The course imparts the basic concepts and understanding in Sociological and Anthropological subject matter, theories, concepts, trends and cultural systems. The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Topic Included -
Introduction
Definition
Nature and Scope of Sociology
Medical Sociology
Importance and application of Sociology in Nursing
Short and Easy to understand notes for B.Sc. Nursing students. Important questions are also included.
Topic Included -
Introduction
Definition
Nature and Scope of Sociology
Medical Sociology
Importance and application of Sociology in Nursing
Short and Easy to understand notes for B.Sc. Nursing students. Important questions are also included.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
scope of sociology
Sociology is a science has its own scope or boundaries. There is no one opinion about the Scope of sociology, There are 2 main schools of thought as regards to scope of sociology .
1. Formalistic or Specialist School
According to Formalistic school ..........
1. Sociology is not be a generalized, it is narrow type of study.
2. It should be confined to study
some specific aspect of society.
3. Sociology Should deals with Interpretation
of human Behaviour or individual behaviour.
4. According to this school
sociology is only the study of
relationship of individual ,no any
inter relationship with other
subjects.
The views of this school regarding scope of Sociology are ......
According to Vone – Sociology is a special science and is more important than general sociology.
criticism
This School have a very narrow scope of Sociology.
2. Sociology only deals with
study of social relationship.
3. Sociology not heaving any
relationship with other science.
2. Synthetic School
According to synthetic school ..........
Sociology is a general science & it’s scope is very vast .
2. Sociology should not limited it also deals with social problems .
Synthetic School
3. Society should be deals as a whole , it study every aspect of social life .
Ex. Marriage ,Stratification .
4. Sociology Having a relationship with other science.
The views of this school regarding scope of Sociology are ......
According to Hobb - House – Scope of sociology should be General & not Narrow. It should be study as a whole .
According to Sorokin – Scope of
sociology is a Systematic science with manifold Interaction.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
scope of sociology
Sociology is a science has its own scope or boundaries. There is no one opinion about the Scope of sociology, There are 2 main schools of thought as regards to scope of sociology .
1. Formalistic or Specialist School
According to Formalistic school ..........
1. Sociology is not be a generalized, it is narrow type of study.
2. It should be confined to study
some specific aspect of society.
3. Sociology Should deals with Interpretation
of human Behaviour or individual behaviour.
4. According to this school
sociology is only the study of
relationship of individual ,no any
inter relationship with other
subjects.
The views of this school regarding scope of Sociology are ......
According to Vone – Sociology is a special science and is more important than general sociology.
criticism
This School have a very narrow scope of Sociology.
2. Sociology only deals with
study of social relationship.
3. Sociology not heaving any
relationship with other science.
2. Synthetic School
According to synthetic school ..........
Sociology is a general science & it’s scope is very vast .
2. Sociology should not limited it also deals with social problems .
Synthetic School
3. Society should be deals as a whole , it study every aspect of social life .
Ex. Marriage ,Stratification .
4. Sociology Having a relationship with other science.
The views of this school regarding scope of Sociology are ......
According to Hobb - House – Scope of sociology should be General & not Narrow. It should be study as a whole .
According to Sorokin – Scope of
sociology is a Systematic science with manifold Interaction.
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of DisabilityScott Rains
The Developmment and Critique of the Social Model of Disability
The objective of this paper is to provide a description and analysis of the social model of
disability, and how it has developed during the past 30 years. Both academics working
in the field of disability studies, as well as practitioners providing disability services
have been increasingly influenced by its underpinning philosophy. Furthermore, the
“disability movement” utilises the social model as a political platform and tool to secure
the “rights” of disabled people, with the objective of ensuring that they enjoy the status
of full citizenship within contemporary society.
The social model of disability should not be considered as a monolithic entity, butrather
as a cluster of approaches to the understanding of the notion of disablement.
Research in sociological literatures states that people think and take action according to their cognitive structure and that technology is perceived with an understanding of change from old to news technologies that integrate specialty and demarcation. And socio-technical systems incorporate sociological processes that lead to the visionary leadership. This basic concept validates that policy and socio-technical linkage provides a framework of governance system and ensures environment sustainability. Consequently the adaptive governance corporate social responsibility and drives visionary political and managerial leadership.
sociology presentation.pptx on environmental science11aaditipandey
It is a sociology presentation of bachelor of technology second year environment science audit course........In t2 syllabus: Indirect method, FM demodulation (3 tech) , superheterodyne receiver, sampling ( instantaneous sampling and natural sampling , brief intro of Flat top sampling , reconstruction), TDM, uniform quantization, quantization error, basic idea of non uniform quantization, PCM, DPCM, DM............................................
8.4 Social Control The Imposition of OrderAll societies have a .docxevonnehoggarth79783
8.4 Social Control: The Imposition of Order
All societies have a variety of mechanisms by which the social behavior of people is controlled to maintain order or to re-establish order once rules have been broken. Social efforts to create orderly behavior begin at birth and continue throughout life. Some mechanisms for bringing about and maintaining conformity with acceptable behavior include early teaching of accepted customs and instilling values that motivate people to conform. Other mechanisms are punishments for rule violations and rewards for conformity. Malinowski (1926) pointed out that rules may be obeyed for a number of reasons: They may be followed because violating them brings public ridicule; because playing by the rules brings more rewarding interaction with others; because they are sacred, and supernatural punishment will result from breaking them; or because they are matters of law enforced by the machinery of society. They may also be self-enforcing due to their practical utility.
Socialization
The basic way we learn to fit into a social order is through our childhood socialization or enculturation (see Chapter 2). We learn about our culture, and we come to see the common expectations that others have about our behavior. Those habits learned early in life set the pattern for later relationships outside our home and community. Effective socialization can head off problems by establishing patterns of behavior that others find acceptable.
Part of enculturation is learning to feel that some ways of behaving are better than others. As explained in Chapter 2, values are part of the feeling subsystem of a culture and may be defined as our attitudes or feelings about right and wrong behavior. This broad category may then be divided into various types such as moral, spiritual, or environmental values. Moral values are the attitudes or rules that govern our relationships with our fellow human beings. Piety or spiritual values define our relationship to the supernatural and may be reflected in the following of specific religious rules of behavior such as the Jewish kosher laws, rules against blasphemy, or rules about working on a sacred day. Environmental values deal with our relationship to our physical environment so that concerns would include pollution and the protection of endangered species. Although morality and environmental values may be understood in purely practical terms, such as the need for an orderly social life or an awareness that needed resources are limited, people may accept them because they are supported by religious teaching or simply because they are traditional. Note, for instance, that the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments begin with rules of piety such as "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" but also include moral rules such as "Thou shalt not steal."
Religion and Social Control
In fact, another major force for the maintenance of social order is religion. The rites of passage that symbolize stages in the lif.
Overview of strategies of public health services in a typical.pptxAshok Pandey
3.1 Advocacy of public health perspective in the urban and rural municipalities for establishment of public- health focused section/unit and program plan
3.2 Incorporation of public health core actions (promotive, preventive, protective, control and encouragement for early detection and treatment of diseases) and intervention, such as educational policy-regulatory, infrastructural, community organizational and managerial interventions in municipal health plans supported by human resources for implementation
3.3 Mobilization of local clubs and organizations
3.4 Inter-organizational coordination, cooperation and resource mobilization
3.5 Excessive use of local (specifically in rural setting) and mass media (specifically in urban setting)
3.6 Establishment of public health service centers at wards
3.7 Special roles and functions of public health practitioners at the local health and medical service centers in the rural and urban settings
Unit 4: International public health 18 hours
4.1 Need for developing specific public health perspective to international health: global aspirations regarding health and disease
a. Global aspiration on health: healthy world population;
healthy planet; health as fundamental human rights
b. Universal coverage of health services
c. Concept of global philosophy on Sarbajanahitaya
(Universal good for world people; SarbajanaSukhhaya
(Universal happiness)
4.2 Definition of international health, ,international public health
and synonymous term global health
4.3 Characteristics of international health
4.4 Historical background of international public health movement
4.5 Significant forces affecting to international health
4.6 Current international health issues demanding global public
health action
A review of GLOBALIZATION, A Very Short Introduction by Manfred B. StegerAshok Pandey
Manfred B. Steger is a political scientist and author known for his work on globalization. "GLOBALIZATION: A Very Short Introduction" is one of the books in the "Very Short Introductions" series published by Oxford University Press. These books provide concise and accessible introductions to a wide range of topics. In "GLOBALIZATION: A Very Short Introduction," Manfred B. Steger explores the concept of globalization and its impact on the world. He discusses the economic, political, cultural, and social dimensions of globalization and provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the subject. The book delves into the historical roots of globalization, its contemporary manifestations, and the debates surrounding its effects on various aspects of society.
Critics
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and economies through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. While globalization has brought about significant economic growth and technological advancement, Marxists often critique it from several angles:
a. Exploitation: Marxists argue that globalization can exacerbate global economic inequalities, as multinational corporations exploit cheap labor in developing countries to maximize profits.
b. Imperialism: Some Marxists see globalization as a form of imperialism, where powerful nations and multinational corporations dominate and exploit weaker nations and their resources.
c. Cultural Homogenization: Critics within the Marxist tradition contend that globalization can lead to cultural homogenization, as Western values and consumer culture become dominant worldwide, erasing local traditions and identities.
d. Capital Mobility: Globalization has facilitated the movement of capital across borders, allowing multinational corporations to evade taxes and regulations, which can undermine the power of nation-states.
In summary, Marxism provides a critical framework for analyzing the impact of globalization on societies and economies, emphasizing issues of class struggle, exploitation, and inequality. While Marxism has influenced various social and political movements, its application to contemporary globalization debates remains a complex and evolving topic.
- The meaning and definition of the Hypothesis.
- The Nature of Hypothesis.
- The Importance and Use of Hypothesis in Research Methodology.
- The Sources of Hypothesis.
- The Relationship Between Variables and Hypothesis.
- The Types of Hypothesis.
- Formulating a Good Hypothesis.
- Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis.
- Hypothesis Testing.
- Errors in Hypothesis Testing
National Conference on Comprehensive Sexuality Education 24 – 25 May 2023, Ka...Ashok Pandey
National Conference on Comprehensive Sexuality Education
24 – 25 May 2023, Kathmandu
Intervention on Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
Finalizing and Reviewing the Health Research Proposal_Ashok.pptxAshok Pandey
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To enhance knowledge and skill of the participants for the development of health research proposal.
Desired subject areas for tourism and development of Arghakhanchi districts: Agriculture, Tourism, Education, Technical education, Health, Hydropower related, Industries, Physical Infrastructures, Startup sectors and viability. Home Stay viability wit the area selection.
https://www.ratopati.com/story/350218/sushila
Upon the successful completion of the course the students will be
able to:
1. Describe the meaning of rural health.
2. Identify rural health issues and service needs by
appraising the health and medical condition and their
determining factors.
Project Management equips the business professional with leading methodologies and practices in the health project management field. Public health professional need to manage different health related programme intervention, development and evaluation. Professionals need to accompany the knowledge about the project management and this chapter describes all the matters of project management. Project management is a requirement for professionals in many fields, with many employers now identifying project management skills as vital for corporate success.
Public Opinion and Compliance Survey on Tobacco Control and Legislations in N...Ashok Pandey
Nepal passed a comprehensive tobacco control law in April 2011
From May 15, 2015, picture and text warnings must be placed on 90 percent
Nepal received the Bloomberg award for advancing ahead with the biggest-ever pictorial graphic health warnings
NHEICC, being a focal point for tobacco control, is conducting various programs for the effective implementation of the enforced law.
SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it's used by various kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. The SPSS software package was created for the management and statistical analysis of social science data.
This course has been designed to equip the student with the basic research design including research methods in health sciences. The course aims to impart basic knowledge on different types of study design
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
1. Compiled by: Ashok Pandey
Visiting faculty
Little Buddha College of Health Sciences
6/23/2019 1
2. MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
Professional endeavour devoted to social
epidemiology, study of cultural factors and social
relations in connection with illness, and the social
principles in medical organisation and treatment
– Charles Mclntire 1894
6/23/2019 2
3. MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY
social epidemiology to practice social
medicine
to study social problems
to study cultural factors and social relation
to study social factors of family,society,
and government about health or disease
to study social principles in medical
organisation and treatment
to study social security
6/23/2019 3
4. Unit1: Sociology 6 Hours
Common terminologies: Sociology, Ethnicity, Mores, Folk Ways,
Social System, Social Control, Social Disorganization, Social
Problems, Acculturation, Enculturation, Socialization, Cooperation,
Accommodation, Assimilation, Conflict, Modernization,
Westernization, Sanskrtisation, Ethnomedicine, Ethnopsychiatry,
Value, Beliefs, Perception, Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, Custom,
Habit, Self-Medication, Organization.
Historical development of society
Typological subject matter of sociology
Relationship of sociology with anthropology, psychology, public
health and health education
Sociological contributions in public health
6/23/2019 4
5. SOCIOLOGY
STUDY OF SOCIAL CAUSES
AND CONSEQUENCES OF
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
6/23/2019 5
6. Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, including patterns of
social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
The term sociology was first used by Frenchman Auguste
Compte in the 1830s when he proposed a synthetic science
uniting all knowledge about human activity.
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and
institutions.
Sociology’s subject matter is diverse, ranging from crime to
religion, from the family to the state, from the divisions of race
and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and
from social stability to radical change in whole societies.
6/23/2019 6
7. Ethnicity
Term has its roots in the Greek word `ethnos’ meaning
people. (We the people)
Ancient Greeks associate cohesive groups of people
formed on the basis of kinship as Tribe or Race.
Ethnic groups were sub-divisions. Cohesive groups.
6/23/2019 7
8. Ethnicity
Ethnicity is a term that describes shared culture —the
practices, values, and beliefs of a group. This might
include shared language, religion, and traditions,
among other commonalities.
6/23/2019 8
9. Mores and Moral
Mores are the moral customs and moral rules that a
group or society do as a matter of fact have.
“No shoes, no shirt, no entry.”
“Do not spit in public.”
Moral, =principles of right and wrong and standards
of conduct which are universally advocated, that is,
are put forth as prescriptions which all persons who
wish to be judged “moral”
should follow.
6/23/2019 9
10. Folk Ways
According to Reuter and Hart (1933), “The folkways are simple habits of action
common to the members of the group; they are the ways of the folks that are
somewhat standardised and have some degree of traditional sanction for their
persistence”.
Maclver and Page (1949) defined it as: “The folkways are the recognized or
accepted ways of behaving in the society.”
In simple terms, folkways are the customary, normal and habitual ways of the
group to meet certain needs or solving day-to-day problems. The time of meals,
the number of meals per day, the manner of taking meals—lunch or dinner, the
kind of food used, the manner of its preparations, the manner of speech and dress,
forms of etiquette and the numerous other facts of daily life are some of the
examples of customary practices to which individuals conform in their personal
habits.
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11. Getting in someone’s personal space
1.Taboo
2. Law
3. More
4. Folkway
6/23/2019 11
13. Values
1)Standards by which a culture judges an item
good or bad
2)Broad ideas about what most people in a
society consider to be desirable
3) Form the basis for norms
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14. Values
Values represent basic convictions that-
A specific mode of conduct or end-state of
existence is personally or socially preferable
to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or
end-state of existence. Value is a judgmental
element of what is right, good, or desirable.
6/23/2019 14
15. Social System
An organization of individuals into groups or structures that
have different functions, characteristics, origin or status. For
example, a social system might break a larger population
down into family groups, races, religious affiliations, gender,
wealth categories and social classes. These demographic
distinctions can be used by the marketing department of a
business to better target their promotional and sales efforts.
6/23/2019 15
17. Social control
Social control refers to the control of society over the
individual.
• Some social control implies a system of device through
which society controls the activities of individual members.
• Mannheim – “Social control as the sum of those methods by
which a society tries to influence human behaviour to
maintain a given order”.
• Ogburn and Nimkoff – “The patterns of pressure which a
society exerts to maintain order and established rules”.
6/23/2019 17
19. Social Disorganization
Social disorganization means breaking or
dismantling or dispersing of the social system,
social institutions and social relationships.
It increases when there is no general agreement
and individuals define the important interests of
the society in purely individualistic terms.
When there is a change in the equilibrium of
forces or a breakdown of the social structure.
6/23/2019 19
20. Emile Durkheim considers social
disorganization as a state of disequilibrium
and a lack of social solidarity or consensus
among the members of a society.
Ogburn and Nimkoff said that when the
harmonious relationship between the various
parts of culture is disturbed, social
disorganization ensues.
6/23/2019 20
21. Causes of social disorganization
Psychological factors include the social processes like imitation,
conflict, compitition, accommodation.
Cultural factors: maladjustment in the existing institutions, cultural
lag, cultural conflict.
Biological factors : include population explosion, interracial
marriages, inter caste marriages.
physical factors include storms, earthquake, sea currents, tsunami etc.
Social Problems include unemployment., corruption.
Degeneration of values includes wars, criminality suicides etc
Others causes includes confusion of roles, lack of proper planning etc
6/23/2019 21
22. Social Problems
The term “social problem” is usually taken to
refer to social conditions that disrupt or
damage society—crime, racism, and the like.
Social problems represent conditions that
should not be allowed to continue because
they are perceived to be problems for society,
requiring society to react to them and find
remedies.6/23/2019 22
24. Acculturation
The adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding
culture the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing
cognitive structure.
Defined culture change that occurs when two populations
come into contact and has been treated in two ways:
(1)as a unidimensional measure of the adoption of values,
beliefs, norms and behaviours of another population, or
(2)as a bidimensional measure of adherence to each of two
cultures
6/23/2019 24
26. Assimilation
Assimilation of one cultural group into another
may be evidenced by changes in:
1. Language preference,
2. Adoption of common attitudes and values,
3. Membership in common social groups and
institutions,
4. Loss of separate political or ethnic
identification
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27. Conflict
states that tensions and it arise when
resources, status, and power are unevenly
distributed between groups in society and that
these conflicts become the engine for social
change.
society is made up of individuals competing
for limited resources (e.g., money, leisure,
sexual partners, etc.).
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28. Originated from the efforts of Karl Marx.
Sustained by Wright Mills in some years
later.
Societies have a tendency of being in
conflict.
Distribution of power and wealth remains
unequal.
Dominant groups employ power and
authority in controlling most or all the
other social structure aspects.
6/23/2019 28
29. Modernization
it is the growth of economy, social , political,
cultural life of group of the people in a
positive way.
It is a process socio cultural transformation.
It is the process of change and involving
values, norms, institution and structure.
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30. Political dimensions of modernization involves creation
of a modern nation or state.
Cultural modernization involves adherence to
nationalistic ideology, belief in equality, freedom and
humanism, a rational and scientific outlook.
Economic modernization involves industrialization
accompanied with monetization of economy, increasing
division of labor, use of management techniques and
improved technology and the expansion of service sector.
Social modernization involves universalistic values,
achievement motivation, increasing literacy and
urbanization and the decline of traditional authority.
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31. Westernization
Westernization is a process in which societies adopt
western cultures in areas such as industry,
technology, law, politics, economies and lifestyles,
clothing, language etc.
According to M.N. Srinivas, “Westernization” refers
to “the changes brought about in the Indian society
and culture as a result of over 150 years of British
rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at
different levels technology, institutions, ideology
and values.
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32. Sanskritisation
the process of cultural mobility in the
traditional social structure.
It denotes the process by which caste or
tribes placed lower in the caste hierarchy seek
upward mobility by emulating the rituals and
practices of the upper or dominant castes. It is
a process similar
to passing in sociological terms.
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33. M. N. Srinivas defined sanskritisation as a process
by which "a low or middle Hindu caste, or tribal or
other group, changes its customs, ritual ideology,
and way of life in the direction of a high and
frequently twice-born caste. Generally such changes
are followed by a claim to a higher position in the
caste hierarchy than that traditionally conceded to
the claimant class by the local community
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34. Ethnomedicine
Ethnomedicine is a study or comparison of
the traditional medicine based on bioactive
compounds in plants and animalsand
practiced by various ethnic groups, especially
those with little access to western medicines,
e.g., indigenous peoples.
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35. Ethnomedicine is that branch of cultural medicine that
produces and administers drugs by the use of plants
and plant products while a herb in cultural
medicine is a plant or plant material which can be
used for therapeutic purposes. It could well be that
the initial selection of plant materials for medicinal
purposes was influenced by religious thoughts and,
its collection and administration was accompanied
by a magic ritual.
It has also been proposed that knowledge of medicinal
plants was gained by accident, although this theory
has been refuted by a number of traditional medical
practitioners who claimed that information on such
plants was communicated to their ancestors in
various ways (Akpata, 1979: Lambo, 1979).
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36. Ethnopsychiatry
Ethnopsychiatry is that branch of medical anthropology
focally concerned with mental health and illness.
The systematic study of the psychiatric theories and practices
of a primitive tribe. Its primary focus is, thus, the exploration
of
(a)culture that pertains to mental derangements, as (locally)
understood”
(b)Second, the field is the study of “culture and the
abnormal.”
The subject of ethnopsychiatry deals with the study of mental
ill-nesses in cross-cultural perspective including its
definition, classifica-tion, causality and treatment of mentally
ill persons in differing contexts.
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37. Review Questions
1. How is the sociological imagination key to the study of
sociology?
a) It helps us imagine how people in other cultures function in
daily life.
b) It helps us develop hypotheses that we can test with
statistical data.
c) It helps us get beyond our personal beliefs and
circumstances in order to examine things from a broader
perspective.
d) It helps us understand the broad array of theoretical
approaches that can be used to study sociological
phenomena.
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38. Review Questions
2. How did Emile Durkheim think that the division of labor contributes to
organic solidarity in modern societies?
a) Durkheim claimed that the division of labor creates more isolation in the
work place as people’s jobs become more specialized, but that this in turn
makes people invest more in remaining connected to one another outside
of work, which overall helps strengthen society.
b) Durkheim claimed that the division of labor teaches people the importance
of cooperation and coordination which helps strengthen social cohesion.
c) Durkheim claimed that the division of labor is a key social structure that
helps bring order to a chaotic world by constraining social behavior.
d) Durkheim claimed that people become more dependent on one another
as the division of labor expands and that this interdependence provides
social cohesion.
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39. Review Questions
3. According to Max Weber, _______ ideas and values shape
society as much as ______ factors do.
a) democratic; economic
b) cultural; economic
c) economic; religious
d) capitalist; cultural
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40. Review Questions
4. Examining the interactions between people with a focus on
how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an
example of which theoretical approach to sociology?
a) symbolic interactionism
b) postmodernism
c) feminist theory
d) functionalism
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41. Review Questions
5. Which two theoretical approaches share the belief that
sociological theory must be linked to political and social
action?
a) postmodernism and Marxism
b) feminist theory and symbolic interactionism
c) Marxism and feminist theory
d) rational choice theory and postmodernism
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42. Review Questions
6. According to some postmodern theorists, such as Jean
Baudrillard, how has the spread of electronic media affected
society?
a) It has disconnected us from real people and places and led to
greater social isolation as we respond to signs and images that
often have little to do with our everyday lives.
b) It has made us more aware of cultural differences as we are
exposed to a wider range of ideas and values.
c) It has led to ever greater levels of consumerism as people are
constantly reminded of things they don’t have that they would
like to own.
d) It has provided new ways for people to connect and create
community.
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43. Review Questions
7. How can sociology have practical implications?
a) Sociology can suggest new ways of evaluating major social
transformations in history.
b) Sociological studies are often used to assess the success,
or failure, of policy initiatives in areas ranging from
education to housing to sex discrimination.
c) Sociology can shed light on the importance of social actors
whose roles were previously ignored.
d) Sociology empowers larger social institutions, not
individuals, to alter conditions of inequality and injustice.
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Editor's Notes
Answer: C
Reference: Developing a Sociological Perspective
Type: Conceptual
Answer: D
Reference: The Development of Sociological Thinking
Type: Conceptual
Answer: B
Reference: The Development of Sociological Thinking
Type: Factual
Answer: A
Reference: The Development of Sociological Thinking
Type: Conceptual
Answer: C
Reference: The Development of Sociological Thinking
Type: Factual
Answer: A
Reference: The Development of Sociological Thinking
Type: Factual
Answer: B
Reference: How Can Sociology Help Us?
Type: Conceptual