This document outlines different types of meaningful relations between words: synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy. It defines synonymy as words with the same meaning, though notes there are no perfect synonyms due to differences in emotion, dialect, style, and collocation. Antonyms are divided into four categories: gradable, complementary, converses, and directional opposites. Hyponymy describes a hierarchical relationship where a word is a subtype of a more general superordinate word.

1. Prepared by:
Kamal Salman

2. :Outline
I. Meaningful Relations
II. Types of Meaningful Relations
A. Synonymy
B. Antonymy
1. Gradable (antonymy)
2. Complementary
3. Converses
4. Directional opposite
C. Hyponymy
III. References
.

3. The meanings that have more than
denotation and connotation, what a word
means and depends in part of its relations
with other words , the relational aspect
Meaningful relations
Is concerned with the semantic links
which exist between pairs of words.

4. Types of meaningful relations
A – Synonyms
B _ Antonyms
C _ Hyponymy

5. SynonymyIs the sameness of meaning into lexical items.
War = Battle
Upset = anxious
BUT
We do NOT have pure sameness in any languages
and don’t have exact synonyms.
WHY ???!!!...

6. 3- different in emotive meaning.
freedom = liberty
1- different in dialect.
Fall = autumn
Vacation = holiday
4- some words are collocationary restricted.
Deep = profound
Strategy = way
2- different in style.
Hello = Hi
Want to = wanna

7. Antonyms
A type of oppositeness, often involving adjectives
and adverbs.
The quality of being antonym is the relationship
between two lexical words according to the
context

8. Antonyms are classified into four categories
Gradable
They can permit expression of degree and allow to full range of
adjectives into comparative and superlatives and modifications.
Rich poor
Happy * sad
Larger * smaller
The most beautiful * ugliest

9. Complementary
They do NOT permit the expression of degree, they can
NOT make comparison
MEANING:-
If one is present the other is absence
OR
If you are the one you are not the last one
Single * married
Mother * father
Male * Female

10. Converses
Is those type that express the same relation with refers
role
OR
You are subject and the last one will be object
Borrow * lend
Buy * sell
Doctor * patient
Teacher * student

11. Directional opposite
Are the pairs of antonyms that express the direction of
common axis
Crossroad
Right * left
Up * down
East * west

12. Hyponymy
The semantic relationship of some words which are
related as one belong to another lie
The quality of being subordinate and belong to its
superordinate ( Hypernyms )

15. References
Alan Cruse: lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press 1986
Cowie, A. P., (2009), Semantics, Oxford: Oxford university press.
John Lyons: semantics vol. I. Cambridge University Press !977

16. HAVE Any
QuestionsQ