This document defines and explains key sociological concepts related to culture, norms, values, and socialization. It discusses how culture is the shared way of life learned and transmitted between generations in a society. Norms provide guidelines for acceptable behavior while values represent abstract ideals. People learn norms and values through the process of socialization primarily from their family and peer groups when young, and later through schools, work, and media. Understanding these foundational sociological concepts is important for discussing and analyzing society.
The course imparts the basic concepts and understanding in Sociological and Anthropological subject matter, theories, concepts, trends and cultural systems. The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
The course imparts the basic concepts and understanding in Sociological and Anthropological subject matter, theories, concepts, trends and cultural systems. The course aims to impart the basic concepts and the knowledge in medical sociology/anthropology, socialization in health, culture and health, provider consumer relationships in public health, indigenous health care system and alternative health care practices.
Culture is deeply involved in matters of personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, seeking early medical care, family planning -in short, the whole way of life. Different cultures are there in different societies which may or may not have positive effects on health.
This ppt covers all the points as per the prescribed format of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Nashik for the course Post Basic Bsc Nursing .
Target of public health approaches.
The shifting role of behaviour ( simple-complex)
Behavioural risk factors (itself- determinant-consequent)
determinants of behaviour
Public health strategies to influence determinants of behaviour
The interaction of socioeconomic status (SES), environments, and behaviour
Denormalizing behaviour
Public health interventions and conclusion
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
Biocultural heritage innovations for adaptation to climate change: Mijikenda ...IIED
This is a presentation by Chemuku Wekesa, researcher at the Kenya Forestry Research Institute for a side event at the 15th meeting of the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, on 22 January 2015.
The event was organised by IIED, Asociacion ANDES (Peru), Centre for Chinese Agricultural Policy (China), Lok Chetna Manch (India) and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI).
Wekesa’s presentation provides findings from the baseline study on innovation conducted as part of the SIFOR project (Smallholder Innovation for Resilience).
More details: www.bioculturalheritage.org.
This ppt covers all the points as per the prescribed format of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Nashik for the course Post Basic Bsc Nursing .
Target of public health approaches.
The shifting role of behaviour ( simple-complex)
Behavioural risk factors (itself- determinant-consequent)
determinants of behaviour
Public health strategies to influence determinants of behaviour
The interaction of socioeconomic status (SES), environments, and behaviour
Denormalizing behaviour
Public health interventions and conclusion
Define the following concepts
Social institutions
Social organizations
Describe the classification of organization
Discuss the general characteristics of a social organization as applied to the hospital as an organization of a healthcare institution
Division of labour
Authority
Communication
Formality and rigidity
Biocultural heritage innovations for adaptation to climate change: Mijikenda ...IIED
This is a presentation by Chemuku Wekesa, researcher at the Kenya Forestry Research Institute for a side event at the 15th meeting of the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, on 22 January 2015.
The event was organised by IIED, Asociacion ANDES (Peru), Centre for Chinese Agricultural Policy (China), Lok Chetna Manch (India) and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI).
Wekesa’s presentation provides findings from the baseline study on innovation conducted as part of the SIFOR project (Smallholder Innovation for Resilience).
More details: www.bioculturalheritage.org.
Health and Society (Chapter 11, "You May Ask Yourself")Emily Coffey
A review of the social issues surrounding health, wellness and access to healthcare, particularly in America. Appropriate for 100-level sociology courses. If you like it, feel free to use it!
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"You May Ask Yourself" second edition (2011), D. Conley, W.W. Norton - Chapter 11
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*** This is only my "reworking" of pre-packaged PPT files included textbook published by W.W. Norton. Some materials copyright by W.W.Norton.
Introduction to Culture and Health - May 26 2016jayembee
This presentation presents information about the national CLAS Standards, defines culture, and explores the intersections of culture and health. Medical mistrust and its impact on health seeking behaviors is also examined.
1 sociocultural context of health and health care deliveryChantal Settley
Culture:
• Culture: definition- pg 35 in Pretoruis.
• Components of culture:
• Cognitive component- pg 36 in Pretoruis.
• Normative component- pg 37 in Pretoruis.
• Symbolic component- pg 39 in Pretoruis.
Cultural concepts:
• Subcultures- pg 44 in Pretoruis.
• Cultural change- pg 44 in Pretoruis.
• Cultural competence (aspects of cultural identity) - pg 47 in Pretoruis.
• Culture shock- pg 37 in Du Toit.
• Cultural lag- pg 37 in Pretoruis.
Tackles About
a.Socialization/Enculturation
b.Norms and Values
c.Status and Roles
d.Conformity and Deviance
e.Human Rights, Human Dignity and Common Good
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Introduction.
In the introductory lecture I said that one of our aims
in sociology is to discover what is really going on in
society. Today we'll continue in the pursuit of that
theme by looking more closely at what society is
made up of.
3. Outline.
This session involves defining and explaining in
some depth some sociological terms (jargon) that
are used to describe society, because we need a
working knowledge of these terms in order to
discuss our society
4. Culture
People often think of culture as meaning the "higher"
things of the mind such as art, literature, music and
painting. Sociologists include these things but also
much more.
There are various definitions of culture, a useful one is
from Haralambos:
5. Culture- Haralambos
"The way of life of a society. The collection of
ideas and habits which they learn, share and
transmit from generation to generation."
6. Culture
Two important points to note from this definition are
that culture is learned and shared.
Since human beings have no instincts to guide their
actions, their behaviour must be based on guidelines,
which are learned.
7. Culture
In order for society to operate effectively, these
guidelines must be shared by its members.
So culture may be thought of as learned behaviour in
any particular society, (including ideas, techniques
and habits) which is passed on by one generation to
the next.
8. Culture
Giddens notes that our personalities and outlooks are strongly
influenced by the culture and society in which each of us happens
to exist.
Give some examples:
At the same time, in our day-to-day behaviour we actively re-
create and re-shape the cultural and social contexts in which our
activities occur.
9. Culture
So culture defines accepted ways of behaving for members
of a particular society, such definitions vary from society to
society. e.g. Courtship rituals cultures, i.e. the way men
behave towards women.
May lead to problems and misunderstandings in cross-
cultural situations.
10. Culture
It is important to be aware that cultures are not
homogenous so should avoid generalizations and also
that cultures are never static - they are constantly
changing.
Its also important to be aware that there are a wide
variety of different cultures.
11. Culture
It is wrong to see YOUR culture as the normal
culture and to measure all other cultures alongside
ours. This is known as ethnocentrism.
12. Components of culture- Norm
What are norms?
• "Standards of behaviour expected of individuals
by their social group."
13. Components of culture- Norm
• Specific guides to action, which define acceptable and
appropriate behaviour in particular situations.
• There are many norms governing our behaviour, e.g.
wearing clothes is considered appropriate and acceptable.
• Enforced by positive or negative sanctions. i.e.
Punishments or rewards designed to control behaviour.
14. Components of culture- Norm
• The normative behaviour of wearing clothes is
reinforced by negative sanctions against
nakedness, such as staring, laughter, shouts.
• Norms vary from culture to culture.
15. Components of culture- Norm
• How about norms in a particular cultural setting a
hospital ward. e.g. punctuality and dress.
• So norms provide specific directives for conduct.
16. Values
• Values on the other hand provide more general
guidelines -abstract ideals. May be defined as: A
belief that something is good and desirable. It
defines what is important, worthwhile and
worth striving for.
17. Values
• Many of our norms may be seen as reflections of
values and a variety of norms can be seen as an
expression of a single value. e.g. In Western
society -the value that life is precious.
18. Values
• Therefore many norms are concerned with
protecting life -from public safety, legal
settlement of disputes without taking life, rules
governing behaviour on roads. Like norms values
vary from society to society.
19. Role and Status
Role refers to patterns of behaviour expected of
certain people according to the position or
occupation they hold in society. e.g. doctor.
20. Role and Status
Status refers to the position of a person or social
role in society according to the amount of prestige
they receive from others.
21. Socialization.
• Norms and values are learned through the process of
socialization.
• "The process by which individuals learn the norms and
values of their social group."
• The most important part is that it is a learning process.
22. Socialization.
• Through the process of socialization human infants
develop into social persons, initiated into the beliefs and
ways of life of their social group and able to play their
own part in society.
• These ways of life and beliefs are learned rather than
instinctive.
23. Socialization.
Some writers distinguish between primary and secondary
socialization.
• Primary. Early socialization between the child and family
and peer group.
• Secondary. More formal socialization in later childhood
and adulthood in the school, workplace and outside world.
24. Socialization.
Its not a particularly important distinction and its sometimes
difficult to find cut-off points between primary and secondary
socialization, - what is important is to be aware that we are
continually being socialized in any given situation, and also
that it’s very much a process of interaction.
25. Socialization.
i.e. People learn how to behave by the reaction of other
people towards them. These reactions, in their simplest form
are approval or disapproval.
26. Agents of Socialization- The
Family
The family is the main agent of primary socialization- its the
first human group a person usually belongs to.
Children learn basic behaviour patterns by responding to the
approval or disapproval of parents and by copying their
example.
27. Agents of Socialization- The
Family
Parents may intentionally teach their children some
appropriate behaviour - such as eating with their mouths shut
and saying please and thank you - these are conventions that
they need to be aware of to be accepted in the outside world.
28. Agents of Socialization
They also unintentionally teach them very much more
observation.
e.g. Its in the family that children learn the ways in which
people in authority behave and the difference in the way that
men and women and behave.
29. Agents of Socialization
So it’s in the family that they usually learn what behaviour is
appropriate in the particular society in which they will live.
Although socialization is a lifelong process some of the most
significant developments occur during the highly
impressionable & formative period of early childhood.
31. Agents of Socialization- "peer group"
The 2nd important agency of primary socialization is the "peer group" -i.e. other
children with whom a child comes into contact - friends & playmates.
The peer group is probably the first means by which children encounter ideas and
ways of behaving different from those at home, they also learn to modify their
behaviour in order to seek peer approval.
This early socialization is characterized by close emotional ties, in which children
identify with "significant others", &, because they care about them & for them,
their influence is very strong and goes very deep.
32. Some overlap here with social psychology -
because children are developing their self.
We learn who we are through the reactions of
others towards us, and learn how to behave
through other people's approval or
disapproval – The looking glass self
33. Secondary Socialization
Secondary socialization usually happens in more formal
situations in later childhood and adulthood.
In order to function in a socially appropriate manner we have
to learn new rules when we enter any new and strange
situations
34. Secondary Socialization
Important agencies of secondary socialization are schools,
the mass media and occupations.
Schools - not just formally taught curriculum, also hidden
curriculum.
35. Secondary Socialization
Mass media - in all its forms -not quite the same as the other
agents we've mentioned because there is no interaction, but it
is influential in disseminating ideas & particular values and
beliefs.
Socialization is an important aspect of all human activity, a
subtle, complex and pervasive process.
36. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATION
• Reading.
• Haralambos, M. (1995) Sociology, Themes and Perspectives. [Chapter 1 Theories of
Society.]
• Giddens, A. (1997) Sociology. [Chapter 21 Sociological Theory.]
• Bond, J. & Bond, S. (1994) Sociology and Health Care. [Chap 2 Perspectives in
Sociology.]
• Jones, L. (1994) The Social Context of Health and Work. [Chap 2 The Scope of
Sociological Enquiry.]
• Senior, M. & Viveash, B. Health and Illness [Chap.11 Perspectives in Health Care]
•