2. Zika Virus
•It is an Emerging Disease
•It is a Zoonotic Disease
•It is a mosquito borne flavivirus
•The virus primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes
aegypti or Aedes albopictus mosquito
2
3. 1948: The virus recovered from the
mosquito Aedes africanus in Zika
Forest
1947: The Virus Isolated rhesus
monkey during routine yellow fever
surveillance in Zika forest of Uganda
1952: First Human cases are
detected in Uganda and the United
Republic of Tanzania
1969-1983:The virus detected in
equatorial Asia, including India, Indonesia,
Malaysia and Pakistan
3
4. 2007:The 1st out break in Island of Yap
2013: Large outbreak of Zika virus
infection in French Polynesia in 2013 and
other countries and territories in the
Pacific
4
5. July 2015: In Brazil, association found
between Zika Virus and Guillain Barre
Syndrome,
Similar findings from Other US,
African and Asian countries
March 2015: 7000 cases in Brazil with
rash illness
Till Now, 86
countries have
reported cases of
Zika Virus 5
9. 9
1st laboratory confirmed case of Zika Virus in Kerala state of India
8th July
2021
24 year old pregnant women in third trimester admitted in Trivandrum
private hospital
• S/S: Fever, Headache and General Rash
• Diagnosis trials: Dengue and Chickenguniya were negative
8th July
2021
• No travel history in last in three months
• She delivered and reported in good health and no birth defect in newborn
• Before 1 week of pregnant women detection her mother also reported
the similar symptoms
7th July
2021
• 19 Retrospective blood testing of hospital staff (Had S/S in May 2021)
• 13 detected positive indicated cryptic transmission of disease
10th July
2021
10. 10
• 590 Blood samples collected in State Kerala
• 11.9% (70) Samples tested positive
• Except two all were from Trivandrum
8-26th
July 2021
• 1st Zika virus laboratory confirmed case reported from Maharashtra
• 50 year old women from Purandar block of Pune
31st July
2021
11. Zika Virus
• Family (Agent): Single Standarded RNA (ss-RNA) of Flaviviridae family
• Genus: Flavivirus
• Host range/Reservoir: Nonhuman and human primates
• Incubation Period: 3-14 Days
• Transmission:
• Primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito (Ae.
aegypti and Ae. albopictus) also known as arbovirus
• Anthroponotic (human-to-vector-to-human) transmission occurs during outbreaks
• Perinatal, in utero and possible sexual transmission
11
12. Transmission Route
Route Transmission
Skin Exposure
(Needlestick, animal
bite, or scratch):
Accidental parenteral
inoculation, direct or
indirect contact with
broken skin
Mucous Membrane
Exposure Splash to
Eye(s), Nose or
Mouth:
Direct or indirect
contact with mucous
membranes
Inhalation Unknown
Ingestion Unlikely in laboratory
setting
12
13. Clinical Signs & Symptoms
13
• Majority of cases are asymptomatic
• Mild fever
• Rash
• Conjunctivitis
• Muscle and Joint Pain
• Malaise
• Headache
• Duration of symptoms: 2-7 days
14. Diagnosis in India
Test:
• Standard test is RT-PCR
• As of now there is no
commercially available
test for Zika virus
disease
• Serological tests are
not recommended
14
Testing indication:
• Suspected cases of arbovirus
infection identified within seven
days of onset of symptoms
Available Testing
Facility:
1. NCDC, Delhi
2. National Institute
of Virology (NIV),
Pune,
3. Ten additional
laboratories
would be
strengthened by
ICMR
15. Treatment
• There is no treatment available for Zika virus infection or its
associated diseases
• Symptoms of Zika virus infection are usually mild
• People with symptoms such as fever, rash, or arthralgia should get
plenty of rest, drink fluids, and treat pain and fever with common
medicines.
• If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice
• Pregnant women living in areas with Zika transmission or who
develop symptoms of Zika virus infection should seek medical
attention for laboratory testing and other clinical care
15
16. Prevention
• Prevention and control relies on reducing mosquitoes through source reduction (removal and
modification of breeding sites)
• Reducing contact between mosquitoes and people:
• To empty, clean or cover containers that can hold water such as buckets, flower pots or
tyres
• During outbreaks, spraying of insecticides should be carried out as per guidelines
• Aedes mosquitos bites in day time:
• Insect repellent
• wearing clothes (preferably light-colored) that cover as much of the body as possible
• using physical barriers such as screens, closed doors and windows; and sleeping under
mosquito nets.
• Special attention and help should be given to those who may not be able to protect
themselves adequately, such as young children, the sick or elderly
16
17. Travel advisory
• Non-essential travel to the affected countries to be deferred/ cancelled
• Pregnant women or women who are trying to become pregnant should defer/ cancel their
travel to the affected areas
• All travelers to the affected countries/ areas should strictly follow individual protective
measures, especially during day time, to prevent mosquito bites (use of mosquito repellant
cream, electronic mosquito repellants, use of bed nets, and dress that appropriately covers
most of the body parts)
• Persons with co-morbid conditions (diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory illness,
Immune disorders etc) should seek advice from the nearest health facility, prior to travel to
an affected country
• Travelers having febrile illness within two weeks of return from an affected country should
report to the nearest health facility
• Pregnant women who have travelled to areas with Zika virus transmission should mention
about their travel during ante-natal visits in order to be assessed and monitored
appropriately 17
18. Consequences of Zika Virus
• Infection during pregnancy causes microcephaly and
other congenital
• Zika infection in pregnancy also results in pregnancy
complications such as fetal loss, stillbirth, and
preterm birth
• Zika virus infection is also a trigger of Guillain-Barré
syndrome, neuropathy and myelitis, particularly in
adults and older children
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