This document presents a group project discussing five semantic relations: homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, meronymy, and metonymy. The group provides definitions and examples for each relation. Homonymy refers to words with the same spelling but different meanings. Polysemy is when a word has multiple distinct meanings. Synonymy involves words with similar or identical meanings. Meronymy describes a part-whole relationship between words. Metonymy is when one word is substituted for another closely associated word.
It is my PPt about Semantics and Pragmatics; it only ver basic information about it, but hopefully it will be useful for your educational process or useful as your reading resources. You can contact me if you have a suggestion, critique, or maybe we can discuss this topic further.
It is my PPt about Semantics and Pragmatics; it only ver basic information about it, but hopefully it will be useful for your educational process or useful as your reading resources. You can contact me if you have a suggestion, critique, or maybe we can discuss this topic further.
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNTAX AND SEMANTICSHENOK SHIHEPO
Syntax and Semantics apply to several different fields such as Linguistics, Computer science and in the Philosophy of Languages. This essay will deliberate on the differences and some commonalities to the meanings of these terms, and their relationship as well.
Teaching English vocabulary and grammar (by Desire Noumi T.)TchoulaNoumiDesire
This is a lecture presented in a TESOL Master's class in fulfilment of a course.
It is all about the following: General knowledge on terminology in English Grammar and Vocabulary, The notion of Collocation(with practical examples taken in domains of HEALTH AND ILLNESS, INTERNET, STUDY AND LEARNING, PRESENTATIONS)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. G R O U P 3 P R E S E N T S , F I V E S E M A N T I C
R E L A T I O N S .
C O M P I L E D B Y B U D U B R I G H T
LNG 231. INTRODUCTION TO
SEMANTICS
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
1
2. GROUP THERE
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA
FACULTY OF GHANAIAN LANGUAGES EDUCATION
AJUMAKO-CAMPUS
LECTURER: MR. BODUA-MANGO KENNETH
COURSE TITTLE: INTRODUCTION TO SEMANTICS
COURSE CODE: LNG 231
LEVEL: 200
GROUP: THREE
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
2
3. GROUP THERE
QUESTION: DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING WITH
EXAMPLES
1. HOMONYMY
2. POLYSEMY
3. SYNONYMY
4. MERONYMY
5. METONYMY
6. ANTONYMY
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
3
4. GROUP MEMBERS
NAMES INDEX NUMBER SIGN
BUDU BRIGHT 5150410014
ANSAH DACOSTA 5150410013
BOAKYEWAA ABIGAIL 5150410015
BEKOE LILY 5150410012
SIAKA KWABENA 5150410011
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
4
5. INTRODUCTION
Semantics as a branch of linguistics is the study of
meanings of words, phrases and sentences in human
language. In our discussion, we shall limit ourselves to
some lexical relations which are (synonymy,
homonymy, meronymy, metonymy and
polysemy). Thus, semantics cannot be studied
without mentioning the above words. The elaborations
are as follow;
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
5
6. SYNONYMY
A synonym is a word or phrase that means (sense) exactly or nearly
the same as another word or phrase in the same language.
Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous and the state
of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from
Ancient Greek ‘syn’ (with) and ‘onoma’ (name). For instance, the
words Portent and foretoken, happy and pleased, sad and
miserable, inflexible and rigid are synonymous. Again, words can be
synonymous when meant in certain sense, even if they are not
synonymous in all of their senses. For example, if we talk about ‘a
long time’ or ‘an extended time’, in this context, long and extended
are synonymous. This means that synonyms fit well into the
‘semantic world’ when certain words are being used in a statement.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
6
7. SYNONYMY CONT.
Synonyms with exact interchangeability share denotation
sememe whereas those with inexactly similar meanings
share a connotatinal sememe and thus overlap within a
semantic filed. Synonyms can be any part of speech such as
nouns, verbs, prepositions or adverbs as long as both
words belong to the same part of speech. Other examples
together with the already mentioned are as follow;
respect and regard, weird and strange, excellent and fine,
evidence and proof, suggestion and hint, precise and exact,
guardian and protector, having said that and nevertheless,
stubborn and obdurate, diminish and reduce, position and
place, stop and halt.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
7
8. HOMONYMY
Another lexical relation in the field of semantics is
homonymy. Homonyms are words which have the
same written or spoken forms and unrelated
meanings. In other words, homonyms are words which
have the same spellings or orthography and share the
same phonetic features but different meaning.
Examples are bat (a winged rodent and a piece of
equipment used in table tennis), bank (a financial
institution and a large mass of cloud or fog), sense (a
natural physical ability that most people have (the five
senses), especially the ability to see, hear, smell, feel
and taste and the meaning of a word or phrase).
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
8
9. HOMONYMY CONT.
Homonyms can be divide into two; homograph and
homophony. Homographs are words with the same
spellings but different pronunciations which marks
differences in meaning. For example, minute / mınıt/ (a
period of 60 seconds) and minute /maı’nju:t/ (very small).
On the other hand, homophones are words that have the
same pronunciation but different orthography. For
example, sic /sık/ and sick /sık/, site /saıt/ and sight
/saıt/, knight /naıt/ and night /naıt/ etc. This means in
effect that homophonous words should share the same
supra-segmental features or prosodic features such as
stress, duration of length, pitch and tone.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
9
10. MERONYMY
Furthermore, meronymy is also another lexical item in
the field of semantics. Cruse (1986), describes
meronymy as a word which denotes part of a whole.
For example, hand is to the body, branch is to trees,
clouds is to the sky just to mention a few. In other
words, when part of something is used to represent a
whole, then it is called meronymy. In this regard, we
are talking about the smaller units which come
together as one thing. Other examples are; week is to
month, days is to week.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
10
11. ANTONYMY
Additionally, we have another type of semantic relation
which is antonymy. Antonyms are words which are
opposite in meaning. For example win and lose, kind and
cruel. Antonymy may be classified as gradable and non-
gradable.
Gradable shows role playing like teacher – students,
speaker - audience, sender – receiver. Gradable antonyms
involve adjectives and adverbs. They can also be graded
into comparative and superlative or be quantified by
intensifies. They describe movement or continuum. For
example, tall and shorter, strong and weak etc.
Non-gradable antonyms on the other hand is the
acceptable of one is an automatic denial of the other. For
example, male and female, true and false etc.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
11
12. MERONYMY
Furthermore, meronymy is also another lexical item in
the field of semantics. Cruse (1986), describes
meronymy as a word which denotes part of a whole.
For example, hand is to the body, branch is to trees,
clouds is to the sky just to mention a few. In other
words, when part of something is used to represent a
whole, then it is called meronym. In this regard, we are
talking about the smaller units which come together as
one thing. Other examples are; week is to month, a day
is to week, second is to minute, minute is also a
meronym of hour.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
12
13. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
13
Examples and Observations: "In one context finger is an
appropriate meronym of hand, and in other cases flesh is
an appropriate meronym of hand. Finger and flesh,
however, are not co-meronyms of hand, since different
relational criteria (functional part versus material) are
applied in each case." "In many ways, meronymy is
significantly more complicated than hyponymy. The
Wordnet databases specify three types of meronym
relationships:
1. Part meronym: a 'tire' is part of a 'car'
2. Member meronym: a 'car' is a member of a 'traffic jam'
3. Substance (stuff) meronym: a 'wheel' is made from
'rubber'"
14. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
14
"Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole
relationship between lexical items. Thus cover and
page are meronyms of book. "Meronyms vary in how
necessary the part is to the whole. Some are necessary
for normal examples, for example nose as a meronym
of face; others are usual but not obligatory, like collar
as a meronym of shirt; still others are optional like
cellar for house."
15. METONYMY
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
15
Moreover, the study of semantics cannot be done
without mentioning metonymy. Metonymy is a lexical
relation that replaces the name of a thing with the
name of something else with which it is closely
associated. In other words, metonymy is a figure of
speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for
another with which it is closely associated, such as
("crown" for "royalty"). We can come across examples
of metonymy both from literature and in everyday life.
For instance, these lines are taken from “Out, Out” by
Robert Frost.
16. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
16
“As he swung toward them holding up the hand
Half in appeal, but half as if to keep
The life from spilling”
In these lines, the expression “The life from spilling” is
a metonymy that refers to spilling of blood. It develops
a link between life and blood. The loss of too much
blood means loss of life.
17. POLYSEMY
Finally, Polysemy is the association of one word with
two or more distinct meanings. A polysemy is a word
or phrase with multiple meanings. Adjective:
polysemous or polysemic. In contrast, a one-to-one
match between a word and a meaning is called
monosemy. According to William Croft, "Monosemy is
probably most clearly found in specialized vocabulary
dealing with technical topics" (The Handbook of
Linguistics, 2003).
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
17
18. POLYSEMY (cont’d)
According to some estimates, more than 40% of
English words have more than one meaning. The fact
that so many words (or lexemes) are polysemous
"shows that semantic changes often add meanings to
the language without subtracting any" (M. Lynne
Murphy, Lexical Meaning, 2010).
For instance, "The word good has many meanings. For
example, if a man were to shoot his grandmother at a
range of five hundred yards, I should call him a good
shot, but not necessarily a good man." (G.K.
Chesterton, Orthodoxy, 1909).
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
18
19. POLYSEMY (cont’d)
Again, Kitchens "Now, the kitchen was the room in
which we were sitting, the room where Mama did hair
and washed clothes, and where each of us bathed in a
galvanized tub. But the word has another meaning,
and the 'kitchen' I'm speaking of now is the very kinky
bit of hair at the back of the head, where the neck
meets the shirt collar. If there ever was one part of our
African past that resisted assimilation, it was the
kitchen." (Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Colored People.
Alfred A. Knopf, 1994).
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
19
20. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
20
"While conceptually simple, this approach fails to
explain how some senses are intuitively related to each
other and some are not Words or, perhaps more
accurately, word occurrences that have closely related
senses are logically polysemous, while those that do
not receive the label accidentally polysemous or simply
homonymous. . . . Bank is a classic example of an
accidentally polysemous word. On the other hand,
lunch, bill, and city are classified as logically
polysemous."
21. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
21
Note: "Some, though by no means all, semanticists have
proposed that lexical meanings are encyclopedic in
character (Haiman 1980; Langacker 1987). The
encyclopedic view of lexical meaning is that there is no
sharp dividing line between that part of a word's meaning
which is 'strictly linguistic' (the dictionary view of lexical
meaning) and that part which is 'nonlinguistic knowledge
about the concept.' While this dividing line is difficult to
maintain, it is clear that some semantic properties are
more central to a word's meaning than others, particularly
those properties that apply to (almost) all and only the
instances of the kind, which are intrinsic to the kind, and
which are conventional knowledge of (almost) all of the
speech community (Langacker 1987: 158-161)."
22. REFERENCE
Kpodo, Pascal. (2015). Phonetics and phonology: the
basics. Wyse print. Accra.
Issah, Samuel Alhasan & Adomako, Kwesi. (2013).
Introduction to Linguistics. Pedaddo Ventures.
Koforidua.
M. Lynne Murphy. (2003). Semantic Relations and the
Lexicon: Antonymy, Synonymy and Other Paradigms.
Cambridge University Press.
Nicholas, Asher. (2011). Lexical Meaning in Context:
A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press.
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
22
23. Cont’d
9/20/2017BUDU, BRIGHT (2016). STUDY OF MEANINS
23
Saeed I. John. (2003). Semantics, 2nd ed. Wiley-
Blackwell.
William Croft, "Lexical and Grammatical Meaning."
Morphologie / Morphology, ed. by Geert Booij et al.
Walter de Gruyter,( 2000).
E.K.O.N. (2014). Introduction to Semantics
Semantics: retrieved (2016, 18:32).
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/synonym.
MacMillan. School Dictionary.