This document provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It defines AM as a process of joining materials layer by layer to make objects from 3D model data, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methods. The document discusses different AM technologies including liquid-based, solid-based, powder bed fusion, and binder jetting. It also covers applications of AM in the medical and automotive industries, benefits of AM including design freedom and reduced material waste, and limitations such as part size restrictions.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer controlled process that creates three dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers,is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. ... As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object.
a high level overview of 3D printing (2018) with a focus on consumer printing. Targeted at those with little technical or design knowledge. Includes models and examples to make the material relevant, no matter what level of exposure the audience has had previously. Examples include use of 3D printing in woodworking. Version 2
The 3D printing process builds a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design model, usually by successively adding material layer by layer, which is why it is also called additive manufacturing,
FDM Process introduction (A part of Additive Manufacturing Technique OR Commonly Known as 3D Printing). 3D printing is an evolved manufacturing technique; it is comparatively better than conventional substractive manufacturing. There is minimum wastage of material because material is added only at those locations where it is required. To make 3D model you need a 3D printer and feeding material and obviously power source. Any thermoplastic material whose melting temperature lies in the range of 150-240 deg. C can be used in FDM based 3D printing.
This document provides an overview of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. It discusses that FDM works by extruding melted thermoplastic through a nozzle to build an object layer by layer. Common materials used are ABS and PLA plastics. FDM printers have advantages of a wide material selection and low cost, but lower accuracy than other technologies. Applications include prototyping, manufacturing tools and end-use parts for industries like automotive, aerospace, medical and more. In conclusion, FDM is well-suited for prototyping and less structurally demanding applications.
This document discusses additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It begins with an introduction to AM and its ability to manufacture 3D objects from CAD data in a layer-by-layer process without design limitations. The document then covers the basic principles of AM including modeling, printing, and finishing. It discusses various AM processes like fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and stereolithography. Advantages of AM over machining are provided along with applications in industries like automotive and aerospace. Barriers to AM adoption like slow build rates and high costs are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It defines AM as a process of joining materials layer by layer to make objects from 3D model data, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methods. The document discusses different AM technologies including liquid-based, solid-based, powder bed fusion, and binder jetting. It also covers applications of AM in the medical and automotive industries, benefits of AM including design freedom and reduced material waste, and limitations such as part size restrictions.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the industrial production name for 3D printing, a computer controlled process that creates three dimensional objects by depositing materials, usually in layers,is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems. ... As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object.
a high level overview of 3D printing (2018) with a focus on consumer printing. Targeted at those with little technical or design knowledge. Includes models and examples to make the material relevant, no matter what level of exposure the audience has had previously. Examples include use of 3D printing in woodworking. Version 2
The 3D printing process builds a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design model, usually by successively adding material layer by layer, which is why it is also called additive manufacturing,
FDM Process introduction (A part of Additive Manufacturing Technique OR Commonly Known as 3D Printing). 3D printing is an evolved manufacturing technique; it is comparatively better than conventional substractive manufacturing. There is minimum wastage of material because material is added only at those locations where it is required. To make 3D model you need a 3D printer and feeding material and obviously power source. Any thermoplastic material whose melting temperature lies in the range of 150-240 deg. C can be used in FDM based 3D printing.
This document provides an overview of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology. It discusses that FDM works by extruding melted thermoplastic through a nozzle to build an object layer by layer. Common materials used are ABS and PLA plastics. FDM printers have advantages of a wide material selection and low cost, but lower accuracy than other technologies. Applications include prototyping, manufacturing tools and end-use parts for industries like automotive, aerospace, medical and more. In conclusion, FDM is well-suited for prototyping and less structurally demanding applications.
This document discusses additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing. It begins with an introduction to AM and its ability to manufacture 3D objects from CAD data in a layer-by-layer process without design limitations. The document then covers the basic principles of AM including modeling, printing, and finishing. It discusses various AM processes like fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and stereolithography. Advantages of AM over machining are provided along with applications in industries like automotive and aerospace. Barriers to AM adoption like slow build rates and high costs are also mentioned.
Stereolithography (SLA) is the oldest 3D Printing technology used to manufactureaesthetically beautiful and proof of concept prototypes with smooth surface finish. We use photopolymer resins to manufacture the parts in SLA technology. The parts find applications in Automotive interiors, Industrial goods, Medical Devices industries etc.
3 D printing principle and potential application in aircraft industryBruno Niyomwungeri
This document discusses the history and development of 3D printing technology from its origins in the 1980s to current applications in the aircraft industry. It outlines several common 3D printing techniques like selective laser sintering, thermal inkjet printing, and fused deposition modeling. It then provides examples of how 3D printing is used in the aircraft industry in China and elsewhere to produce complex titanium and metal parts with significant cost and material savings compared to traditional manufacturing. The document concludes by discussing potential future applications of 3D printing within aerospace like printing entire aircraft wings or more engine parts.
This document provides an overview of additive manufacturing and 3D printing technologies. It discusses 3D printing versus traditional manufacturing methods and describes major 3D printing technologies including stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and selective laser melting. Applications of 3D printing in healthcare, construction, and other fields are highlighted. The evolution of additive manufacturing toward 4D printing and self-assembling materials is covered. Challenges and opportunities in the development of 4D printing are identified.
Additive manufacturing Processes PDF by (badebhau4@gmail.com)Er. Bade Bhausaheb
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes build three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer based on a digital model. The document discusses several AM processes including powder bed fusion which uses lasers or electron beams to fuse powder materials together layer by layer. Key powder bed fusion techniques are direct metal laser sintering
This document provides an introduction and overview of additive manufacturing (AM). It defines AM as a process of joining materials to make 3D objects layer by layer, and describes some key aspects including input, methods, materials, and applications. The document discusses how AM has advanced rapidly in recent decades, providing advantages like the ability to directly produce complex parts in a relatively short time without tools or molds. Historical developments are outlined, showing how AM technologies have evolved from early systems in the 1980s to many commercial options today.
This power point presentation gives the introduction about DMLS process (Direct Metal Laser sintering) and Direct Metal 20 (DM20) material. It also illustrates DMLS process and applications of DMLS.
This document summarizes a seminar on additive manufacturing technologies. It discusses the history of 3D printing, which was developed in 1984. It then describes several common additive manufacturing techniques like selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography. Applications of 3D printing discussed include uses in architecture, automotive, medical, food, and aerospace. The document outlines advantages like reduced costs and complex geometries along with disadvantages like high machine costs and size limitations. It concludes by noting the growing scope of additive manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing. It discusses the history of 3D printing, how 3D printing works by building objects layer by layer, and common 3D printing processes like fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and stereolithography. The document also outlines advantages such as reducing waste and allowing for testing of designs before production. Limitations include the costs of materials and equipment as well as speed. Applications of 3D printing span various fields like art, music, engineering, automotive, and medicine. In conclusion, 3D printing offers benefits of time, cost, and resource savings for manufacturing.
During a Green Talks LIVE webinar on 27 February 2017 Shardul Agrawala of the OECD presented on the potential benefits and drawbacks of widespread 3D printing and what it means for environmental sustainability in OECD countries and beyond.
3D printing has gained popularity in recent years with the 3D manufacturing market projected to grow at around 20% each year until 2020. Annual printer sales are projected to exceed $10 billion by 2021.
3D printing may be growing rapidly and innovations abound, but what does this mean for the environment?
The document discusses 3D printing, which uses additive processes to create 3D objects from digital models by laying down successive layers of material. It describes several technologies used, including selective laser sintering of powders, fused deposition modeling of thermoplastics, and stereo lithography of photopolymers. Applications are discussed across many fields like engineering, architecture, automotive, medical and more. Advantages include on-demand digital manufacturing, reduced waste, and increased customization. The impact is compared to previous industrial revolutions.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that builds 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material. There are several major 3D printing technologies that differ in the materials and techniques used, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS). 4D printing is an emerging technology that uses smart materials and 3D printing to create objects that can change shapes or properties when exposed to stimuli like water, heat or light. Potential applications of 4D printing include self-assembling medical devices, adaptive robotics, and shape-changing structures.
The document provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. It discusses the different families of AM, including powder bed fusion, material extrusion, binder jetting, vat photopolymerization, material jetting, direct energy deposition, and sheet lamination. It compares the various AM methods based on factors like deposition rate, feature resolution, part size limitations, and build speed. The document also outlines considerations for selecting suitable parts for AM and choosing the appropriate AM process based on the application.
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
This document discusses 3D printing technology and its uses. It describes how 3D printing works by using a digital 3D design to build an object in layers by depositing material. The document outlines the benefits of 3D printing such as customization, complexity of designs, being tool-less, sustainability, and allowing imagination. It also provides details about the jewelkreator 3D printer, its specifications, applications in areas like medical implants, consumer products, architecture, and industry.
The document discusses composite materials, which are multi-component systems with at least a matrix and reinforcement. It covers various applications of composites in fields like wind energy, storage, transportation, biomedical, defense and aerospace. It also discusses micromechanics, modeling, mechanical testing and failure analysis of composites. Different types of tests to characterize interfaces and mechanical properties are described.
This 3 page document discusses additive manufacturing and references 3 sources on the topic. The document is authored by Aurabinda Swain, a PhD scholar in additive manufacturing at IIT Bhubaneswar. It provides an overview of additive manufacturing technologies and applications, highlights the need for further research, and lists 3 references for additive manufacturing methods, modeling approaches, and a general review of additive manufacturing.
The use of 3D printing is gradually increasing and the technologies developed in the 3D printing also increases. This presentation is about the various technologies present the market.
This document provides an overview of 3D and 4D printing technologies. It explains that 3D printing involves building 3D objects layer by layer from a digital file, while 4D printing produces objects that can change or transform over time when exposed to stimuli like water or heat. The document discusses several 3D printing methods and materials and gives examples of current applications. It describes how 4D printing embeds different material properties that allow printed objects to self-assemble into different shapes when activated by water or other triggers. The future potential of 4D printing is to create dynamically adaptive structures for applications like aerospace or infrastructure.
The document discusses a study on the influence of layer thickness on the impact property of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples. Samples were printed with layer thicknesses of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm and tested according to ISO 180 standards. Results showed that impact strength increased with thicker layer thicknesses, with the optimal strength found at 0.3 mm. Increasing layer thickness also decreased printing time. Overall, the study found that layer thickness is an important parameter that influences the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, with thicker layers improving impact strength but increasing print time.
IRJET- Fabrication and Testing of E-Glass with E-Waste as Filler MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on fabricating and testing epoxy composites reinforced with E-glass fibers and filled with varying amounts of e-waste material. Specimens containing 0%, 5%, and 15% e-waste by weight were produced using hand layup and cold pressing. Mechanical tests showed that tensile, flexural, and compressive strength generally decreased as e-waste content increased, while hardness also decreased. The 5% e-waste composite exhibited the highest compressile strength. The research demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating e-waste as a filler in fiber-reinforced polymer composites to enable its reuse and reduce electronic waste.
Stereolithography (SLA) is the oldest 3D Printing technology used to manufactureaesthetically beautiful and proof of concept prototypes with smooth surface finish. We use photopolymer resins to manufacture the parts in SLA technology. The parts find applications in Automotive interiors, Industrial goods, Medical Devices industries etc.
3 D printing principle and potential application in aircraft industryBruno Niyomwungeri
This document discusses the history and development of 3D printing technology from its origins in the 1980s to current applications in the aircraft industry. It outlines several common 3D printing techniques like selective laser sintering, thermal inkjet printing, and fused deposition modeling. It then provides examples of how 3D printing is used in the aircraft industry in China and elsewhere to produce complex titanium and metal parts with significant cost and material savings compared to traditional manufacturing. The document concludes by discussing potential future applications of 3D printing within aerospace like printing entire aircraft wings or more engine parts.
This document provides an overview of additive manufacturing and 3D printing technologies. It discusses 3D printing versus traditional manufacturing methods and describes major 3D printing technologies including stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and selective laser melting. Applications of 3D printing in healthcare, construction, and other fields are highlighted. The evolution of additive manufacturing toward 4D printing and self-assembling materials is covered. Challenges and opportunities in the development of 4D printing are identified.
Additive manufacturing Processes PDF by (badebhau4@gmail.com)Er. Bade Bhausaheb
Additive manufacturing (AM) processes build three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer based on a digital model. The document discusses several AM processes including powder bed fusion which uses lasers or electron beams to fuse powder materials together layer by layer. Key powder bed fusion techniques are direct metal laser sintering
This document provides an introduction and overview of additive manufacturing (AM). It defines AM as a process of joining materials to make 3D objects layer by layer, and describes some key aspects including input, methods, materials, and applications. The document discusses how AM has advanced rapidly in recent decades, providing advantages like the ability to directly produce complex parts in a relatively short time without tools or molds. Historical developments are outlined, showing how AM technologies have evolved from early systems in the 1980s to many commercial options today.
This power point presentation gives the introduction about DMLS process (Direct Metal Laser sintering) and Direct Metal 20 (DM20) material. It also illustrates DMLS process and applications of DMLS.
This document summarizes a seminar on additive manufacturing technologies. It discusses the history of 3D printing, which was developed in 1984. It then describes several common additive manufacturing techniques like selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and stereolithography. Applications of 3D printing discussed include uses in architecture, automotive, medical, food, and aerospace. The document outlines advantages like reduced costs and complex geometries along with disadvantages like high machine costs and size limitations. It concludes by noting the growing scope of additive manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of 3D printing. It discusses the history of 3D printing, how 3D printing works by building objects layer by layer, and common 3D printing processes like fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, and stereolithography. The document also outlines advantages such as reducing waste and allowing for testing of designs before production. Limitations include the costs of materials and equipment as well as speed. Applications of 3D printing span various fields like art, music, engineering, automotive, and medicine. In conclusion, 3D printing offers benefits of time, cost, and resource savings for manufacturing.
During a Green Talks LIVE webinar on 27 February 2017 Shardul Agrawala of the OECD presented on the potential benefits and drawbacks of widespread 3D printing and what it means for environmental sustainability in OECD countries and beyond.
3D printing has gained popularity in recent years with the 3D manufacturing market projected to grow at around 20% each year until 2020. Annual printer sales are projected to exceed $10 billion by 2021.
3D printing may be growing rapidly and innovations abound, but what does this mean for the environment?
The document discusses 3D printing, which uses additive processes to create 3D objects from digital models by laying down successive layers of material. It describes several technologies used, including selective laser sintering of powders, fused deposition modeling of thermoplastics, and stereo lithography of photopolymers. Applications are discussed across many fields like engineering, architecture, automotive, medical and more. Advantages include on-demand digital manufacturing, reduced waste, and increased customization. The impact is compared to previous industrial revolutions.
3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that builds 3D objects by laying down successive layers of material. There are several major 3D printing technologies that differ in the materials and techniques used, such as stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and selective laser sintering (SLS). 4D printing is an emerging technology that uses smart materials and 3D printing to create objects that can change shapes or properties when exposed to stimuli like water, heat or light. Potential applications of 4D printing include self-assembling medical devices, adaptive robotics, and shape-changing structures.
The document provides an overview of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. It discusses the different families of AM, including powder bed fusion, material extrusion, binder jetting, vat photopolymerization, material jetting, direct energy deposition, and sheet lamination. It compares the various AM methods based on factors like deposition rate, feature resolution, part size limitations, and build speed. The document also outlines considerations for selecting suitable parts for AM and choosing the appropriate AM process based on the application.
Stereolithography (SLA) is an additive manufacturing process that involves building 3D objects layer-by-layer by curing liquid photopolymer resin with a UV laser beam. It traces the cross-section of each layer on the surface of the resin vat, solidifying the pattern. The elevator then lowers and the next layer is traced, adhering to the previous one. This process is repeated until the object is completed. SLA provides high accuracy and good surface finish but may require additional curing and removal of support structures.
This document discusses 3D printing technology and its uses. It describes how 3D printing works by using a digital 3D design to build an object in layers by depositing material. The document outlines the benefits of 3D printing such as customization, complexity of designs, being tool-less, sustainability, and allowing imagination. It also provides details about the jewelkreator 3D printer, its specifications, applications in areas like medical implants, consumer products, architecture, and industry.
The document discusses composite materials, which are multi-component systems with at least a matrix and reinforcement. It covers various applications of composites in fields like wind energy, storage, transportation, biomedical, defense and aerospace. It also discusses micromechanics, modeling, mechanical testing and failure analysis of composites. Different types of tests to characterize interfaces and mechanical properties are described.
This 3 page document discusses additive manufacturing and references 3 sources on the topic. The document is authored by Aurabinda Swain, a PhD scholar in additive manufacturing at IIT Bhubaneswar. It provides an overview of additive manufacturing technologies and applications, highlights the need for further research, and lists 3 references for additive manufacturing methods, modeling approaches, and a general review of additive manufacturing.
The use of 3D printing is gradually increasing and the technologies developed in the 3D printing also increases. This presentation is about the various technologies present the market.
This document provides an overview of 3D and 4D printing technologies. It explains that 3D printing involves building 3D objects layer by layer from a digital file, while 4D printing produces objects that can change or transform over time when exposed to stimuli like water or heat. The document discusses several 3D printing methods and materials and gives examples of current applications. It describes how 4D printing embeds different material properties that allow printed objects to self-assemble into different shapes when activated by water or other triggers. The future potential of 4D printing is to create dynamically adaptive structures for applications like aerospace or infrastructure.
The document discusses a study on the influence of layer thickness on the impact property of 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) samples. Samples were printed with layer thicknesses of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm and tested according to ISO 180 standards. Results showed that impact strength increased with thicker layer thicknesses, with the optimal strength found at 0.3 mm. Increasing layer thickness also decreased printing time. Overall, the study found that layer thickness is an important parameter that influences the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, with thicker layers improving impact strength but increasing print time.
IRJET- Fabrication and Testing of E-Glass with E-Waste as Filler MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on fabricating and testing epoxy composites reinforced with E-glass fibers and filled with varying amounts of e-waste material. Specimens containing 0%, 5%, and 15% e-waste by weight were produced using hand layup and cold pressing. Mechanical tests showed that tensile, flexural, and compressive strength generally decreased as e-waste content increased, while hardness also decreased. The 5% e-waste composite exhibited the highest compressile strength. The research demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating e-waste as a filler in fiber-reinforced polymer composites to enable its reuse and reduce electronic waste.
Static structural and dynamic analysis of cracks in composite materialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing cracks in composite materials using static and dynamic finite element analysis. It discusses:
1) Modeling a cracked and uncracked composite beam in ANSYS and analyzing their stress distributions and natural frequencies under static and dynamic loading. The cracked beam showed higher stresses and lower natural frequencies.
2) Conducting a case study on modeling and analyzing a cracked bicycle crank made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The crank was meshed and its stress fields were analyzed to study the effect of cracks on its strength and failure behavior.
3) The study aims to better understand how cracks influence the static and dynamic characteristics of composite materials like beams and crank arms, which is important for
Experimental Investigation of Impact Strength for ABS Plus F.D.M. Parts using...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the impact strength of parts made from ABS Plus material using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). It examines the effects of three FDM process parameters - model interior, build orientation angle, and direction of rotation - on impact strength. Experiments were conducted according to a Design of Experiments using Taguchi method. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameter on impact strength, which was found to be build orientation angle. Regression analysis estimated the percentage of error between experimental and predicted results. In summary, the document explores how FDM process parameters affect the impact strength of ABS Plus parts through experiments using Taguchi method.
IRJET- Effect of Gasoline Exposure on the Mechanical Properties of PLA an...IRJET Journal
This document studies the effect of gasoline exposure on the mechanical properties of PLA and ABS materials processed by fused filament fabrication (FFF). Specimens of PLA and ABS were manufactured according to ASTM standards and submerged in gasoline for 84 hours. Tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness tests were then conducted on the exposed specimens. The results showed that PLA retained most of its mechanical properties after exposure, while ABS became soft and rubbery with a significant reduction in tensile, flexural strength and hardness. The study aims to determine the suitability of PLA and ABS for applications that may involve interaction with gasoline.
Research problem statementThe main problem is to achieve mecha.docxkhanpaulita
Research problem statement
The main problem is to achieve mechanical strength to the polymers like Polylactic acid (PLA) by reinforcing with carbon fibres.
FDM printed polymer composites will be studied to demonstrate their strengths and weakness.
Methodology and Experimental design
The key elements of FDM include material feed mechanism, print head, liquefier, printing bed and gantry.
There are several operating parameters that are important in FDM including bead width, model build temperature, air gap, printing orientation and layer thickness.
In FDM, the filament is melted into semi liquid state at nozzle and is extruded layer by layer on the printing bed until complete component is fabricated.
FDM printed polymer composites will be tested and analysed.
Results and discussion
Build orientation in cube software
Results and discussions
Effect of tensile stresses with respect to the orientation
Afrose et al., observed that highest ultimate tensile stress of 38.7 Mpa was found in X-orientation range from 60 to 64% of raw PLA material
Results and discussionsMethodMaterials usedCarbon fiber content (wt%)Maximum Tensile Strength
(MPa)Tensile strength improvement (%) compared to pure polymerReferenceFused Deposition ModellingShort carbon fiber/ABS
Short glass fiber/ABS
5%
13%
18%
40%42
70.69
58.6
7024
194
140
115Zhong et al., tekinalp et al.,Direct write
Short carbon fibre/epoxy/silicon carbide whisker35%66.2127Compton et al.,FDM based Co-extrusionContinuous carbon fibre/PLA
Continuous carbon fibre/nylon6.6 vol%
34.5 vol%185.2
464.4335
446Van der klift et al.,
Matsuzaki et al.,
Results and discussions
Results and discussions
Download high-res image (117KB)
Microstructure of continuos CF reinforced PLA that represents continuos CF in the fracture surface (a,b) overall cross section; (c) interface (Tian et al.,)
conclusion
Continuous CF and PLA were blended successfully in printing head before deposition increasing the fibre matrix adhesion.
Due to this increase in tensile strength and flexural strength is observed.
the highest ultimate tensile stress of 38.7 Mpa was found in X-orientation range from 60 to 64% of raw PLA material.
The microstructure graph indicates that continuous CF in the fractural surface.
Therefore continuous CF reinforced PLA, printed by FDM has great potential to fabricate functional and load bearing component parts.
F U L L R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E
Effects of part build orientations on fatigue behaviour
of FDM-processed PLA material
Mst Faujiya Afrose1 • S. H. Masood1 • Pio Iovenitti1 • Mostafa Nikzad1 •
Igor Sbarski1
Received: 1 June 2015 / Accepted: 19 October 2015 / Published online: 10 November 2015
� Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract This paper investigates the fatigue behaviour of
polylactic acid (PLA) parts processed by fused deposition
modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing process. PLA is
becoming a commonly used thermoplastic in open-sour ...
IRJET- Study of Fused Deposition Modeling Process Parameters for Polycarbonat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the effects of process parameters on parts manufactured using fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) blend material. Five parameters were selected - extrusion temperature, bed temperature, layer thickness, raster width, and printing speed. Experiments were conducted using an L8 orthogonal array design in Taguchi methodology. Parts were manufactured and measured for dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and flatness without support structures. The goal was to determine optimal parameter settings to improve part quality characteristics for this material.
Static Structural, Fatigue and Buckling Analysis of Jet Pipe Liner by Inducin...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the static structural, fatigue, and buckling behavior of conventional and corrugated jet pipe liners through finite element analysis. A conventional liner model and optimized corrugated liner model were created and meshed. Static structural analysis found that the corrugated liner had lower deformation and similar von-Mises stresses to the conventional liner. Fatigue analysis determined the corrugated liner had a slightly lower fatigue life but still above the design target of 1 million cycles. Buckling analysis revealed the corrugated liner had a higher buckling load multiplier, indicating it is stiffer than the conventional liner against buckling. In conclusion, introducing corrugation improved the liner's buckling strength without negatively impacting other
This document discusses how finite element analysis can be used to optimize composite structures and reduce costs. It provides examples of how FEA was used at various stages of design, including concept design to reduce weight, detailed design to evaluate performance under different loads, laminate optimization to lower material usage, failure analysis to investigate problems, and design verification for quality assurance. One example describes how FEA optimized a helicopter axle by varying fiber orientations between bands, reducing weight from 32kg to 6kg while maintaining safety.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Glass Fiber Epoxy Reinforce...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates and analyzes glass fiber epoxy reinforced with rubber and wood powder composites. Samples were fabricated with different filler concentrations using hand layup. Mechanical tests including tensile, compression, impact, and water absorption were performed based on ASTM standards. Test results found that 20% weight filler content provided the best results for compression and tensile strength. Finite element analysis using ANSYS showed that the glass fiber composite with rubber and wood powders exhibited higher strength, lower deformation and von mises strain compared to the glass fiber reinforced plastic under the same loads. It was concluded that the reinforced composite has improved mechanical properties and reduced weight compared to glass fiber reinforced plastic.
CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR 3D PRINTING MATERIALSIRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares the mechanical properties of common 3D printing materials like polylactic acid (PLA) and Lay Wood. It first reviews previous literature that has studied properties like tensile strength, elastic modulus, impact strength and crystallinity of 3D printed PLA under different conditions. It then describes conducting tensile, compressive and hardness tests on PLA and Lay Wood specimens printed using a Creality 10-S 3D printer. The results of these tests are presented in tables showing the mechanical properties of each material.
This document discusses the challenges of manufacturing composite automotive parts within tolerance specifications. It presents computational techniques for predicting manufacturing-induced stresses and shape distortions in composite parts. The key techniques described are simulation of the complete manufacturing chain, including the curing process, to validate solutions for correcting distortions. Running simulations of the full process allows modifying parameters like temperature cycles or mold geometry in an iterative process to reduce distortions to acceptable levels. Accounting for all physics involved, like resin phase changes during curing, is important for accurate distortion prediction.
Fracture Analysis of FDM Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Using Fempaperpublications3
Abstract: The research paper gives the study about the fracture behavior of the rapid prototyping polymer material- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). The present work is performed for fracture analysis with experimental as well as finite element method. In this research, 9 specimens of ABS was produced by FDM technique, all of having different crack length and infill (parameter of FDM). The shape & size of specimen is selected as per ASTM D 5045. Experiment for fracture testing is conducted to measure stress intensity factor (SIF) and crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) for each & every specimen. Then fracture analysis have been done in FEM software- ANSYS and the comparison have been done for both results data for analysis.
There are currently three approaches to characterize and quantify the fatigue behaviour of composite laminates that are, Fatigue Life Modelling and Prediction, Phenomenological and Empirical Modelling, and Progressive Damage Modelling. These approaches constitute the evolution that is driven by ever expanding industrial needs and academic pursuit and assisted by perpetual technological advances in experimentation capabilities. In the first approach of Fatigue Life Modelling and Prediction the individual material degradation mechanisms are not directly concerned with, rather the determination of stress-life relationships based on experimental data is concerned with and the failure criteria or the residual strength determination is established based on these relationships, for the specific composite laminate.
Fabrication and Analysis of Single Lap Joint Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer C...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the tensile strength of single lap joints in glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials. Specifically, it looks at uni-directional and bi-directional ply composites with 10% silicon carbide additions. The composites were fabricated using hand layup and tested experimentally, numerically via finite element analysis, and analytically. Results showed that the bi-directional ply composite had a higher tensile strength than the uni-directional ply composite, making it more suitable for aircraft and automotive applications.
Influence of Thrust, Torque Responsible for Delamination in drilling of Glass...IDES Editor
Glass fabric sandwich composites are potentially
growing materials which satisfies the low strength to weight
fraction, thermal conductivity, high strength and long
operational lifetime required for key engineering applications
especially in the field of Mechanical and Aerospace structures.
With their wide range of application, their manufacturing
and machinability characteristics are interesting to
investigate. Drilling is one of the prime manufacturing
processes used in assembly lines of components for fastening
and joining two components. In this study, Glass Fabric – Epoxy
/ Rigid polyurethane foam sandwich hybrid composite is drilled
in Arix VMC 100 CNC drilling machine using High Speed
Steel (HSS) drill bit of three different diameters of 6 mm, 8
mm and 10 mm. A L9 orthogonal array is setup to investigate
the result. Two main parameters that contribute to
delamination are thrust and torque. Thus in this
investigation, thrust and torque responsible for the effect of
delamination and hole quality is studied experimentally.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images are taken for
the drilled hole laminate to support the result.
Fabrication and Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of GFRP with Whit...IRJET Journal
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Examination of Tensile Test Specimens Produced in Three-Dimensional Printer by Fuat Kartal* in Crimson Publishers: Applied mechanical engineering
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1. A New Approach to Product
Development & Rapid
Prototyping
By Kartik Srinivas
The procedure of manufacturing objects by depositing
successive layers upon layers of material, based on 3D digital
CAD models, is called Additive Manufacturing (AM) or simply
3D-printing. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology is
one of the most widely used technique in additive
manufacturing. A range of other manufacturing materials can
be used for 3D printing that include nylon, glass-filled
polyamide, epoxy resins, wax, and photopolymers. FDM-
based polymer product manufacturing has increased in
recent times due to the flexibility it offers in the production
of polymer and fibre-based composite parts. FDM-based
polymers have the potential to be used in all applications,
currently they are primarily used in automotive, aerospace
and biomedical applications.
Additive Manufacturing involves a series of processes, from
ideation and design development to final product
manufacturing using a specialized printer. The different steps
depend on the type of manufacturing method and the
material type. The primary processes and steps involved are
however mostly common and remain the same for different
types of manufacturing applications. The steps involved in an
AM process are as shown below;
Mechanical Testing of 3D Printed
Parts and Materials
Strength Characterization and Performance Prediction
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Advanced Scientific and Engineering Services (AdvanSES)
Plot No. 49, Mother Industrial Park, Zak-Kadadara Road, Near Zak GIDC,
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2. "FDM is the method of
choice for manufacturing of
3d printed polymer parts
and component due to its
simple process, low
economic cost and
predictable material
properties. ."
Fused Deposition Modeling
(FDM)
FDM is the method of choice for
manufacturing of 3d printed
polymer parts and components
due to its simple process, low
economic cost and predictable
material properties. FDM is
already used in the material
extrusion manufacturing process
for various thermoplastic
polymers. Some common
thermoplastic filaments used in
FDM are acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS), polypropylene (PP),
polylactide (PLA), polyamides (PA)
like Nylon, polyether-ether-ketone
(PEEK) etc. The FDM process
consists of the polymer being
extruded and deposited in a
successive layer by layer method.
FDM manufactured polymer parts
and components exhibit good
mechanical properties, surface
finish, and manufacturability. The
matrix material used in the FDM
process is in the form of a 1.75mm
to 2.85 mm filament wound on a
spool. The filament is fed into the
printer head where it is heated and
melted above its glass transition
temperature (Tg). The plastic melt
is then passed to the nozzle and
deposited layer by layer.
FDM of Fibre-Reinforced
Polymers
The strength of polymeric
materials can be significantly
improved through reinforcement
by fibres. Fibre-reinforced
polymers manufactured using 3d
printing technique is gaining
traction. Fibre-matrix interaction
and porosity are important
considerations to be addressed in
3d printing of polymeric
composites. FDM is currently the
most preferred method for the
production of polymeric fiber
composites due to its material
flexibility, and consistent
properties.
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3. "Due to the layer by layer
material deposition
technique the directional
properties vary in a printed
material and it becomes
imperative to fully
characterize the directional
properties."
ASTM and ISO testing methods are
used to test the properties of 3d
printed polymers. These tests have
been originally developed for
testing reinforced and
unreinforced polymers and
subsequently found use and
application in 3d printed polymers.
Speifications followed for
conducting tensile, flexural,
impact, and compression tests on
FDM based polymers and
composites allow for standardized
specimens and conditions. Tensile
tests can be performed on both the
dumbbell shaped and straight bar
shaped specimens. For the impact
tests, both notched and un-
notched specimens can be used.
For fatigue and compression tests,
samples as per standard
recommendations can be used.
The most common mechanical
properties such as Modulus of
Elasticity, Poisson’s ratio, Tensile
strength, and Ultimate tensile
strain for composites are obtained
from tensile testing and these
properties are affected by the
geometry, size and properties of
the reinforcements.
Mechanical Testing &
Performance Assessment
The Modulus of Elasticity and
Poisson’s ratio are determined by
measuring the strains during the
elastic deformation part of the
test, typically below the strain
levels of 0.5%.
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Due to the layer by layer
material deposition technique
the directional properties vary in
the printed material and it
becomes imperative to fully
characterize the directional
properties.
4. "Mechanical testing of 3d
printed polymeric
composites involves the
determination of
mechanical parameters
such as strength, stiffness,
elongation, fatigue life etc.,
to facilitate its use in the
design of structures.."
Uniaxial Tension Test
(Directional) (ASTM D638,
ISO 527):
The stress (ζ) in a uniaxial tension
test is calculated from;
ζ = Load / Area of the material
sample ….........................................(1)
The strain(ε) is calculated from;
ε = δl (change in length) / l1 (Initial
length) ….........................................(2)
The slope of the initial linear
portion of the curve (E) is the
Young’s modulus and given by;
E = (ζ2- ζ1) / (ε2- ε1)
….........................................(3)
Mechanical Testing &
Performance Assessment
4 Point Bend Flexure
Test (ASTM D6272):
The four-point flexural test
provides values for the
modulus of elasticity in
bending, flexural stress,
flexural. This test is very
similar to the three-point
bending flexural test. The
major difference being that
with the addition of a fourth
nose for load application the
portion of the beam between
the two loading points is put
under maximum stress. In the
3 point bend test only the
portion of beam under the
loading nose is under stress.
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5. "Poisson’s ratio is one of the
most important parameter
used for structure design
where all dimensional
changes resulting from
application of force need to
be taken into account."
This arrangement helps when
testing high stiffness materials like
ceramics infused polymers, where
the number and severity of flaws
under maximum stress is directly
related to the flexural strength and
crack initiation in the material.
Compared to the three-point
bending flexural test, there are no
shear forces in the four-point
bending flexural test in the area
between the two loading pins.
Poisson’s Ratio Test as per
ASTM D3039:
Poisson’s ratio is one of the most
important parameter used for
structure design where all
dimensional changes resulting
from application of force need to
be taken into account, specially for
3d printed materials. For this test
method, Poisson’s ratio is obtained
from strains resulting from uniaxial
stress only. ASTM D3039 is
primarily used to evaluate the
Poison’s ratio. Testing is performed
by applying a tensile force to a
specimen and measuring various
properties of the specimen under
stress.
Mechanical Testing &
Performance Assessment
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Two strain gauges are bonded
to the specimen at 0 and 90
degrees to measure the lateral
and linear strains. The ratio of
the lateral and linear strain
provides us with the Poisson's
ratio.
Flatwise Compression
Test as per ASTM D695:
The compressive properties of
3d printed materials are
important when the product
performs under compressive
loading conditions. The testing
is carried out in the direction
normal to the plane of facings
as the core would be placed in a
structural sandwich
construction.
6. "Mechanical testing of 3d
printed polymeric
composites involves the
determination of
mechanical parameters
such as strength, stiffness,
elongation, fatigue life etc.,
to facilitate their use in the
design of structures, parts
and components.."
The test procedures pertain to
compression call for test
conditions where the deformation
is applied under quasi-static
conditions negating the mass and
inertia effects.
Modified Compression Test
as per Boeing BSS 7260:
Modified ASTM D695 and Boeing
BSS 7260 is the testing
specification that determines
compressive strength and stiffness
of polymer matrix composite
materials using a loading
compression test fixture. This test
procedure introduces the
compressive force into the
specimen through end loading.
Mechanical Testing &
Performance Assessment
Axial Fatigue Test as per
ASTM D7791 & D3479:
ASTM D7791 describes the
determination of dynamic fatigue
properties of plastics in uniaxial
loading conditions. Rigid or semi-
rigid plastic samples are loaded in
tension (Procedure A) and rigid
plastic samples are loaded in
compression (Procedure B) to
determine the effect of processing,
surface condition, stress, and such,
on the fatigue resistance of plastic
and reinforced composite
materials subjected to uniaxial
stress for a large number of cycles.
The results are suitable for study of
high load carrying capability of
candidate materials. ASTM
recommends a test frequency of 5
hz or lower.The tests can be
carried out under load or
displacement control. The test
method allows generation of a
stress or strain as a function of
cycles, with the fatigue limit
characterized by failure of the
specimen or reaching 10E7 cycles.
The maximum and minimum stress
or strain levels are defined through
an R ratio. .
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7. 3 Point Bend Flexure Test
(ASTM D790):
Three point bending testing is done
to understand the bending stress,
flexural stress and strain of
composite and thermoplastic 3d
printed materials. The specimen is
loaded in a horizontal position, and
in such a way that the compressive
stress occurs in the upper portion
and the tensile stress occurs in the
lower portion of the cross section.
This is done by having round bars
or curved surfaces supporting the
specimen from underneath. Round
bars or supports with suitable
radius are provided so as to have a
single point or line of contact with
the specimen. The load is applied
by the rounded nose on the top
surface of the specimen. If the
specimen is symmetrical about its
cross section the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses will be
equal. This test fixture and
geometry provides loading
conditions so that specimen fails in
tension or compression.
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For most composite materials,
the compressive strength is
lower than the tensile and the
specimen will fail at the
compression surface. This
compressive failure is
associated with the local
buckling (micro buckling) of
individual fibres.
Summary:
A variety of standardized
mechanical tests on
unreinforced and reinforced 3d
printed materials including
tension, compression, flexural,
and fatigue have been
discussed.
Mechanical Testing &
Performance Assessment
Summary:
Mechanical properties of 3d printed
polymers, fiber-reinforced polymeric
composites immensely depend on the
nature of the polymer filament, fiber,
and the layer by layer interfacial
bonding. Advanced engineering
design and analysis applications like
Finite Element Analysis use this
mechanical test data to characterize
the materials. These material
properties can be used to develop
material models for use in FEA
software like Ansys, Abaqus, LS-Dyna,
MSC-Marc etc.
References:
1) Coutney, T.H., Mechanical Behaviour of
materials, Waveland, 1996.
2) Dowling, N.E., Mechanical Behaviour of
materials, engineering methods for
deformation, fracture and fatigue, Pearson,
2016.
3) Ian McEnteggart, Composites Testing:
Challenges & Solutions.
4) V. Shanmugam et al., The mechanical
testing and performance analysis of
polymer-fibre composites prepared
through the additive manufacturing. PT, 21