Mental retardation, also known as intellectual disabilities, refers to an IQ below 70 that develops before age 18 and affects 1-3% of the population. It has over 250 known biological and environmental causes, including genetic factors, chromosomal abnormalities, prenatal/perinatal injuries, and childhood disorders. Students with mental retardation receive educational supports that vary depending on their level of adaptive and intellectual functioning. While terminology and definitions have evolved, assessments still primarily rely on IQ cut-offs, though adaptive behavior is also considered.