ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning. It was first described in 1902 and its name and classification have evolved. There are three main types: inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Symptoms include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD affects about 3-5% of children globally and is diagnosed more in boys than girls. Causes are unclear but genetics and brain function play a role. Treatments include medication, therapy, diet, and lifestyle changes. Proper diagnosis requires symptoms in multiple environments and contexts according to diagnostic criteria. However, some studies suggest overdiagnosis may occur.

1. By David Erickson

2.  Attention deficit
hyperactivity
disorder

3.  “Is a persistent pattern of inattention and or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and
severe than is typically observed in individuals at a
comparable level of development”
 First named by British doctor, Dr. George Still in 1902.
 "Defect of Moral Control" disorder.
 ADHD has evolved, both in name and classification
 Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood (1968)
 Attention deficit disorder (1980)
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1994)
 Thought to be caused by bad parenting and/or brain damage

4.  Inattentive Type
 Hyperactive Impulsive Type
 Combined Type

5.  Symptoms
 Not paying attention to detail
 Making careless mistakes
 Failing to pay attention and keep on task
 Being unable to follow or understand instructions
 Avoiding tasks that involve effort
 Being distracted or forgetful
 Facts
 Do not exhibit overt signs of physical hyperactivity, causing parents or teachers
to overlook the possibility of ADHD
 Have trouble achieving academic success.
 Tend to receive treatment at a later age.
 Most often diagnosed with girls
 Misdiagnoses
 Vision/hearing difficulties
 Social Preoccupation
 Anxiety

6.  Symptoms
 Fidgeting
 Getting up often when seated
 Running or climbing at inappropriate times
 Having trouble playing quietly
 Talking excessively or out of turn
 Interrupting
 Facts
 Easily noticeable for parents and teachers.
 Difficulty in accepting delayed gratification.
 Tend to receive treatment earlier
 Most often diagnosed with boys

7.  Symptoms
 Do not exhibit a distinct tendency toward either category; instead, they
consistently display behaviors associated with both
 Facts
 Combined Type is the most common among children roughly affecting
61% of all ADHD cases.
 Prevents child from processing information normally.

8.  About 3-5% of all children globally are diagnosed
with ADHD
 Boys are 3 times more likely to be diagnosed with
ADHD than girls.
 ADHD tends to run in families
Genetic link is stronger in twins.
If one twin has ADHD there's an 82% chance the other will
have it as well
 ADHD is found in all cultures.
 Symptoms of ADHD tend to decrease as child
matures, 60% will have symptoms into adulthood.

9.  Most children with ADHD struggle in the classroom.
 Score lower than their peers on IQ and achievement
tests.
 Remedial tutoring is often necessary.
 About 30% of students with ADHD repeat one or more
grades.

10.  ADHD brain function

11. Medication vs. Non-Medication

12.  Stimulants
 Increases the release of certain neurotransmitters
 Dopamine and Norepinephrine
 Slow the reuptake process back into the neuron
 Can suddenly and dramatically improve behaviors associated with
ADHD.
 Tend to be taken multiple times a day
 Can cause personality changes along with brain and heart
problems
 Adderall and Ritalin most popular
 First choice of medication used to treat ADHD
 Non-Stimulants
 Increase the amount of norepinephrine
 Decrease ADHD symptoms for longer durations
 Not as potent on the body as stimulants.
 Strattera and Intuniv most popular

13.  Counseling
 Family Therapy
 Helps cope with behaviors and stress within the household
 Cognitive behavior therapy
 Helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence
behaviors.
 Psychotherapy
 Allows individuals to explore their feelings and learn to recognize negative
patterns of behavior.
 Exercise
 Positively affects focus and attention
 Increases the levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain
 Dietary Changes
 Foods containing omega-3 fatty acids
 Improve normal brain function and may prove particularly beneficial for
people with ADHD.
 Supplements
 May reduce ADHD symptoms
 Herbal supplements such as ginkgo or ginseng

14.  Six or more symptoms of inattention and or hyperactivity-
impulsivity must have persisted for at least 6 months, with the onset
of symptoms present by age 12
 Symptoms must…..
 occur in two or more environments
 Reduce individuals functioning in social, academic, or occupational tasks
 Not be a result from another mental disorder
Inattention
 Not attending to detail
 Difficulty sustaining attention on tasks
 Becomes sidetracked easily
 Forgetful/loses objects frequently
Hyperactivity and impulsivity
 Fidgeting
 Excessively loud or noisy
 “Driven by a motor
 Impatient/waiting for turns or gratification

15.  Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, at the
University of Basel reevaluated 92 children who had originally
been diagnosed with ADHD.
 After in depth examinations of the 92 children, only 22% of
the were diagnosed with ADHD in accordance with the current
diagnostic criteria.
 In conclusion to the study, it is believed that 62% of children
are being misdiagnosed with ADHD
 Effects
 Over medication
 “Parenting with pills”
 Risk for adverse effects

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Jürgen, Schneider, Silvia, Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology,
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 Sibley, Margaret H., "When diagnosing ADHD in young adults emphasize
informant reports, DSM items, and impairment." US: American Psychological
Association. Vol 80.6 (Dec, 2012): 1052-1061. Web.
 Erik, Willcutt. "Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
symptom dimensions and subtypes." US: American Psychological Association.
Vol 121.4 (Nov, 2012): 991-1010. Web.
 William, Heward. Exceptional Children. 10. 1. New Jersey: uppe saddle river,
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