The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century and spread throughout Europe over the next few centuries. It marked a transition from the medieval period to modern times and was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning. Major developments included an increased emphasis on humanism and individualism, breakthroughs in scientific thinking and discoveries, and revolutionary artistic works by figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Renaissance had wide-ranging impacts across many fields and helped usher in the modern era.

1. It was a transition from medieval
to modern times.
Renaissance means
“rebirth”
THE
RENAISSANCE

2. INDEX
SERIAL NO. TOPIC SLIDE NO.
1. THE RENAISSANCE 1
2. INDEX 2
3. INTRODUCTION 3-4
4. CAUSES OF THE RENAISSANCE 5-6
5. HUMANISM 7
6. ART 8
>THE PAINTERS 9-11
7. SCULPTURES AND SCULPTORS 12-14
8. LITERATURE 15
>WRITERS 16-18
9. GEOGTAPHICAL DISCOVERIES 19-21
10. SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES 22-23
>DISCOVERIES ON THE HUMAN BODY 24
11. EFFECT ON ENGLAND 25-26
12. THE END 27

3. The year 1453 marked a change in history of the
world.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Constantinople was captured by Turks.
This was the dividing line between the Medieval
period and Modern World.
INTRODUCTION
The Greeks and Roman Scholars migrated to Italy,
where Renaissance first took its roots.
END OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
THE CAPTURE

4. The end of the medieval period in Europe was marked by
changes in attitudes towards politics, religion, and
learning. These changes became more widespread and
sweeping during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,
bringing about the cultural movement called
Renaissance
It began as revival of
interest in the literature and
culture of ancient Greece
and Rome. Its emphasis was
on the richness of earthly life
and on human achievements.
One result of the
Renaissance spirit was a
brilliant period of creativity
in the arts.
A RENAISSANCE PAINTING
A RENAISSANCE
SCULPTOR ANOTHER RENAISSANCE
SCULPTOR

5. SPREAD OF
EDUCATION
The Emergence of
Cathedral churches like
Paris, Padua, Naples,
Oxford and Cambridge
created new thinking
and learning.
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
The feudal system was opposed to progress.
The feudal lords could not increase the
rents from their subordinates and had to
borrow money to maintain themselves.
They had to sell off their lands to pay their
debts. This led to break up of feudalism.
SPIRIT OF ENQUIRY
The Church controlled all
the education. This
Knowledge was accepted
without questioning.
Scholars like Roger Bacon
and Peter Abelard
challenged the authority of
Church.
THE CRUSADES
The crusades are the wars fought
between Christians and Muslims.
It was during this time that
Christians studied the
Philosophies of Plato and
Aristotle. It gave way to modern
thinking.
SOME CAUSES OF RENAISSANCE :-
ROGER BACON
CRUSADES

6. ENCOURAGEMENT TO ART
AND LEARNING
The encouragement given to Art
and learning was by Popes,
Emperors, Kings and rich
merchants. Lorenzo de Medici gave
patronage in Florence in the 15 th
century. This city became a great
centre of art and learning.
PRINTING PRESS
The printing press enabled
Europe to multiply books and
then put them within the
reach of scholars with modest
means. Johann Gutenberg
introduced the first printing
press in Germany in 1455.
CAPTURE OF
CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE
TURKS
It is said that the fall of
Constantinople is a Blessing in
disguise as many progressive ideas
spread in Europe and brought about
changes in all spheres of human life.
NEW DISCOVERIES
After the fall of Constantinople
the trade of the West with the
East became Impossible. So the
Kings encouraged to discover
new Sea routes. The Contacts
with the East developed as
Sailors like Columbus and Vasco
da Gama set sail.
SOME CAUSES OF RENAISSANCE :- (CONTD.)
PRINTING PRESS
VASCO DA GAMA

7. HUMANISM
The great intellectual movement of Renaissance Italy was humanism. The
humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained both - the
lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life and the best models for a
powerful Latin style. They developed a new, rigorous kind of classical
scholarship, with which they corrected and tried to understand the works of
the Greeks and Romans, which seemed so vital to them.
They also believed that a perfect gentlemen was said to be
one who possessed the combined qualities of warrior and
scholar and who appreciated art, poetry and music.

8. Italian painting was dominated by Byzantine (Greek)
influences and had been flat and two-dimensional
.Giotto was the first painter to break away with this
style and produce more realistic paintings to provide an
illusion of depth by contrasting light and shade.
Italian Renaissance art, like the medieval, was above
all a religious art. The majority of paintings came from
the Bible and the life of the Saints. Saints were
painted as human beings, the Madonnas painted as
beautiful young women.
At first landscapes were used
as symbols of hell (rocks and
mountains) and paradise
(gardens). As artists learned
more about colour, light,
shadow and perspective,
landscapes began to dominate
many paintings
RENAISSANCE PAINTINGS
PAINTINGS BEFORE RENAISSANCE
ART :-

9. LEONARDO DA VINCI
MICHELANGELO
RAPHAEL

10. Leonardo da Vinci , was a man of versatile talents. He
was The first scientist to perform human dissections of the body to study anatomy. His
two famous paintings were “The Last Supper”, which shows the last dinner of Christ, and
“Mona Lisa”, which portrays a woman with a bewitching smile
Michelangelo was great in both painting and sculpture. His
genius is shown in his exquisite painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which tells
the biblical story from the Creation to the Great Deluge. These paintings show his
marvelous knowledge of human anatomy.
Raphael , was the greatest painter of the Renaissance. He was called
“perfect painter” because of the classical harmony and exquisite symmetry of his art. His
masterpiece was the “Sistine Madonna”, which has been acclaimed as the greatest painting
in the world

11. Leonardo da
Vinci
Michelan
gelo
Rapha
el
MONALISA THE LAST SUPPER
THE SISTINE CHAPEL
SISTINE
MADONNA

12. SCULPTURESANDSCULPTORS
One of the main features of Sculpture during the Renaissance was that
sculptures were not directly carved on the walls, in fact they stood apart
from the building as separate and independent work of art.
Some of the famous
sculptors were Niccolo
Pisano of Pisa, Lorenzo
Ghiberti, Michaelangelo .
MICHAELANGELO LORENZO GHIBERTI

13. Michaelangelo- the most famous of all Renaissance
sculptors, whose statue of David is regarded as one of the finest masterpieces of
sculpture. His greatest sculptural work is La Pieta, the most renowned statue in
the world. It is an exquisite statue of Christ after His Crucifixion.
Niccolo Pisano of Pisa- was the “Father
of Renaissance Sculpture.” He excelled in making the sarcophage as shown by his
beautiful marble bas-reliefs depicting scenes from biblical stories in the pulpits of the
cathedrals of Pisa and Sienna.
Lorenzo Ghiberti- exquisitely carved bronze
doors at the baptistery of the Cathedral of Florence and deeply impressed
Michaelangelo, who said that they were “worthy to be the doors of Paradise”

14. Niccolo Pisano
Lorenzo
Ghiberti
Michaelangelo
STATUE AT
THE UFFIZI
GATES OF PARADISE
PULPIT IN THE
BAPTISTERY OF
PISA
LA PIETA
STATUE OF
DAVID

15. The renaissance spirit and the renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome were
the inspiration of a brilliant creative period in literature . Most important, they
portrayed people with greet realism, bringing out the subject’s individuality.
LITERATURE
Writers used stories from ancient history and classical mythology as their
subjects. They also adapted styles used by the greek and roman authors.
Most important, they portrayed people with greet realism, bringing out the subject’s
individuality

16. Rabelais and Montaigne were two great french renaissance writers. They
expressed the renaissance spirit in France. The emphasis on individuality was
reflected in very different ways in their works.
WRITERS
Francois Rabelais
-was born in France
-He encouraged the Renaissance ideal of living a
full, busy life
- He was a monk, a scholar, and a physician,
who also studied plants and Roman
archaeological sites.
- He wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel- a five-
volume work, that made fun of those who did
not take the humanists point of view.
- The books combined humour, lively
imagination, and exciting adventures with
scholarship.

17. Michel de Montaigne
- He lived quietly and wrote short, thoughtful
essays that reflected his personal thoughts and
interests.
-He drew on his own observations, experience, and
travels
-He wrote in a conversational style, exploring
ideas about friendship, education, and many other
subjects that interest him
-He writes about his disgust with the religious
conflicts of his time, reflecting a spirit
of skeptism and belief that humans are not able to
attain true certainty
The longest of his essays, Apology for Raymond
Sebond , contains his famous motto, "What do I
know?"

18. William Shakespeare(1564-1616)
-many people regarded him as the
world’s finest dramatist and the greatest
writer in the English language.
- He was an actor and playwright, not a
classical scholar
-he shared the humanist interest in other
times and places, particularly the
ancient world
-He wrote several plays- such as ‘Julius
Caesar’ and ‘Antony and Cleopatra’-
Greek and Roman history.
-In the play Hamlet, he wrote: “What a
piece of work is man! How noble in
reason!...in action how like an angel!!”
-Shakespeare’s plays portrayed the
whole range of human feelings – joy,
love, greed, jealousy, ambition, range,
sorrow.

19. Geographical Discoveries
After the crusades, the Europeans became interested in the East, largely
through the travel accounts of travelers and traders who had travelled through
Constantinople. The trade especially in spices was very profitable. If the
Europeans were to continue to have spices and other goods, they had to find out
new sea routes. Portugal and Spain were the pioneers in the Quest.
Some Developments
There were some developments in the techniques of
navigation which facilitated geographical discoveries.
>The Mariner’s Compass – Had a magnetic needle and
was useful for navigation.
>The classical idea that Earth is a GLOBE came from
the Greeks.
>There was improvement in shipbuilding and accurate
Map- making for voyages to take place.
MARINER’S COMPASS

20. Bartholomew Diaz
He was an adventurous
sailor from Portugal and had
reached CAPE OF GOOD
HOPE in 1496.
Vasco da Gama
That following year Vasco da Gama followed the same route and reached Calicut in
India. He returned home with Spices and precious stones. The portuguese were able
to travel to trade with India, Indonesia, east Indies,Sri Lanka , China and Japan.

21. Ferdinand Magellan(1480 –
1521)
He was a Portuguese navigator. His
ambition was to Circumnavigate the
World. He sailed through the Atlantic
reached the Pacific Ocean through the
southernmost coast of South America
and landed at the modern East
Indies. The point that Magellan
crossed the Atlantic and entered the
Pacific has been named after him as
“the Strait of Magellan”.
Christopher Columbus(1451 -1506)
With the help of Queen Isabella of Spain, Columbus began
his exploration of sea routes. He travelled through the
Atlantic and landed near the coast of Cuba in the southern
part of North America. Columbus accidently discovered
America. America was named after Amerigo Vespucci who
later explored further and discovered America.

22. SCIENTISTS AND SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERIES
Roger Bacon (1214 -1294)
He emphasized the need for scientific observation and
experimentation in the advancement of Knowledge. He followed the
principle of reason, observation and experimentation for progress.
Copernicus (1473 -1543)
Nicholas Copernicus was a great
scientist of Poland. He gave
new astronomical principles
which shocked the Church. His
principle was that the EARTH
is round and it moves around the
sun, which is the centre of the
planetary system. This theory
was know as Copernican
Theory.

23. Kepler (1571 -1630)
Johannes Kepler , a German Scientist
improved upon the theory of Copernicus
and proved that the planets including
Earth revolve around the Sun in
elliptical orbits and not in circles.
Sir Isaac Newton (1642 -1727)
Sir Isaac Newton continued the work started by
Kepler and proved that heavenly bodies move
according to the Law of Gravitation.
Galileo (1564 -1642)
The Italian Scientist Galileo studied the Solar
system and perfected the Copernican theory. Galileo
used his telescope in his studies and confirmed his
Observations. He discovered the Law of Pendulum
and the principle that the speed of a falling body
depends upon the distance it falls. He also Invented
the thermometer and improved the telescope.
TELESCOPE

24. Vesalius (1514 -1564)
Vesalius, a physician wrote a
treatise on Anatomy after
studying various organs of the
body. He discarded false beliefs
and superstitions regarding the
functioning of the human body .
Harvey (1478 -1657)
William Harvey, an English physician showed how the
Human body depends on circulation of blood. He
discovered how blood circulates from the heart to the
various parts of the body through arteries and comes
back to the heart through veins. This knowledge helped
to correct many problems related to health.
DISCOVERIES ON
THE
HUMAN BODY

25. EFFECTS OF THE EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE WAS THAT IT WAS
THE REBIRTH OF THE MIDDLE AGES–
 The European Renaissance created the classical learning and classical values of the people
in the Middle Ages.
It taught them to question their government and religions.
 The people of the Renaissance also got to witness the discovery of new continents.
They were also able to witness the creation of astronomy.
There were many inventions created during the period of the Renaissance, one of which
includes gunpowder.
Trade lay at the heart of the Renaissance, and city-states such as Florence and Venice
became virtual empires because of it.
They were the first nations to see the importance of diplomacy.

26. R
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RENAISSANCE

27. SWAYAMI BERA
CLASS-IX C
ROLL NO. -27
THE END