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Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
IF YOU ARE GOING TO DOWNLOAD THIS FILE, PLEASE NOTIFY me by sending a message via Facebook.
It's a pleasure to help you through my presentation. Thank you so much!
Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
Inability of a plant with functional pollen to set seed when self-pollinated.
Hindrance to self-fertilization.
Prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrossing.
Reported in about 70 families of angiosperms including crop species.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
The SPECIAL - GIANT CHROMOSOMES which are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Comparatively much larger than polytene chromosomes.
Highly significant for scientific analysis especially regarding gene amplification.
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Complementation between two non-allelic genes (C and P) are essential for production
of a particular or special phenotype i.e., complementary factor.
Two genes involved in a specific pathway and their functional products are required
for gene expression, then one recessive allelic pair at either allelic pair would result in
the mutant phenotype.
When Dominant alleles are present together, they complement each other to yield
complementary factor resulting in a special phenotype.
They are called complementary genes.
When either of gene loci have homozygous recessive alleles (i.e., genotypes of ccPP,
ccPp, CCpp, Ccpp and ccpp), they produce identical phenotypes and change F2 ratio
to 9:7.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
It is the fundamental law of population genetics and provides the basis for studying Mendelian populations ( Mendelian population: A group of sexually inbreeding organisms living within a circumscribed area). It describes populations that are not evolving.
The SPECIAL - GIANT CHROMOSOMES which are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Comparatively much larger than polytene chromosomes.
Highly significant for scientific analysis especially regarding gene amplification.
This power point presentation is an attempt to present some direct and some indirect evidences in favour of DNA as genetic material. Very few organisms have RNA as genetic material for example plant virus and some bacteriophages
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Complementation between two non-allelic genes (C and P) are essential for production
of a particular or special phenotype i.e., complementary factor.
Two genes involved in a specific pathway and their functional products are required
for gene expression, then one recessive allelic pair at either allelic pair would result in
the mutant phenotype.
When Dominant alleles are present together, they complement each other to yield
complementary factor resulting in a special phenotype.
They are called complementary genes.
When either of gene loci have homozygous recessive alleles (i.e., genotypes of ccPP,
ccPp, CCpp, Ccpp and ccpp), they produce identical phenotypes and change F2 ratio
to 9:7.
Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
MENDELIAN GENETICS
I am sure that this topic will be clearly cleared to the viewers.
Easy note on mendelism. I am sure that this is the easyest notes and ppt of mendelism for +2 and +3 students.
if i made any mistake then please forgive me.
Mendelian laws by TS-Shiven R. TrambadiaSHIVENPATEL10
This is the power point presentation on the "Mendelian Genetics". Here I've included 1) Pre-Mendelian Genetics 2)Mendelian Experiments with 'Pisum sativum', Mendelian Laws & Postulates.
Note: Anything (text, picture, image, gif, clip art, or any sort of media) in this presentation belongs to anybody, then its just a coincidence, kindly ignore it.
The content (text, picture, image, gif, clip art, or any sort of media) in the presentation is to be the utmost true by the author, yet author does not guarantee of it being fully correct.
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This Powerpoint presentation should not be submitted directly as assignments.
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Any print-outs, photocopies, pdf sharing, ppt sharing, or copying any sort of the content from within this power point presentation is not at all recommended.
Genetics: The study of heredity.
Heredity is the relations between successive generations.
Why do children look a little bit like their parents but also different?What is responsible for these similarities and differences? this slides try to explain why these things are happening.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. o Introduction to Gregor Mendel
o Why mendel uses peas, Pisum sativum ?
o How Mendel Began
o Mendel’s law
oLaw of Dominance
oLaw of segregation
oLaw of independent assortment
o summary
o References
3. 3
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
Studied the inheritance of traits in
pea plants
Developed the laws of inheritance
He found that the plants' offspring
retained traits of the parents
Called the “Father of
Genetics"
4. Can be grown in a small area
Produce lots of offspring
Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate several
generations
Can be artificially cross-pollinated
5. 5
How Mendel Began
Mendel produced
pure strains by
allowing the
plants to self-
pollinate for
several
generations
6. • Inheritable factors or genes are responsible for all
heritable characteristics
• Phenotype is based on Genotype
• Each trait is based on two alleles, one from the mother
and the other from the father
• True-breeding individuals are homozygous ( both
alleles are the same)
6
7. 7
•In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting
traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next
generation.
•Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant
alleles
•All the offspring will be heterozygous and express
only the dominant trait.
•TTx tt yields all Tt (All tall plants)
9. During the formation of gametes (eggs or
sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait
separate from each other.
Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at
fertilization, producing the genotype for the
traits of the offspring.
9
12. A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of
two traits.
Mendel’s “Law of Independent Assortment”
a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during
gamete formation
b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)
12
13. Mendel's law of independent assortment, states that
allele pairs separate independently during the
formation of gametes. This means that traits are
transmitted to offspring independently of one
another.
Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells
(& offspring) independently of one another.
This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.
13
14. Traits: Seed shape & Seed color
Alleles: R round
r wrinkled
Y yellow
y green
14
RrYy x RrYy
RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry
All possible gamete combinations
18. LAW PARENT CROSS OFFSPRING
DOMINANCE TT x tt
tall x short
100% Tt
tall
SEGREGATION
Tt x Tt
tall x tall
75% tall
25% short
INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
RrGg x RrGg
round & green x
round & green
9/16 round seeds & green
pods
3/16 round seeds & yellow
pods
3/16 wrinkled seeds & green
pods
1/16 wrinkled seeds &
yellow pods
19. • Textbook of fish genetics …By B.K. Padhai , R.K. Mandal
• Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture … By s. Ayyappan
• Textbook of Fish biology and fisheries … Dr S .S. khanna
• fresh water aquaculture … By R.K. Rath
Internet citation :
• FAO Articles : mendal’s laws of inheritance
• Even fish obey mendal’s law Article by A.J. gharrett
University of Alaska ,fairbanks school of fisheris and ocean sciene.
• image searches by google.
