved tension and speed control. It notes that jiggers are suitable for dyeing woven fabrics up to boiling temperatures without creasing.
Mercerization
mecerization is one kind of optional process.It is used for increasing various properties of cotton.
package dyeing machine
The presentation is about yarn dyeing and machines. The presentation also includes new technology in yarn dyeing
Knit Dyeing Faults
This document discusses common textile defects, their causes, and remedies. It was prepared by Mazadul Hasan sheshir, a student at Southeast University in Bangladesh studying Wet Processing Technology. The document outlines several common oil, dye, and finishing defects that can occur such as oil stains, rope marks, uneven dyeing, crease marks, and pilling. For each defect, the causes are described relating to processing parameters like chemical levels, temperatures, and machine settings. Suggested remedies are also provided such as the use of emulsifiers, mercerization, ensuring even pretreatment, and adjusting machine settings.
Fabrics faults and remedy
This document profiles two textile companies - Alim Knitwear Ltd and GMS Composite Knitting Industries Ltd. It then provides details on common faults that occur during various stages of textile production including yarn manufacturing, knitting, dyeing, printing, and garment assembly. For each type of fault, the causes and recommended remedies are outlined. Diagrams display the most common faults and most effective remedies for different stages of production. The document aims to help textile workers address issues that lower production capacity.
Winch machine
1. The winch dyeing machine dyes fabric pieces that are sewn end to end into a rope-like form.
2. The fabric rope is circulated in the dyeing machine by a horizontal rotor called a winch, which gives the machine its name.
3. The winch dyeing machine is commonly used to dye knitted, woolen, and worsted fabrics due to its ability to apply low tension on the fabric.
Discussion on gas singeing machine in textile industries
1. Gas singeing is a process where fabric passes over a burning gas flame, allowing protruding fibers to burn off without damaging the main body of fibers.
2. The main components of a gas singeing machine are a coal/gas/petrol burner, brush, guide roller, squeezing roller, and trolley.
3. Key parameters of gas singeing include flame intensity, fabric speed, singeing position, distance between flame and fabric, and flame width, which must be optimized to completely burn off fibers without over-singeing the fabric.
Woven dyeing process
This document provides details about various woven dyeing processes. It begins with an introduction to dyeing technology and lists the main types of fabrics - woven, knitted, and non-woven. It then outlines the typical steps in woven fabric dyeing, from inspection to packing. Several dyeing methods are described, including direct dyeing and yarn dyeing. Key dyeing machines like jet, overflow, airflow and jigger dyeing machines are explained. Limitations of jigger dyeing are also noted.
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Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
Chemicals and Auxiliaries used in Textile Wet Processing
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Determination of fiber length by comb sorter diagram
Discussion on gas singeing machine in textile industries
Discussion on gas singeing machine in textile industries
Similar to Mercerization & its maintenance
a1b2n3c4hs6juw7ha52bi56bu62-R.01;767;.rah
mercerize process flowchart and chemical reaction.from this slide we gain huge knowledge about textile mercerize, machine type, chemical reaction, process flowchart, advantage, disadvantage etc. thank
Presentation on mercerization
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
Functions of dyeing auxiliaries
This document provides an overview of the functions of various dyeing auxiliaries used in the textile dyeing process. It discusses the roles of sequestrants, lubricants, leveling agents, antifoams, pH buffers, desizing agents, yarn lubricants, mercerizing agents, dye fixing agents, optical brighteners, soaping agents, and finishing chemicals. Each auxiliary type is described in 1-2 sentences explaining its purpose in the dyeing process such as preventing hard water ions, providing lubrication, ensuring even dye distribution, or removing size from fabrics.
Mercerization
Mercerization is a important part ofTextile. May be it help you a lot. I am trying to make it easy and important part are must be included in this slide.Thanks a lot.
Mercerization
Mercerization is a chemical treatment that improves several qualities of cotton fibers and fabrics. It involves treating cotton with a concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution under tension. This causes the cotton fibers to swell and straighten, changing their crystalline structure from cellulose I to cellulose II. As a result, mercerized cotton has increased luster, dye affinity, strength and absorbency. The process was discovered in the 1840s but was commercialized in the 1890s when it was found that applying tension during NaOH treatment dramatically increased the cotton's luster. Today, mercerization is commonly used in the production of sewing thread, denim, and other cotton fabrics to enhance their appearance and properties.
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- Further testing is needed as the pump failed after only 2 hours in the second test. Replacing the pump would allow longer term experiments and more accurate analysis of corrosion rates under different conditions.
- The rig provides a way to study trib
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The present work deals with the evaluation of some viscosity index improving additives. Three esters were
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Reactive Dye
The document provides information about reactive dyes, including:
- Reactive dyes form covalent bonds with fiber polymers through reactive groups, giving excellent wash and light fastness.
- Important reactive groups include triazine, vinyl sulfone, and halogen groups.
- Reactive dyes were invented in 1956 and became popular for their bright colors, low temperature dyeing, and simple process.
- Common application methods are pad-batch and pad-dry processes at low temperatures. Proper pH, electrolyte, alkali, and time are required for effective dye fixation to the fiber.
mercerization
Mercerization is a chemical treatment process that uses a caustic soda or ammonia solution to swell and modify cotton fibers. It was invented by John Mercer in 1844 and increases the luster, strength, and dye affinity of cotton fabrics or yarns. The process involves impregnating the cotton with the solution under tension, then drying it while maintained under tension. This causes changes at the molecular level that alter the fiber morphology and properties. Ammonia mercerization provides improved strength, luster, and dyeability compared to untreated cotton but requires an ammonia recovery system due to its hazardous nature. Key factors that affect the quality of mercerization include temperature, tension applied, and treatment duration.
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Presentation on Mercerizing
Mercerizing is a finishing process for cotton that improves properties like luster and strength. It involves treating cotton with a strong alkaline solution, usually sodium hydroxide. John Mercer discovered the process in 1844. The sodium hydroxide penetrates the cotton fibers and reacts with hydroxyl groups, swelling the fibers longitudinally and altering the cellulose structure. This gives mercerized cotton increased luster, strength, dye uptake, and other improved qualities. The degree of mercerization depends on processing conditions like tension, concentration and time in the alkaline solution.
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Reactive & Disperse Dye
This document discusses reactive dyes and disperse dyes used for dyeing textiles. It provides details on:
- Reactive dyes chemically bind to cellulose fibers and provide excellent wet fastness. Disperse dyes are used for synthetic fibers like polyester and acetate.
- Dyeing conditions like temperature, time and pH levels vary depending on the type of dye and fiber. Proper dye selection and process is needed to achieve good color fastness.
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Contents
Introduction
Rationale for Establishing Tooth Contacts during Fixed Prosthodontics
Concepts of Occlusion
Occlusion in fixed dental prosthesis
Occlusal treatment
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Maxillary and mandibular teeth should contact uniformly on closing to allow optimal function, minimize trauma to the supporting structures and allow for uniform load distribution throughout the dentition.
Occlusion - The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. GPT -9
Centric relation - a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position.
Centric Occlusion [CO] - the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation; this may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position.
Maximum Intercuspation [MI] - It is the maximum interdigitation of the maxillary teeth with the mandibular teeth independent of condylar position.
GPT 9
Anatomy
Temporomandibular joint
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Scouring is the process of removing natural and added impurities from textiles using alkali solutions. It makes fabrics hydrophilic and absorbent. There are two main methods - batch/discontinuous scouring using kier boilers, and continuous scouring using J-boxes. Key steps involve saponification of oils and emulsification of waxes. Souring neutralizes residual alkali on scoured fabrics using acids.
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2. It involves immersing cotton yarn or fabric under tension in a cold sodium hydroxide solution, then neutralizing it in acid. This causes swelling of the cotton fibers and increases their luster.
3. The ideal conditions for mercerization are a caustic concentration of 250-320 g/L at 18-20°C for 30-60 seconds, as this provides the best luster with minimal shrinkage.
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Mercerization & its maintenance
- 3. Mercerization is a finishing treatment of cotton with a strong caustic alkaline solution in order to improve the luster, hard and other properties, was names after its discoverer, John Mercer, and has been in use for sometime. It has been seeing an increase in application recently.
- 4. To improve the lusture To improve the strength To improve the dye uptake and moisture regain
- 5. Native cellulose (Cellulose I) forms alkali cellulose I with concentrated sodium hydroxide.On washing and neutralization cellulose II is formed. C6H7(OH)3 + NaOH→C6H7O2(O)2(ONa) C6H7O2(OH)3 + NaOH Cellulose I Cellulose IAlkali H2O Cellulose II
- 6. Yarn Twisting Singeing Reeling (Hank Making) Mercerizing Bleaching Dyeing HYDROEXTRACTION Drying Hank Yarn Neutralization Hank to cone
- 7. Mercerization are two types: Tension Mercerization • To increase luster of Cotton fibers • To increase dye affinity and chemical reactivity Slack Mercerization • Not as lustrous as tension method • To improve elongation and recovery properties
- 8. Improved Lustre. Increased ability to absorb dye. Improved reaction with a verity of chemicals. Improved stability of form. Improved strength/elongation. Improved Smoothness. Improved hand feel.
- 10. In Mercerizing followings are important: 1) Twaddle 2) Temperature 3) Tension 4) Time
- 12. Check the quantity of fresh caustic soda in the caustic soda storage tank. Change the complete Machine and the auxiliary equipment visually. Check whether all chains, chain wheels and drives are properly running. Check the soda temperature to ensure that the cooling plant works properly. Check that all rollers are easily relatable.
- 13. Grease all the bearings and moving parts. Check the bearing bolts and replace them if necessary. Change the gear oil of the gear boxes. Check the rubber coating of the fixation & drive rollers. Complete check of the cooling Plant. Check the spray rings, piping and armatures. Check the pneumatic piping for proper connection. Check and retighten the electric connections of machine. Replace the chains and the chain wheels of the drives.