Medical Terminology Chapter 7

1. The Language OfThe Language Of
MedicineMedicine
1010thth
editionedition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Chapter 7
Urinary System
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Chapter Goals
• Name essential organs of the urinary system
and describe their locations and functions.
• Identify common pathological conditions.
• Recognize how urinalysis is used and
interpreted as a diagnostic test.
• Define urinary-system-related combining
forms, prefixes, and suffixes.

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Chapter Goals (cont’d)
• List and explain clinical procedures, laboratory
tests, and abbreviations that pertain to the
urinary system.
• Understand medical terms in their proper
contexts, such as medical reports and records.

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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.1

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Introduction
• Nitrogenous wastes
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

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Introduction (cont’d)
• Functions of the kidney
Filter nitrogenous wastes to form urine; about 200 quarts of
blood are filtered every day to form 2 quarts of urine
Maintain proper balance of water, electrolytes (sodium,
potassium), and acids
Release hormones:
• Renin: enzymatic hormone important in adjusting blood pressure
• Erythropoietin (EPO): hormone that stimulates red blood cell
production in the bone marrow
• Calciferol: active form of vitamin D necessary for the absorption of
calcium from the intestine
Degrade and eliminate hormones from the bloodstream

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Anatomy of the Major Organs
Organs of the
urinary system
in a male

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Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Organs of the
urinary system
in a male

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Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system

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Anatomy of the
Major Organs (cont’d)
Female urinary system

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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What is voiding?
A. Nitrogenous waste
B. Urination
C. Outer section of the kidney
D. Triangular area in the bladder

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
• Blood enters the
kidneys through the
right and left renal
arteries
• Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the
blood

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood enters the
kidneys through the
right and left renal
arteries
• Arterioles carry
blood to the
capillaries
• Glomeruli filter the
blood

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood passes through the
glomeruli
• Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached
to each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• Blood passes through the
glomeruli
• Glomerular (Bowman)
capsule surrounds each
glomerulus
• Renal tubule is attached to
each Bowman capsule
Glomerulus and glomerular/Bowman capsule

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the
formation of urine
•Glomerular filtration
•Tubular reabsorption
•Tubular secretion

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Three steps in the
formation of urine
•Glomerular filtration
•Tubular reabsorption
•Tubular secretion

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• The glomerulus and a
renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
• The glomerulus and a
renal tubule combine
to form a unit called a
nephron.

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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Approximately how many nephrons are in a
kidney?
A. 100,000,000
B. 10,000,000
C. 1,000,000
D. 100,000

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How Kidneys Produce Urine
All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cup-like regions of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
All collecting tubules lead
to the renal pelvis
Calyces or calices are
small, cuplike regions of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud
Illustration shows section of kidney

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and
expelling urine

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How Kidneys Produce Urine (cont’d)
Process of forming and
expelling urine

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Vocabulary
• arteriole
• calyx or calix

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• arteriole
• calyx or calix
Small artery
Cuplike collecting region of
the renal pelvis; the term
comes from the Greek,
kalux, meaning a cup or
case surrounding a flower
bud

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• catheter
• cortex
• creatinine

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• catheter
• cortex
• creatinine
Tube for injecting or
removing fluids
Outer region of an organ
Nitrogenous waste
excreted in urine

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• electrolyte
• erythropoietin
(EPO)

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• electrolyte
• erythropoietin
(EPO)
Chemical element that
carries an electrical charge
when dissolved in water.
Hormone secreted by the
kidney to stimulate
production of red blood
cells by bone marrow;
-poietin means a
substance that forms.

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• filtration
• glomerular
capsule
• glomerulus
• hilum

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• filtration
• glomerular
capsule
• glomerulus
• hilum
Process whereby some substances pass
through a filter
Enclosing structure surrounding each
glomerulus; also called Bowman capsule
Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney
Depression in the part of an organ where blood
vessels and nerves enter and leave; comes
from the Latin meaning a small thing

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• kidney
• meatus
• medulla

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• kidney
• meatus
• medulla
One of two bean-shaped organs that
filter nitrogenous waste from the
bloodstream to form urine
Opening or canal
Inner region of an organ; the term
comes from the Latin, medulla,
meaning marrow

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• nephron
• nitrogenous waste

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• nephron
• nitrogenous waste
The functional unit of the
kidney where filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion
take place
Substance containing nitrogen
and excreted in urine;
examples are urea, uric acid,
and creatinine

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• potassium (K+
)
• reabsorption
• renal artery

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• potassium (K+
)
• reabsorption
• renal artery
An electrolyte regulated by
the kidney
Renal tubules return
materials necessary to the
body back into the
bloodstream
Blood vessel that carries
blood to the kidney

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renal pelvis
• renal tubules
• renal vein

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renal pelvis
• renal tubules
• renal vein
Central collection region in
the kidney
Microscopic tubes in the
kidney where urine is
formed after filtration
Blood vessel that carries
blood away from the
kidney

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renin
• sodium (Na+
)
• trigone

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• renin
• sodium (Na+
)
• trigone
Hormone secreted by the kidney
that raises blood pressure
An electrolyte regulated in the
blood and urine by the kidneys;
a common form of sodium is
sodium chloride (salt)
Triangular area in the urinary
bladder

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• urea
• ureter
• urethra

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• urea
• ureter
• urethra
Major nitrogenous waste
excreted in urine
One of two tubes leading from
the kidneys to the urinary
bladder
Tube leading from the urinary
bladder to the outside of the
body

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• uric acid
• urinary
bladder
• urination
(voiding)

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Vocabulary (cont’d)
• uric acid
• urinary
bladder
• urination
(voiding)
Nitrogenous waste product
excreted in the urine
Hollow, muscular sac that
holds and stores urine
Process of expelling urine; also
called micturition

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms
STRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o _________
cyst/o _________
glomerul/o _________
meat/o _________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder
glomerul/o glomerulus
meat/o meatus
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis ________________
Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).

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STRUCTURES
cyst/o cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder
Combining Form Terminology MeaningCombining Form Terminology Meaning
Bacterial infections often
cause acute or chronic
cystitis. In acute cystitis, the
bladder contains blood as a
result of mucosal hemorrhage
(see figure, Acute cystitis).
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
nephr/o ___________
pyel/o ___________
ren/o ____________
trigon/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
nephr/o kidney
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning

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STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis _________________
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)STRUCTURES
nephr/o hydronephrosis Condition of excess fluid
(water) in the kidney
Combining Form TerminologyCombining Form Terminology MeaningMeaning
Obstruction of urine flow may be
caused by renal calculi (stones) as
shown in the figure. Notice the buildup
of excess fluid in the kidney.

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
ureter/o __________
urethr/o __________
vesic/o __________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
STRUCTURES
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
vesic/o urinary bladder
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o ________
azot/o ________
bacteri/o ________
dips/o ________
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning

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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
albumin/o albumin
azot/o nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
dips/o thirst
Combining Form MeaningCombining Form Meaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
kal/o __________
ket/o, keton/o __________
lith/o __________
natr/o __________
noct/o __________
olig/o ________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS

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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
kal/o potassium
ket/o, keton/o ketone bodies
lith/o stone
natr/o sodium
noct/o night
olig/o scanty
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)

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Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)
SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin __________
py/o __________
-tripsy __________
ur/o __________
-uria __________
urin/o __________
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning

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SUBSTANCES and SYMPTOMS
-poietin substance that forms
py/o pus
-tripsy to crush
ur/o urea
-uria urination; urine condition
urin/o urine
Combining Form or SuffixCombining Form or Suffix MeaningMeaning
Terminology: Structures,
Substances, and Urinary
Symptoms (cont’d)

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Urinalysis
Tests included in a urinalysis
1. Color
2. Appearance
3. pH
4. Protein
5. Glucose

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Urinalysis (cont’d)
Tests included in a urinalysis
6. Specific gravity
7. Ketone bodies
8. Sediment
9. Phenylketonuria
10.Bilirubin

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QUICK QUIZ:
3. In a urinalysis, what does the test
of specific gravity reflect?
A. The chemical nature of urine
B. The presence of albumin
C. Blood in the urine
D. The amount of wastes,
minerals, and solids in the urine

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Chapter 7
Lesson 7.2

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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
• Glomerulonephritis
• Interstitial nephritis
• Nephrolithiasis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Polycystic kidneys (PKD)

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Pathologic Conditions
Kidney
• Polycystic
kidney
disease (PKD)
PKD—The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically
polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual
weight.

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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Kidney
• Pyelonephritis
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Renal failure
• Renal hypertension
• Wilms tumor

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Pathologic Conditions (cont'd)
Kidney
• Renal cell
carcinoma
(Hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor
of the kidney
in adulthood

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Pathologic Conditions (cont’d)
Urinary bladder
• Bladder cancer
Associated conditions
• Diabetes insipidus (DI)
• Diabetes mellitus (DM)

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QUICK QUIZ:
4. A term that means frequent
(voluntary) urination at night is:
A. anuria
B. nocturia
C. diuresis
D. hematuria

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures
Laboratory tests
• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
• Creatinine clearance test

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
X-ray Studies
 CT urography
 Kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
 Renal angiography
 Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
 Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
• CT-Computed tomography
The scan with contrast shows a benign cyst on
the kidney.

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Voiding cystourethrogram
• (VCUG)showing a normal female urethra. The
bladder is filled with contrast material, followed
by x-ray imaging.

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Ultrasound examination
Ultrasonography: imaging urinary
tract structures using high frequency
sound waves
Radioactive studies
Radioisotope scan: image of kidney
after injecting a radioisotope into the
bloodstream

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Clinical procedures
Magnetic imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
urography:
A changing magnetic field produces images
of an organ and surrounding structures in
three planes of the body

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Other clinical procedures
• Cystoscopy
• Dialysis
• Lithotripsy
• Renal angioplasty
• Renal biopsy
• Renal transplantation
• Urinary catheterization

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Cytoscopy—direct visual examination of urinary
bladder with an endoscope

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Hemodialysis (HD)

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Laboratory Tests and
Clinical Procedures (cont’d)
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

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Abbreviations
• ADH _______________
• AKI _______________
• ARF _______________
• BILI _______________
• BUN _______________
• Ccr _______________
• CAPD _______________
• Cath _______________
• CCPD _______________
• CKD _______________

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• ADH Antidiuretic hormone
• ARF Acute renal failure
• AKI Acute renal injury
• BILI Bilirubin
• BUN Blood urea nitrogen
• Ccr Creatinine clearance
• CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
• Cath Catheter; catheterization
• CCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
• CKD Chronic kidney disease
Abbreviations (cont’d)

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• CL-
_____________________
• CrCl _____________________
• CRF _____________________
• C & S _____________________
• Cysto _____________________
• eGFR _____________________
• ESRD _____________________
• ESWL _____________________
• HCO3
-
_____________________
• HD _____________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)

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• CL-
Chloride, a kidney excretion
• CrCl Creatinine clearance
• CRF Chronic renal failure
• C&S Culture and sensitivity testing
• Cysto Cystoscopic examination
• eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate
• ESRD End-stage renal disease
• ESWL Extracorporeal shockwave lithrotripsy
• HCO3
-
Bicarbonate, an electrolyte conserved by the kidney
• HD Hemodialysis
• IC Interstitial cystitis, chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Abbreviations (cont’d)

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• IVP __________________
• K+
__________________
• KUB __________________
• Na+
__________________
• PD __________________
• pH __________________
• PKU __________________
• sp gr __________________
• UA __________________
• UTI __________________
• VCUG __________________
Abbreviations (cont’d)

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• IVP Intravenous pyelogram
• K+
Potassium, an electrolyte
• KUB Kidney ureter and bladder
• Na+
Sodium, an electrolyte
• PD Peritoneal dialysis
• pH Potential hydrogen; degree of acidity or alkalinity
• PKU Phenylketonuria
• sp gr Specific gravity
• UA Urinalysis
• UTI Urinary tract infection
• VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram
Abbreviations (cont’d)

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QUICK QUIZ:
5. The abbreviation RP is associated
with which of the following?
A. Fluid is injected into the peritoneal
cavity and then drained out.
B. Contrast is injected into the urinary
bladder and ureters, and x-rays are
taken of the urinary tract.
C. Nitrogenous wastes are removed from
the patient’s blood.
D. An electrolyte is secreted by renal
tubules.

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Review Sheet
Combining forms
albumino/o ____________
angi/o ____________
azot/o ____________
bacteri/o ____________
cali/o, calic/o ____________
cyst/o ____________

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Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms
albumino/o albumin (protein)
angi/o vessel (blood)
azot/o urea; nitrogen
bacteri/o bacteria
cali/o, calic/o calyx (calix); cup-shaped
cyst/o urinary bladder

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dips/o ____________
glomerul/o ____________
glycos/o ____________
hydr/o ____________
isch/o ____________
kal/o ____________
ket/o; keton/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

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dips/o thirst
glomerul/o glomerulus
glycos/o sugar
hydr/o water
isch/o to hold back; back
kal/o potassium
ket/o; keton/o ketones; acetones
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

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lith/o ____________
meat/o ____________
natr/o ____________
necr/o ____________
nephr/o ____________
noct/o ____________
ogli/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

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lith/o stone
meat/o meatus
natr/o sodium
necr/o death
nephr/o kidney
noct/o night
ogli/o scanty
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

97. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 97
py/o __________
pyel/o __________
ren/o __________
trigon/o __________
ur/o __________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

98. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 98
py/o pus
pyel/o renal pelvis
ren/o kidney
trigon/o trigone
ur/o urine; urinary tract
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

99. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 99
ureter/o ____________
urethr/o ____________
urin/o ____________
vesic/o ____________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

100. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 100
ureter/o ureter
urethr/o urethra
urin/o urine
vesic/o urinary bladder
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Combining forms

101. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 101
-ectasis ______________
-ectomy ______________
-emia ______________
-esis ______________
-gram ______________
-lithiasis ______________
Review Sheet
Suffixes

102. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 102
-ectasis stretching; dilation
-ectomy removal; excision
-emia blood condition
-esis condition
-gram record
-lithiasis condition of stones
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

103. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 103
-lithotomy ____________________
-lysis ______________
-megaly ______________
-ole ______________
-osis ______________
-pathy ______________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

104. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 104
-lithotomy incision for removal of a stone
-lysis breakdown
-megaly enlargement
-ole little; small
-osis condition
-pathy disease
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

105. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 105
-plasty _________________
-poietin _______________
-ptosis _______________
-rrhea _______________
-sclerosis _______________
-stomy ___________________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

106. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 106
-plasty surgical repair
-poietin substance that forms
-ptosis droop; sag
-rrhea flow; discharge
-sclerosis hardening
-stomy new opening (to form a mouth)
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

107. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 107
-tomy _____________
-tripsy ___________
-uria ___________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

108. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 108
-tomy process of cutting
-tripsy to crush
-uria urination
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Suffixes

109. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 109
a-, an- _____________
anti- _____________
dia- _____________
dys- _____________
Review Sheet
Prefixes

110. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 110
a-, an- not; without
anti- again
dia- complete
dys- bad; painful
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes

111. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 111
en- __________
peri- __________
poly- __________
retro- __________
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes

112. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 112
en- in; within
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
retro- behind; back
Review Sheet (cont’d)
Prefixes

113. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 113
QUICK QUIZ:
6. The combining form dips/o means:
A. stone
B. scanty
C. thirst
D. water

114. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 114
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
7. Which combining form means pus?
A. pyel/o
B. lith/o
C. ogli/o
D. py/o

115. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 115
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
8. The combining form isch/o means:
A. scanty
B. to hold back; back
C. night
D. trigon