I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing definitions or examples related to some of the topics discussed. Let's please continue our discussion in a positive and constructive manner.

1. Lexical field, semantic
features, and
componential analysis
Assist.Prof.Wichan Sunitham
001446 Lecture # 6

2. Ferdinand de Saussure
Swiss linguist and expert in historical linguistics
whose lectures laid the foundations for synchronic
linguistics (1857-1913)
Cours de linguistique
Course in General Linguistics
(1916)
Signified
Signifier

3. The first of the basic principles
to which Saussure refers is that
the relationship between the
signifier and the signified is
arbitrary. The term "arbitrary,"
he points out, "should not
imply that the choice is left
entirely to the speaker." Rather
it means that the signifier-
signified relationship is
"unmotivated"; that is, there is
no "natural connection" or any
intrinsic reason why a
particular sound-image should
be linked with a particular
concept.

4. Lexical fields
A lexeme can be defined by what 'set' it belongs to and how it differs from
ather members of the same set.
Sports

5. Lexical fields
man woman child
An adult male human An adult female human A young human
[-male] [-adult]
What is a shared semantic feature?
[Human]
What are other semantic features?
[adult] [male] [female] [young]

6. Lexical fields
[adult] [male] [female] [young]
[+adult] [+male] [-male] [-adult]
Binary features

7. Lexical fields
man woman boy girl
[+human] [+adult] [+male] [-male] [-adult]
bull cow calf
[+mammal] [+bovine] [+male] [-male] [-adult]
rooster hen chicken
[+fowl]
[+male] [-male] [+adult] [-adult]
[+poultry]

8. Lexical fields
drake duck duckling
[+fowl] [+adult] [+male] [-male] [-adult]
[+poultry]
stallion mare foal
[+horse] [+adult] [+male] [-male] [-adult]
ram ewe lamb
[+sheep] [+adult] [+male] [-male] [-adult]

9. Lexical decomposition
Furniture Being for Having
Upholstery
Used for one back
sitting person support
+ + - +/-
Stool + + + +/-
Chair + - + -
Bench + - + +
Sofa
Kreidler, 1998
What is the shared semantic feature?

10. Lexical decomposition
So fat that Having Fatter Fat in a Having fat Causing
can be rounded than usual pleasant but large offense
bad for body or way and
health parts of strong
body body
overweight - - + - - -
- - - -
+ -
obese
- + - + - -
- - + - -
chubby + -
- - - - +
plump
- - - - + -
big - - - - - +
well-built

11. Lexical decomposition
สารานุกรมไทยสำาหรับเยาวชน เล่มที่ ๒๒

12. Lexical decomposition
Sirivimol.indd Sirivimol Sukrasorn and Amara Prasithrathsint, 2011

13. Lexical decomposition
walk
march
run
limp

14. Semantic roles
Semantic change

15. Semantic Roles:
Interplay between
Syntax and Semantics
Assist.Prof.Wichan Sunitham
001446 Lecture # 7

16. Lexical decomposition
walk
march `1
run
limp

17. Thematic relations
The children played cards in that room
Location
agent Theme
When children, animals, or perhaps adults play, they spend time
doing enjoyable things, such as using toys and taking part in
games.
What 'enjoyable things' did they spend time doing?
Cards Syntax = Complement (direct object)
Semantics = Theme (its role as an entity
that is played)
Where did they play cards?
In that room Syntax = Prepositional phrase functioning advbl
Semantics = Location (its role as a place where
an event takes place)
Who played cards?
The children Syntax = Subject
Semantics = Agent (its role as the entity that

18. Thematic relations Stimulus
What interests me is all the histories of this place
Experiencer
Who is interested in something?
me Syntax = Complement (direct object)
Semantics = Experiencer (its role as an entity
that receives sensory or emotional input)
What interests me?
All the histories of this place
Syntax = Sujbect complement
Semantics = Stimulus (its role as an entity
that stimulates psychological response)

19. Thematic relations Causer
Chiang Mai was devastated by the flood.
Patient
What changed Chiang Mai?
The flood Syntax = Object of the preposition
Semantics = Causer/Causative (its role as an entity
that causes a change)
What was flooded?
Chiang Mai
Syntax = Sujbect
Semantics = Patient (its role as an entity
that undergoes an action and changes its
state)

20. Thematic relationsInstrument
The author used only his pen and paper to help send these
people back to their home countries. Direction
What did the author use to to help send people to their countries?
his pen and paper Syntax = Dircet object
Semantics = Instrument (its role as a means
by which an action is performed)
Where were the people sent to?
to their home countries
Syntax = Prepositional phrase functioning adverbially
Semantics = Goal/Direction (its role as an a place where
an action is directed towards)

21. Thematic relations
Benefactor
My uncle has three children to take care of
Possessor
Who has three children?
My uncle Syntax = Subject
Semantics = Possessor (its role as an entity that
owns something)
Who are under the care of my uncle?
three children
Syntax = Direct object
Semantics = Benefactor/Benefaciary (its role as an entity
for whom direct benefit is done)

22. Thematic relations Source
The teacher gave me a book from New York
Recipient
Who receives a book?
me Syntax = Indirect object
Semantics = Recipient (its role as an entity that
receives the transfer of ownership)
Where was the book from?
from New York
Syntax = Preposition phrase functioning adjectivally
Semantics = Source/Origin (its role as an entity
from which an entity originates)

23. Thematic relations Time
He did his homework with great care yesterday to impress
the teacher Manner
When did he do his homework?
yesterday Syntax = Adverb
Semantics = Time (its role as a point of time at
which an action/event occurs)
How was the homework done?
with great care
Syntax = Prepositional phrase functioning adverbially
Semantics = Manner (its role as a manner showing how
an action is carried out)

24. Thematic relations
1. Peter died in a car accident.
2. Regrettably, our flat cannot house everyone in your group.
3. My mother has never seen snow before.
4. My friend paid his landlord partly this month.
5. He pused his way through to the edge of the crowd.
6. An economic downturn put thousands of workers out of work.
7. Unless they are given a raise they asked for, all workers
will burn the factory. The committee will consider this
in the afternoon and will negotiate with authorities.

25. Semantic change
- Broadening
- Narrowing
- Melioration
Semantic change
- Pejoration
- Metaphorization
- Metonymization

26. Semantic Shift:
constant meaning
variation over time
Assist.Prof.Wichan Sunitham
001446 Lectures # 8-9

28. The Gay Divorce (1934)

29. Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo (1941)

30. Punch magazine (1857)
The Great Social Evil.
Time:- Midnight. A ketch not a Hundred
Miles from the Haymarket.
Bella. “Ah! Fanny! How long have you
been Gay1”

31. Joyful, carefree, bright and showy
addicted to pleasures and dissipations
A gay woman = a prostitute
A gay man = a womanizer
A gay house = a brothel
Homosexuality

32. What changes language
1.Need of Language users
Technologies To google (v) To macturbate (v)
Products To xerox (v) โกเต๊ก ค๊อนเหวิร์ส
Experience Rubber (n) (Am.)
2.Group identity/culture
Zups? ชิว ชิว

34. What changes language
3.Borrowings
เกาเหลา เลิศ ติ๊ด
4.Word order
4.Sound change

35. Traditional typology of meaning change
Melioration /Elevation Pejoration / Degradation
The meaning change from pejorative to The process by which the meaning of a word
neutral or positively pleasant becomes negative or less elevated over a
period of time
Knight = a boy (Anglo-Saxon)
a title of rank= a boy (through
military and feudal associations)
Minister = a servant
a head of the government
department
Luxury = lust
enjoyment of expensive things
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)

36. Traditional typology of meaning change
Melioration /Elevation Pejoration / Degradation
The meaning change from pejorative to The process by which the meaning of a word
neutral or positively pleasant becomes negative or less elevated over a
period of time
เหย้า = สถานทีอยู่อาศัย (หลักศิลาจารึก
่
พ่อขุนรามคำาแหง)
สถานทีทให้ความอบอุ่น (“คืนสู่เหย้า")
่ ี่
ศุภชัย ต๊ะวิชัย (คณะอักษรศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร)
แรง = กำาลัง
มั่นใจเรื่องการแสดงออก
คนกลาง = หญิงทีมีผวแล้วเป็นชูกับชายอื่น
่ ั ้
ผู้ไม่เข้าข้างฝ่ายโน้นฝ่ายนี้ในเหตุการณ์ที่
เกิดขึน้
เนติมา พัฒนากุล (วิทยานิพนธ์)

37. Traditional typology of meaning change
Melioration /Elevation Pejoration / Degradation
The meaning change from pejorative to The process by which the meaning of a word
neutral or positively pleasant becomes negative or less elevated over a
period of time
Bitch = a female dog -->female speicies
of quadrupeds
lewd, unchaste female
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)
Rude = cool (dancehall and hiphop)
not polite
Hallmann (n.d.)
Fuck = (Germanic) to knock/to strike (origin
unclear)
(Taboo) have sexual intercourse with
Fairrman (2007)

38. Traditional typology of meaning change
Melioration /Elevation Pejoration / Degradation
The meaning change from pejorative to The process by which the meaning of a word
neutral or positively pleasant becomes negative or less elevated over a
period of time
มัก
= ชอบ(ใครจกกมกกเหลนิ เหลนิ ใครจกกมกกหว
ศิลาจารึกของพ่อขุนรามคำาแหง
โลภ (มักมาก)
บ่า ว = ชายหนุ่ม
คนรับใช้
ศุภชัย ต๊ะวิชัย (คณะอักษรศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร)
แพ้ = ชนะ
ไม่ชนะ
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)

39. Traditional typology of meaning change
Widening/Broadening/Generalization/extension Narrowing/Specialization/Restriction
Range of meanings increases so words can Range of meanings decreases so words can
be used in more contexts than were be used appropriately only in fewer contxts
appropriate than before
Cupboard
= Table upon which cups or vessels were placed
Closet or cabin with shelves for
keeping cups and dishes
Kleenex = a trademark used for facial tissue
a kind of soft paper tissue, used esp
as a handerchief
Fuck = to have sexual intercourse with
Swear
Intensifier
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)

40. Traditional typology of meaning change
Widening/Broadening/Generalization/extension Narrowing/Specialization/Restriction
Range of meanings increases so words can Range of meanings decreases so words can
be used in more contexts than were be used appropriately only in fewer contxts
appropriate than before
อา = น้องสาวของพ่อ
น้องสาวของพ่อ และน้องชายของพ่อ
(เมือก่อนน้องชายพ่อเรียก อาว์
่
เทครัว = การหนีจากบ้านเรือนอพยพไปทังครอบ
้
ครัว (อักขราภิธานศรับท์)
ยกครัว กวาดครัว ได้เป็นภรรยาทังแม่
้
และลูก หรือทังพีและน้อง (ราชบัณฑิต
้ ่
๒๕๔๒)
ศุภชัย ต๊ะวิชัย (คณะอักษรศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร)

41. Traditional typology of meaning change
Widening/Broadening/Generalization/extension Narrowing/Specialization/Restriction
Range of meanings increases so words can Range of meanings decreases so words can
be used in more contexts than were be used appropriately only in fewer contxts
appropriate than before
girl = young person of any gender
young person, which is restricted to
only female
Hallmann (n.d.)
chauffeur = a man who stocks a fire
driver → driver with motor vehicles
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)

42. Traditional typology of meaning change
Widening/Broadening/Generalization/extension Narrowing/Specialization/Restriction
Range of meanings increases so words can Range of meanings decreases so words can
be used in more contexts than were be used appropriately only in fewer contxts
appropriate than before
บ้า น = หมู่บ้าน (หมู่บ้าน - บ้าน+ชือ)
่
สถานที่อยู่อาศัยของครอบครัว
ขบ = กัด (งูขบ หมาขบ)
อาการกัดที่เฉพาะ คือใช้ฟนหน้ากัดให้แตก
ั
ศุภชัย ต๊ะวิชัย (คณะอักษรศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร)
จาริก = การเดินทาง
การเดินทางไปแสวงบุญทางศาสนา
ปราณี กุลวนิชย์

43. Traditional typology of meaning change
Metaphor Metonymy
้้The process of change through perceived The process of change through includsion of
similarity additional senses (not present originally but
closely associated with original meaning)
tea = type of drink
evening meal accompanied by
drinking tea
Hitler = a man called by the last name
Sadist, cruel man
BORKOWSKA and KLEPARSKI (2007)
stud = male animals used for breeding
good-looking sexy man
chill = to cool
relaxed, calm down

44. Traditional typology of meaning change
Metaphor Metonymy
้้The process of change through perceived The process of change through includsion of
similarity additional senses (not present originally but
closely associated with original meaning)
ควาย= สัตว์สเท้า มักใช้แทนแรงงานในภาคกสิกรรม
ี่
คนโง่ คนไม่ฉลาด
ไม้ = ท่อนไม้
คน (ไม้ออน ไม้แก่)
่
มือ ขวา = มือด้านขวา
ผู้ช่วย คนสนิท ที่คอยช่วยเหลืออย่าง
ใกล้ชิด

45. Traditional typology of meaning change
Metaphor Metonymy
้้The process of change through perceived The process of change through includsion of
similarity additional senses (not present originally but
closely associated with original meaning)
Washington = the city of Washington
The state or local government
eye = body part
loved one (you are the apple of my
eyes)

46. Traditional typology of meaning change
Metaphor Metonymy
้้The process of change through perceived The process of change through includsion of
similarity additional senses (not present originally but
closely associated with original meaning)
หัว หงอก = ศรีษะมีผมสีขาว
คนแก่
มือ ขวา = มือด้านขวา
ผู้ชวย คนสนิท ทีคอยช่วยเหลืออย่าง
่ ่
ใกล้ชดิ

48. ศุภชัย ต๊ะวิชัย - การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางความหมาย (เอกสารประกอบคำาสอน)
Paulina BORKOWSKA, Grzegorz A. KLEPARSKI. 2007. ZESZYT,
47.
เนติมา พัฒนกุล - การวิเคราะห์การเปลี่ยนแปลงทางความหมายของคำาในหนังสืออักขราภิธาน
ศรับท์ของหมอบรัดเลย์ (๒๕๔๙) (วิทยานิพนธ์มหาวิทยาลัยศิลปากร)
Fairman, Chirstopher M. 2007. Fuck. Available:
http://works.bepress.com/christopher_fairman/12 (access Dec
2012)
Hollmann, Willem B. n.d. Semantic change (source incomplete)
ปราณี กุลละวณิชย์. ๒๕๔๕. กลไกทีทำาให้ภาษาเปลี่ยนแปลง. การเปลียนแปลงของภาษา ใน เอกสารการสอนชุดวิชา ภาษาไทย ๓ หน่วยที่ ๗-๑๕. พิมพ์ครั้งที
่ ่ ่
๑๐. นนทบุรี: มหาวิทยาลัยสุโขทัยธรรมธิราช.