Meningitis
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This document presents a case presentation on meningitis by Aamir Suhail. It defines meningitis as the inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It discusses the objectives, introduction, incidence rate, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, management, and nursing management of meningitis. The main types of meningitis are bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious. Bacterial meningitis is the most common type.
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Genus Flavivirus (type species Yellow fever virus, others include West Nile virus, Dengue Fever and Zika virus)—contains 67 identified human and animal viruses.
Flaviviridae have monopartite, linear, single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, 9.6 to 12.3 kilobase in length. The 5'-termini of flaviviruses carry a methylated nucleotide cap, while other members of this family are uncapped and encode an internal ribosome entry site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaviviridae
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Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Clinical appearances partitioned the malady into stages late stages of malady are presently unprecedented compared to the preantibiotic period. T. pallidum has an curiously little genome and needs qualities that encode numerous metabolic capacities and classical harmfulness variables. The life form is amazingly touchy to natural conditions and has not been ceaselessly developed in vitro. In any case, T. pallidum is highly irresistible and survives for decades within the untreated have. Early syphilis injuries result from the hosts safe reaction to the treponemes. Bacterial clearance and determination of early injuries comes about from a deferred extreme touchiness reaction, in spite of the fact that a few living beings elude to cause diligent contamination.One figure contributing to T. pallidums chronicity is the lack of indispensably external film proteins, rendering intaglio living beings for all intents and purposes imperceptible to the resistant framework. Antigenic variety of TprK, a putative surface exposed protein, is likely to contribute to safe avoidance. T. pallidum remains stunningly touchy to penicillin, but macrolide resistance has as of late been distinguished in a number of geographic districts. The advancement of a syphilis immunization, in this way distant tricky, would have a critical positive affect on worldwide wellbeing Sushanta Sarkar | Pankaj Chasta | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Syphilis and their Sign & Symptoms, Causes with their Treatment: An Overview"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23610.pdf
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- It is transmitted primarily via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. While most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause mild fever and rash. A major concern is its link to microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers.
- There is no vaccine or treatment. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito bites through protective clothing and repellents, especially for pregnant women considering travel to outbreak areas.
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West Nile virus is most commonly transmitted to humans through mosquito bites. While most infected people experience no symptoms, some may develop fever and flu-like symptoms. Less than 1% of infected individuals develop a serious neurological illness. There are no medications to treat or vaccines to prevent West Nile virus infection.
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1. Six cases of Japanese encephalitis were reported in Sukma district of Chhattisgarh, including three deaths, signaling an outbreak of the disease.
2. The cases were clustered in villages near the border of Malkangiri district of Odisha, which was experiencing an ongoing JE outbreak.
3. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Pigs serve as an amplifier host between the mosquitoes and human cases.
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Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Clinical appearances partitioned the malady into stages late stages of malady are presently unprecedented compared to the preantibiotic period. T. pallidum has an curiously little genome and needs qualities that encode numerous metabolic capacities and classical harmfulness variables. The life form is amazingly touchy to natural conditions and has not been ceaselessly developed in vitro. In any case, T. pallidum is highly irresistible and survives for decades within the untreated have. Early syphilis injuries result from the hosts safe reaction to the treponemes. Bacterial clearance and determination of early injuries comes about from a deferred extreme touchiness reaction, in spite of the fact that a few living beings elude to cause diligent contamination.One figure contributing to T. pallidums chronicity is the lack of indispensably external film proteins, rendering intaglio living beings for all intents and purposes imperceptible to the resistant framework. Antigenic variety of TprK, a putative surface exposed protein, is likely to contribute to safe avoidance. T. pallidum remains stunningly touchy to penicillin, but macrolide resistance has as of late been distinguished in a number of geographic districts. The advancement of a syphilis immunization, in this way distant tricky, would have a critical positive affect on worldwide wellbeing Sushanta Sarkar | Pankaj Chasta | Kaushal K. Chandrul ""Syphilis and their Sign & Symptoms, Causes with their Treatment: An Overview"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23610.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23610/syphilis-and-their-sign-and-symptoms-causes-with-their-treatment-an-overview/sushanta-sarkar
Zika virus - complete picture
Zika virus is transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes and was first isolated in 1947 in Uganda. It causes a mild illness with symptoms like fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis lasting 2-7 days. There is no vaccine or specific treatment, though symptoms can be treated with rest, fluids, and common fever and pain medications. The virus has recently spread explosively and is a concern due to links to birth defects like microcephaly. Ongoing research aims to develop vaccines to address this emerging public health threat.
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Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus first isolated in Uganda in 1947. It is related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses. Major outbreaks occurred in 2007 in Yap Islands, 2013 in French Polynesia, and 2015 in Brazil. Bangladesh reported its first case in 2016. Zika virus is transmitted primarily via Aedes mosquitoes and can also be transmitted sexually and from mother to fetus. Infection often causes mild fever and rash but can result in Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults and microcephaly in infants born to infected mothers. Diagnosis involves virus detection, IgM antibody tests and PRNT. There is no vaccine or treatment, so prevention focuses on mosquito
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The document discusses infections in hospitals. It defines an infection and describes how they can spread in healthcare settings through contact with bodily fluids, feces, contaminated food or water, or surfaces. Common sources of infection in hospitals are from other patients, visitors, or hospital staff. Bacterial, viral, fungal and prion infections are described along with their symptoms. The importance of infection control practices in healthcare settings like cleaning, disinfection and sterilization are discussed to prevent the spread of infections.
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Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus similar to smallpox that is endemic to parts of Africa. It can be transmitted from animals to humans via contact with bodily fluids or consumption of undercooked meat. Human to human transmission is also possible. Symptoms include fever, headache, rash and lesions. There have been increasing outbreaks linked to international travel and exotic pet trade. While there is no proven treatment, isolation and vaccination can help control outbreaks. Prevention requires education on risks, offering PPE, and restricting animal importation.
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This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Meningitis and its management
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most common and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly with antibiotics. Symptoms include headache, fever, neck stiffness, nausea and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, culture and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment focuses on identifying the causative organism and administering the appropriate antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals. Outcomes depend on early diagnosis and treatment, with sequelae including hearing loss, neurological deficits, and death.
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This document provides an overview of human babesiosis. It begins with an introduction to babesiosis, caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. Symptoms can range from asymptomatic to flu-like symptoms to hemolytic anemia. Risk factors include being splenectomized, immunosuppressed, or elderly. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of the parasite via blood smear staining or PCR/serology tests. Treatment typically involves a combination of antimicrobial medications, with severity determining the specific treatment. Babesiosis poses economic impacts and is an emerging zoonosis worldwide.
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Meningococcal meningitis
This document discusses Meningococcal Meningitis. It begins with an introduction and overview of the disease. It then discusses the epidemiology of Meningococcal Meningitis worldwide as well as specifically in India and Bihar. The document outlines the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Meningococcal Meningitis. It provides details on vaccination options.
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The document discusses the classification and properties of myxoviruses. It describes myxoviruses as enveloped RNA viruses that can cause diseases like influenza, mumps and measles. Myxoviruses are classified into two families - Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Orthomyxoviridae includes influenza viruses which are spherical or filamentous and cause influenza in humans and animals. Paramyxoviridae includes viruses that cause mumps, measles and other respiratory diseases in humans. Both families have viruses with spike proteins on the envelope and segmented RNA genomes.
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This document discusses enteroviruses, including their structure, classification, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and prevention. It covers several enterovirus genera including polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses and newly identified enteroviruses. Poliovirus is targeted for eradication through vaccination programs using both live attenuated oral polio vaccine and inactivated intramuscular polio vaccine. Enteroviruses can cause a variety of diseases from mild febrile illness to paralysis, meningitis, myocarditis and neonatal infection. Diagnosis involves virus isolation in cell culture and molecular techniques like RT-PCR. There is no antiviral treatment except supportive care, though immunoglobulins
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The document discusses coccidian parasites, with a focus on Cryptosporidium parvum. It describes the parasite's morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Cryptosporidium parvum causes cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal illness that typically results in self-limiting diarrhea but can cause serious, chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised patients like those with HIV/AIDS. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically to identify the parasite's oocysts.
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Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Meningitis
This document provides information on meningitis, including:
- Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other causes.
- Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
- Bacterial meningitis requires immediate treatment with antibiotics to prevent disability or death. Viral meningitis is generally less severe but still requires supportive care.
- Complications can include hearing loss, seizures, learning difficulties, and even death if not properly treated.
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This document provides information on measles, including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and vaccination history. It discusses how the measles virus infects and spreads in the body, causes a characteristic rash, and can lead to serious complications. It outlines how measles was once very common but widespread vaccination starting in 1963 led to its elimination in the United States by 2000. The importance of a routine two-dose vaccination schedule is emphasized to provide broad protection against the highly contagious virus.
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Meningitis
- 1. CASE PRESENTATION ON MENINGITIS BY AAMIR SUHAIL Bsc.(N) 3rd Year 2018-22
- 2. OBJECTIVES • INTRODUCTION • DEFINITION • INCIDENCE RATE • INCUBATION PERIOD • ETIOLOGY • MODE OF TRANSMISSION • PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • CLASSIFICATION • CLINICAL MANIFESTATION • DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION • MANAGEMENT • NURSING MANAGEMENT
- 4. Images showing difference between normal brain And spinal cord and brain and spinal cord with meningitis
- 5. DEFINITION • According to “ mayoclinic” • Meningitis is the inflammation of fluid and membrane(meninges) surrounding brain and spinal cord. • OR • According to “WebMD’’ • Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord.
- 6. INCIDENCE RATE 77.4% per live birth in India. 1.2 million cases worldwide per year.
- 7. INCUBATION PERIOD • It produces from 4 days but it ranges between 2 to 10 days.
- 8. ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS Meningococcal bacteria Mumps virus Fungal/parasitic infections Entero virus
- 9. MODE OF TRANSMISSION Spread by respiratory and throat secretions. Coughing, sneezing Kissing Sharing utensils, water bottles, etc. Crowded setting. College dormitory Crowded household Nightclubs, bars
- 10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY • Due to etiological factors • Bacteria enters blood stream and trauma • Breakdown of normal barrier in brain • Crosses the brain barrier • Proliferate in CSF • Inflammation of meninges • Increase in ICP “ intra-cranial pressure”
- 12. BACTERIAL MENINGITS • BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IS THE MOST COMMOM TYPE OF MENNGITIS. • ABOUT 80% OF ALL MENINGITIS ASES ARE BACTERIAL MENINGITIS. • IT CAN BE CAUSED BY A RANGE OF BACTERIA INCLUDING - HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE STREPTOCOCOUS PNEUMONIAE GROPU-B STREPTOCOCOUS
- 13. VIRAL MENINGITIS • VIRAL MENINGITIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS ASEPTIC MENINGITIS, IS A TYPEOFMENINGITIS DUE TO A VIRAL INFECTION . • VIRUSES THAT CAN CAUSE MENINGITIS INCLUDE- ENTERO VIRUSES HERPES VIRUSES HIV
- 14. FUNGAL MENINGITIS • FUNGUL MENINGITIS IS A RARE DISEASE THAT IS NOR CONTAGIOUS • TWO TYPES OF FUNGUS THAT CAN CAUSE FUNGAL MENINGITIS ARE- CRYPTOCOCUS NEOFORMANS CRYPTOCOCOUS GATTII
- 15. PARASITIC MENINGITIS • THIS TYPE OF MENINGITIS IS LESS COMMON THAN VIRAL OR BACTERIAL MENINGITIS AND IT IS CAUSED BY PARASITES THAT ARE FOUND IN DIRT, FECES, AND ON SOME ANIMALS AND FOOD LIKE SNAILS, RAW FISH, POULTRY,ETC. • THREE MAIN PARASITES RESPONSIBLE FOR PARASITIC MENINGITIS ARE- ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS GNATHOSTOMA SPINIGERUM
- 16. NON INFECTIOUS MENINGITIS • NON INFECTIOUS MENINGTISISNIT AN INFECTION. INSTEAD ITIS A TYPE OF MENINGITIS THAT IT IS CAUSED BY OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS OR TREATMENTS INCLUDES- LUPUS A HEAD INJURY BRAIN SURGERY CANCER CERTAIN MEDICATIONS
- 17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS High fever Headache Nausea Vomiting Restlessness Irritability Convulsion Bulging frontannel Seizure Jaundice Lethargy Photobhobia, Phonophobia Neck rigidity Ptosis
- 18. Images showing clinical manifestation of meningitis
- 19. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION History taking Physical examination(kernig sign and Brudzinski sign) CSF examination CT scan C-reactive protein Skull x-ray PCR
- 20. MANAGEMENT Antibiotic therapy Penicillin 4-5 lac units /kg /day/4 hourly Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/8 hourly I.V Ceftriaxone 150 mg/kg/day/I.V BD Corticosteroid therapy Dexamethasone 0.15 mg/kg/6hourly I.V Osmotic diuretic therapy Manitol (20%) 0.5 mg/kg every 4-6 hours I.V • max. doses to reduce ICP Anti cunvulsant therapy Diazepam -0.3 mg/kg Phenytoin Vasopressor Dopamine as per requirement
- 22. NURSING MANAGEMENT Provide rest and comfortable position Provide calm, dim light, noise free environment Assess the body temperature Maintenance of I.V fluid therapy Prevention of injury