The document discusses various social institutions and groups. It defines institutions as systems of norms that govern behavior to achieve important goals or activities. It outlines key institutions like family, religion, political and legal systems, and education. It describes different family types, marriage customs, and religious beliefs. It also defines primary, secondary, and reference groups and how they differ. Minority groups are discussed as subordinate groups with unequal treatment based on attributes.

1. Culture, Health and society
Social institution and Groups/socialization
By
Sehrish Naz
Lecturer INS, KMU
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2. Culture, Health and society
Delineate the difference among following social institutions
e.g.
Family-types function, marriage, caste, family relationship, divorce etc.
Religious – beliefs, superstitious etc.
Political system - autocratic, democratic, dictatorship.
Legal system: Recreation, Educational system.
Describe different types of group
Primary group, Secondary group and Reference group
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3. Culture, Health and society
An institution is a system of norms to achieve some goal or
activity that people feel is important.
Is a structure and social mechanisms of social orders and
cooperation that govern the behavior of its members.
Is a group of social positions connected by social relations
performing a social role.
A social institution consists of a group of people who have come
together for a common purpose. These institutions are a part of
the social order of society and they govern behavior and
expectations of individuals..
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4. Culture, Health and society
A society has some basic needs and important functions to be
carried out for its survival.
Institutions simplify social behavior for the individual person.
Teaching new recruits: provide ready- made forms of social relation
and social roles.
Act as agencies of coordination and stability for the total culture,
Producing and distributing good services.
Maintaining order, control behavior
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5. Culture, Health and society
The Family:
Education: transmitting cultural knowledge from one generation
to the next
Religion: reaffirming the values that bind people together
Economic institution: (regulating money) providing food, shelter,
and necessary services
Government as a social institution: governing people,
maintaining order
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6. Culture, Health and society
The basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents
rearing their children
In primitive societies, family is the only social institution…
A family has certain functions, for example:
Sexual regulation
Socialization of individuals
Affection
Protective function
Economic function
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7. Culture, Health and society
Nuclear: The core of this family is formed by the husband and
wife
Extended: The core of this family is formed by the brothers and
sisters who live together with their partners and children
Symmetrical: these are families in which both partners share
workload and roles equally
Patriarchal: A family that is dominated by the father
Cohabitation: Living together before marriage
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8. Culture, Health and society
Matrilocal: Couple lives with wife’s family after marriage
Patrilocal: Couple lives with husband’s family after marriage
Neolocal: Couple moves out of both homes and lives in their
own home
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9. Culture, Health and society
(historically and in some jurisdictions specifically a union
between a man and a woman)
Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or more
persons establish a family
New status, new obligations and privileges
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10. Culture, Health and society
In general there are two types: civil marriage and religious
marriage, and typically marriages employ a combination of both
(religious marriages must often be licensed and recognized by
the state, and conversely civil marriages, while not sanctioned
under religious law, are nevertheless respected).
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11. Culture, Health and society
Monogamy: One partner : is a form of relationship in which an
individual has only one partner during their lifetime or at any
one time (serial monogamy).
Polygamy
Polygyny (one man, two or more wives)
Polyandry (one woman, two or more husbands)
Polygynandry (two or more men marry two or more women)
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12. Culture, Health and society
Exogamy or Intermarriage – Marriage between people belonging
to different groups or backgrounds.
Endogamy – A marriage within the boundaries of the domestic
group, between members of the same group.
Arranged marriage – A marriage that is at some level arranged
by someone other than those being married.
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13. Culture, Health and society
Matrilocal: Couple lives with wife’s family after marriage
Patrilocal: Couple lives with husband’s family after marriage
Neolocal: Couple moves out of both homes and lives in their
own home
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14. Culture, Health and society
“A system of beliefs and practices by which a group of people
interprets and responds to what they feel is supernatural and
sacred” (Johnston, 1975)
Transpersonal Healing System (prayers for illness cure, concept of
sin and evil causing the disease)
Religion makes us believe in Allah (God).
It also put stress on resources, rituals and ceremonies. It is
means and methods of preserving valuable virtues of life.
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15. Culture, Health and society
Political institution: “A set of norms pertaining to the
distribution of power and authority, concerning the management
and control of society, to bring order in life”.
Political system exists everywhere either in a community or
country in different forms i.e. democracy, socialism, dictatorship,
communism etc.
There are ideologies and the responsibilities, duties, pleasures
and rights for the individuals
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16. Culture, Health and society
Democracy: A common feature of democracy is competitive
elections. Competitive elections are usually seen to require
freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and some degree of
rule of law.
Autocracy: is a form of government in which the political power
is held by a single self appointed ruler.
Dictatorship: It is an autocratic form of government in which the
government is ruled by a dictator.
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17. Culture, Health and society
Power
Law and Ethics
Civil society?
Social System
Education, faiths
Recreation
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18. Culture, Health and society
Education
The term education is derived from the “Latin word “Educare”
which means to develop in people or person their habits and
attitude with which he or they successfully face the future.
In other words, it provides the equipment and skills and
techniques through which the people satisfy their needs.
Education socializes and makes individual into a useful member
of the society.
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19. Culture, Health and society
Formal education
Formal learning is education normally delivered by trained teachers in
a systematic intentional way within a school, higher education or
university
Informal education
Informal Education encompasses student interests within a curriculum
in a regular classroom, but is not limited to that setting. It works
through conversation, and the exploration and enlargement of
experience.
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20. Culture, Health and society
Transmission of culture
Prepare for the occupational role
Innovation (According to “Linton” an invention is a new
application of knowledge, making a theory, predicting future
events and presenting new social law are the social inventions,
which come through education)
Personal adjustment
Character formation
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21. Culture, Health and society
A number of people who share some common characteristic
A number of people who share some organized patterns of
recurrent interaction
Any number of people who share consciousness of membership
together and interaction
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22. Culture, Health and society
In the social sciences, a social group has been defined as two or
more people who interact with one another, share similar
characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity.
Frequent interaction leads people to share values and beliefs.
Interaction –identification – attachment – more interaction
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23. Culture, Health and society
Primary groups are those that are close-knit. They are typically
small scale, include intimate relationships, and are usually long
lasting. The members of primary groups feel a strong personal
identity with the group.
Those groups that are characterized by intimate face-to-face
association and those are fundamental in the development and
continued adjustment of their member
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24. Culture, Health and society
Secondary groups are another type of social group. They have
the opposite characteristics of primary groups. They can be small
or large and are mostly impersonal and usually short term. These
groups are typically found at work and school
Formal means of social control such as law, legislation, police,
court etc are made to control the behavior of members
More time spent in primary rather than secondary groups
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25. Culture, Health and society
Task groups are groups of individuals brought together to
accomplish a specific action or produce a product
Formed to perform a certain activity
They lie between primary and secondary groups
There is face to face interaction, but the purpose is impersonal,
segmental and utilitarian
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26. Culture, Health and society
These are groups which are important to us as models even
though we may not be part those groups
Groups that we refer to when making a judgement – whose
value judgements are our value judgements
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27. Culture, Health and society
Any group which you refer to as ‘my’, example, my family, my
school friends and so on…
Any group which you feel you do not belong to, for example,
their family, their friends and so on…An out-group could still
have influence in your life.
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28. Culture, Health and society
Therapeutic self help group:
A group which assemble to discuss their common problem and
gain group support in struggling with it .
One of the main techniques is the use of group pressure to
reward each gain towards behavioral goal.
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29. Culture, Health and society
Minority groups:
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less
control over their own lives than the members of majority
groups.
Characteristics of Minority groups
Diverse physical or cultural traits
Unequal treatment
Ascribed status
Solidarity and in group marriages
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30. Culture, Health and society
Types of minority groups
Racial group: A group which is set apart from others because of
obvious physical differences. E.g. blacks ,whites
Ethnic group: A group set apart from others primarily because of
its national origin or characteristic cultural patterns. E.g.
Bangladeshi, Afghanis
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31. Culture, Health and society
Horton,P.B.(1990)Sciology.(5thEd.).McGraw-Hill.
Schaefer,R.T.& Lamm,R.P.(1998) Sociology (6th Ed.). McGraw-Hill.
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32. Culture, Health and society
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