The document summarizes artistic and intellectual developments in Europe from the 18th century Rococo period through the Neoclassical era. It describes how the Enlightenment encouraged new philosophies that questioned traditional institutions. The Industrial Revolution marked major economic changes with the rise of manufacturing. Rococo art was refined and decorative before giving way to Neoclassicism, inspired by ancient Greek and Roman styles, during the French Revolution. Artists like Jacques-Louis David and Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres embraced the new classical ideals of reason and order.

1. Rococo to Realism

2. The Enlightenment
Europe started the 18 th century in a
semi-feudal state
Economic and political power was
centrally-based
Aristocratic class held most of the
power
By the end, industrial manufacturing
would shift the economic paradigm

3. The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment pushed
thinkers, philosophes , to improve the
institutions of mankind
Newton, Locke, Hume:
Empiricism- direct Observation of
natural laws could theoretically lead
to happiness for Mankind
Freedom, natural rights,
Government by contract
French “Philosophes”
Diderot, Voltaire, Rousseau
Questioning the social order, church,
superstition
“perfectability” of mankind
Doctrine of “Progress”

4. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a period
from the 18th to the 19th century
where major changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and technology had a
profound effect on the
socioeconomic, and cultural conditions
of the times. It began in the United
Kingdom , then subsequently spread
throughout Europe, North
America, and eventually the world.

5. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution marks a
major turning point in human history;
almost every aspect of daily life was
influenced in some way. Most
notably, average income and
population began to exhibit
unprecedented sustained growth. In
the two centuries following 1800, the
world's average per capita income
increased over 10-fold, while the
world's population increased over 6-
fold.

6. The Rococo - 1700-1750
• “Rococo” derived from
rocaille, (pebble or shell) and
barocco. Motifs in Rococo art
resemble ornate shell or
pebble work popular in
gardens.
• Refined, fanciful, and often
playful style fashionable in
France at turn of
century, spread through Europe in
18th century
• Pastel colors, delicately curving
forms, dainty figures, light
hearted
• Reaction against rigidity and
solemnity of 17th century court The Swing , Fragonard, 1766

10. Rococo
Though Rococo originated in the
purely decorative arts, the style
showed clearly in painting. These
painters used delicate colors and
curving forms, decorating their
canvases with cherubs and myths of
love. Portraiture was also popular
among Rococo painters. Some works
show a sort of naughtiness or impurity
in the behavior of their
subjects, showing the historical trend
of departing away from the Baroque's
church/state orientation. Landscapes
were pastoral and often depicted the
leisurely outings of aristocratic
couples.

11. 38
FRANÇOIS DE CUVILLIÉS, Hall of Mirrors, the Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace
park, Munich, Germany, early 18th century .

12. ANTOINE WATTEAU

13. 41ANTOINE WATTEAU, Return from Cythera , 1717.

14. 41

15. 41

16. Mm
FRANÇOIS BOUCHER ,
Portrait of Madame du
Pompadour

17. 45
FRANÇOIS BOUCHER, Cupid a Captive , 1754.

23. 44
JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD,
The Swing , 1766.

25. The Drunken Cobbler , Jean-Baptiste Greuze. Oil on canvas, 1785.
“The Natural” : morality painting expressing real sentiment and honest virtue.
Inspired by the writing of Rousseau and Diderot, father of modern art criticism-wrote that art’s
proper function was to improve virtue and purify manners… criticized rococo “immoral” art…

26. 55JEAN-BAPTISTE GREUZE, Village Bride , 1761.

28. 61
JEAN-BAPTISTE-SIMÉON
CHARDIN, Saying Grace, 1740.

31. 57WILLIAM HOGARTH, Breakfast Scene, from Marriage à la Mode , ca. 1745.

32. Light = Scientific discovery

33. 60
JOSEPH WRIGHT OF DERBY, A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery , ca. 1763 – 1765.

34. Italy and Classical Revival
• The Grand Tour – the
completion of an aristocratic
education was a tour of the major
cultural sites of Europe
•
•
•
•
•
Paris, Venice, Florence, Naples, a
nd Rome
This heavily inspires the growth
of Neoclassicism during the
Enlightenment
Pleased the senses and taught
moral lessons
Was a reaction to frivolity of
Rococo
Pompeii and Herculaneum
discovered in 1738

35. ANTONIO CANALETTO, Riva degli Schiavoni , Venice, ca. 1735-1740.
65

36. veduta (Italian for "view"; plural vedute ) is a highly detailed, usually large-
scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista.

37. The History of Ancient Art
• Published by Johann
Joachim Winckelmann
• “A noble simplicity and
calm grandeur…”
• Greek art is hailed for its
beauty and moral
character
– Response to Rococo frivolity
• Became the focus and
agenda for Neoclassical
art

38. 1789
French Revolution Causes
• Enlightenment (knowledge
& observation)
• Economic crisis
• Clash between the Third
Estate and the First and
Second Estates
– 3 rd =
peasants, workers, bourgeoisi
e
– 1 st & 2 nd = clergy & nobility
• Fought over issue of
representation in the
legislative body, the Estates-
General
– Convened to discuss taxation

39. Jacques Louis David
• Started as a Rococo
painter (relative of
Boucher)
• Spent time in Italy and
turned to academic
painting
– Declared Rococo “artificial
taste”
– Exalted classical art as the
imitation of nature in the
most beautiful and perfect
form

40. 70
JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, Oath of the Horatii , 1784.

47. •
•
Neoclassicism
A reaction against both the Baroque
and Rococo styles, and as a desire to
return to the perceived "purity" of the
arts of Rome, the more vague
perception ("ideal") of Ancient Greek
arts (where almost no western artist
had actually been) and, to a lesser
extent, 16th century Renaissance
Classicism.
Stimulated by widespread interest and
enthusiasm among the literati for the
findings at archaeological excavations at
Herculaneum and Pompeii and by the
interpretative writings of J. J.
Winckelmann, especially his History of
Ancient Art (1764).

48. 70

50. 74
JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Death of
Marat , 1793.

55. Jacques Louis David and Napoleon
• David’s political agenda was
highly successful through the
influence of his art
• Was imprisoned in 1794 after
supporting a regime which fell
out of favor
• Pulled back from center
stage, painted portraits and
classical events
• Napoleon, upon being
crowned emperor in
1804, sought David’s artistic
abilities
• David enthusiastically
accepted, depicted Napoleon
as an invincible hero

60. Jean Auguste Dominique
Ingres
• Spokesman for the traditional
style of painting
• Intellect and draftsmanship
– Never let the brushstroke
show
• His intricate line work
influenced Picasso, Matisse, and
Degas

61. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, La Grande Odalisque

62. “Odalisque”
• Reclining female nude
• Turkish word for “harem girl”
• Found throughout Western art

63. • Mannerist influence
– Small head, elongated head
– Languid pose
– Cool colors