This document provides an overview of genetics and inheritance concepts including:
- Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity through pea plant experiments and formulated laws of inheritance.
- Genetic crosses can be used to determine the possible traits of offspring based on the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents.
- Key concepts include dominant and recessive alleles, homozygous and heterozygous genotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
- Sex is determined by the inheritance of X and Y chromosomes, with females typically being XX and males being XY.
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Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied "trait inheritance", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring over time. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.
Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance), and within the context of a population. In science and especially in mathematical studies, a variational principle is one that enables a problem to be solved using calculus of variations, which concerns finding functions that optimize the values of quantities that depend on those functions.
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Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
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2. 1. WHAT IS GENETICS
• Genetics: The study of heredity.
• Heredity is the relations between
successive generations.
• Why do children look a little bit like their
parents but also different?
• What is responsible for these
similarities and differences?
3. 2. MENDEL’S GENETICS
• Gregory Mendel is the father of
Genetics.
• Mendel discovered the basic principles
of heredity by breeding garden peas in
carefully planned experiments.
• Advantages of pea plants for genetic
study: Cross-pollination (fertilization
between different plants) can be achieved by
dusting one plant with pollen from another.
5. • He also used varieties that were true-breeding
(organisms with only one variety of a type e.g.
red flowers can only produce red flowers)
• In a typical experiment, Mendel mated two
contrasting, true-breeding varieties, a process
called hybridization
• The true-breeding parents are the P
generation.
• The hybrid offspring of the P generation are
called the F1 generation
• When F1 individuals self-pollinate, the F2
generation is produced
6. • When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-
breeding white and purple flowered pea
plants, all of the F1 hybrids were purple
7. • When Mendel crossed the F1
hybrids, many of the F2 plants had purple
flowers, but some had white
• Mendel discovered a ratio of about three
to one, purple to white flowers, in the F2
generation.
8.
9. • Mendel reasoned that only the purple flower
factor was affecting flower color in the F1
hybrids.
• Mendel called the purple flower color a
dominant trait and the white flower color a
recessive trait
• What Mendel called a “heritable factor” is
what we now call a gene
• He did 7 other crosses using different traits
and found the same phenomenon.
10.
11. • Mendel noted that the gene for flower color for
example exists in two versions, one for purple
flowers and the other for white flowers
• These alternative versions of a gene are now
called alleles
• Each gene is found at a specific locus (position) on
a specific chromosome.
12. • The two alleles at a locus on a homologous
chromosome pair may be identical, as in the
true-breeding plants – they are then said to
be homozygous for that trait/gene.
• Alternatively, the two alleles at a locus may
differ – they are said to be heterozygous for
that gene/trait.
• If the two alleles at a locus differ, then one
(the dominant allele) determines the
organism’s appearance (we refer to it as its
phenotype), and the other (the recessive
allele) has no noticeable effect on
13.
14. • Mendel then formulated the law of
segregation, states that the two alleles for a
heritable character separate (segregate)
during gamete formation and end up in
different gametes
• Thus, an egg or a sperm gets only one of the
two alleles that are present in the somatic
cells of an organism.
15. • An organism traits are indicated via its
genotype and phenotype.
Genotype: The genetic composition of
the gene, indicated by letters e.g. GG,
Gg, gg. (A capital letter represents a
dominant allele, and a lowercase letter
represents a recessive allele)
Phenotype: The external appearance of
the gene e.g. Brown hair, white hair.
16. 3. GENETIC CROSSES
• HOW CAN WE NOW MORE OF LESS
DETERMINE WHAT WILL BE THE
OUTCOME IF 2 ORGANISMS HAVE A
BABY?
17. TWO TYPES OF
GENETIC CROSSES
• MONOHYBRID CROSSES: A cross
between 2 organisms where we only
look an one pair of contrasting traits.
• DIHYBRID CROSS: A cross between 2
organisms where we look at two pairs
of contrasting traits at the same time.
18. MONOHYBRID CROSS -EXAMPLE
• Determine the outcome/ F1 generation
of a cross between a homozygous tall
plant and a homozygous short plant.
Tall plants are dominant over short
plants.
19. STEPS TO SOLVE A CROSS PROBLEM
1. What trait are we looking at?
2. Choose a letter to represent the trait.
3. See if you can identify which trait is dominant –
allocate the capital letter to that trait.
4. Identify the recessive trait and allocate a lower case
letter to that trait.
5. Determine the genotypes of the parents. –
Homozygous dominant – Two capital letters e.g. GG
Homozygous recessive – Two lower case letter. E.g.
gg
Heterozygous – One capital letter and one lower
case letter e.g. Gg
1. Start with cross
20. SOLUTION
1. Trait – Size of plant.
2. Letter chosen to represent size of plant = T/t
3. Tall plants are dominant. (Given in problem) –
Given the – “T” (capital T)
4. Short plants are recessive – given the “t”
(lower case t)
5. One parent is homozygous tall – TT
other parent is homozygous short - tt
21. CROSS SHOWN AS A GENETIC DIAGRAM
Why?
Tall is dominant over short plants – Babies have both
alleles: tall and short
23. CROSS BETWEEN F1 GENERATION
INDIVIDUALS (INTERBREED F1 GENERATION)
24. MONOHYBRID CROSS –EXAMPLE 2
A heterozygous blue eyed rabbit is crossed
with a rabbit with pink eyes. What is the
possibility of the babies being born with
pink eyes?
25. SOLUTION
1. Trait: eye colour of rabbit.
2. Letter used: E/e
3. Dominant trait: Blue eyes (Why? The first rabbit is
heterozygous – both alleles – but blue is being
expressed in rabbit eyes.) = E
4. Recessive trait: pink eyes = e
5. Rabbit one – heterozygous: Ee
Rabbit two – homozygous: ee (why?)
The only way that a rabbit can have pink eyes
expressed externally is if both alleles code for pink
eyes.
26.
27. EXAMPLE OF A DIHYBRID CROSS
Determine the F2 generation of a cross
between yellow round seeded peas and
wrinkled green seeded peas. Yellow and
round seeds are dominant.
28.
29. • Using a dihybrid cross, Mendel developed
the law of independent assortment
• The law of independent assortment states
that each pair of alleles segregates
independently of each other pair of alleles
during gamete formation.
• Strictly speaking, this law applies only to
genes on different, nonhomologous
chromosomes
• Genes located near each other on the
same chromosome tend to be inherited
together.
30. 4. DEGREES OF DOMINANCE
•Complete dominance One allele
suppresses the expression of the other
allele.
• Incomplete dominance: phenotype of F1
hybrids is somewhere between the
phenotypes of the 2 parental varieties –
neither allele completely dominant
(White x Red = Pink)
• Codominance, 2 dominant alleles affect
the phenotype in separate,
distinguishable ways. (Red and white
flowers = White and red visible.)
31. 5. MULTIPLE ALLELES
Most genes exist in populations in more than two
allelic forms.
For example, the four phenotypes of the ABO
blood group in humans are determined by three
alleles for the enzyme (I) that attaches A or B
carbohydrates to red blood cells: IA, IB, and i.
The enzyme encoded by the IA allele adds the A
carbohydrate, whereas the enzyme encoded by
the IB allele adds the B carbohydrate; the
enzyme encoded by the i allele adds neither.
32.
33. 6. PLEIOTROPY
Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a
property called pleiotropy
For example, pleiotropic alleles are responsible
for the multiple symptoms of certain hereditary
diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and sickle-cell
disease
34. 7. Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic inheritance is an additive effect of two
or more genes on a single phenotype
Skin color in humans is an example of polygenic
inheritance.
35. 8. DETERMINING THE SEX OF A BABY
In humans and other mammals, there are
two varieties of sex chromosomes: a larger
X chromosome and a smaller Y
chromosome
Only the ends of the Y chromosome have
regions that are homologous with the X
chromosome
The SRY gene on the Y chromosome codes
for the development of testes.
39. 9. Inheritance of Sex-Linked Genes
The sex chromosomes have genes for many
characters unrelated to sex
A gene located on either sex chromosome is
called a sex-linked gene
In humans, sex-linked refers to a gene on the
larger X chromosome.
For a recessive sex-linked trait to be expressed
A female needs two copies of the allele
A male needs only one copy of the allele.
Sex-linked recessive disorders are much more
common in males than in females.
40.
41. Some disorders caused by recessive alleles on
the X chromosome in humans:
• Color blindness
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy
• Hemophilia