This document provides an introduction and overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses the history and development of CNC machines, comparing them to conventional machines. The key components of CNC machines are described, including the feed drive, measuring system, tool turret, and coordinate system. Different types of CNC machines are classified based on their motion, control loops, number of axes, and power supply. Programming codes for CNC machines are introduced, including G codes for preparatory functions and M codes for miscellaneous functions. Examples of basic CNC programs for turning, milling, and drilling operations are provided.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
Cnc tooling for cnc machine(130670119596)Kushal Shah
we have seen what the NC machine is and its various
parts, it is easier to understand what the CNC machine is. CNC is
the short form for Computer Numerical control. We have seen that
the NC machine works as per the program of instructions fed into
the controller unit of the machine. The CNC machine comprises of
the mini computer or the microcomputer that acts as the controller
unit of the machine. While in the NC machine the program is fed
into the punch cards, in CNC machines the program of instructions
is fed directly into the computer via a small board similar to the
traditional keyboard.
CNC Programming for Begainer.
1.Easy Mehtod.
2.Complete Theoritical Knowledge.
3.Motion and coordinate system for NC machine.
4.Axes convention of VMC & HMC.
5.How to make Part Programming.
6.Coordinates System.
7.Programming Format.
8.List of G Codes And M Codes.
9.How to Use of Above Codes In Programme.
10.Reference Point and Return of Machine.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting
tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear,
tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
Producing hole is one of the most common machining operation on a machining center.
Machining center have many hole making cycles such as Spot Drilling, Reaming, Deep Hole drilling, Peck drilling etc.
in this Ppt all canned cycle are explained i;e G70 G71 G72 G73 G75 G76 G81
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting
tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear,
tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability
This presentation is prepared as per syllabus of "COMMUNICATION ANALYSIS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (CASP)" prescribed by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, KARNATAKA for 5th sem diploma all branches.
This pptx is prepared by lots of information in websites,Textbooks(Author B
A Srinivas and M R Manjunath),And guidance of our lecturers Srinath V- B.E,FIE & M D Dayanand- B.E . SET Polytechnic, Melukote
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
Producing hole is one of the most common machining operation on a machining center.
Machining center have many hole making cycles such as Spot Drilling, Reaming, Deep Hole drilling, Peck drilling etc.
in this Ppt all canned cycle are explained i;e G70 G71 G72 G73 G75 G76 G81
CNC programming (Computer Numerical Control Programming) is utilized by manufacturers to create program instructions for computers to control a machine tool. CNC is highly involved in the manufacturing process and improves automation as well as flexibility.
This describes the mechanism of Computer Numerical Control along with its types, control system, motion system, Programming of CNC, G codes, Part programming, adaptive control machining etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
4. History and Development of Technology
Conventional M/C
NC M/C
(1948 US Air force, MIT 21 months )
1997 1stcommercial NC m/c
“CINCINNATIC HYDROTEL VERTICAL-SPINDLE MACHINE “
CNC M/C
6. Conventional vs. CNC machine
Machine Structure
The CNC machine tools are basically built in the same
way as conventional machine tools. The difference lies
in the fact that the machine components relevant for
turning and milling processes are controlled by
computers.
9. Conventional vs. CNC machine
Conventional machine
eyes, hands, brain, skill
CNC machine
ProgramControl u n i t M o t o r
M
o
t
i
o
n
Measuring & Reflection Unit
No skill is required for operating CNC m/c .
11. Difference between Conventional M/C & CNC M/C
Item Conventional
machine
CNC
machine
1. Movement Acme screw Ball screw
2. Feed Manual Motor
3. Measurement Manual Linear scale
12. Advantages of CNC
• Flexible, high accuracy
• Short production time
• Complex shapes
• Short setting time
• No skill requirement
• Short inspection time/ high quality product
• Low cost
13. Disadvantages of CNC
• High machine cost
• Complicated maintenance
• Skill & training are required for programming and
maintenance.
• Parts are imported from aboard.
• High tooling cost
• Temperature, humidity & dust must be controlled.
18. Feed drive
Measuring system Direct / Indirect
Work spindle hydraulic
Cooling system reduce heat
Tool turret
Component and Function of CNC
40. Driving System
The requirement is that the driving system has to response accurately according to the programmed
instructions.
The motor is coupled either directly or through a gear box to the machine lead screw to moves the
machine slide or the spindle.
Three types of electrical motors are commonly used:
1. Stepping motor
2. DC Servo motor
3. AC Servo moto
41. 1. Stepping Motor
The stepper motor is known by its property to convert a train of input pulses (typically square wave pulses)
into a precisely defined increment in the shaft position.
Each pulse moves the shaft through a fixed angle.
Multiple "toothed" electromagnets arranged around a central gear-shaped piece ofiron.
The electromagnets are energized by an external driver circuit or a micro controller. In that way, the motor can
be turned by a precise angle.
42. To make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts the
gear's teeth.
When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next
electromagnet.
This means that when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates
slightly to align with the next one.
From there the process is repeated. Each of those rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of
steps making a full rotation.
What does Stepper means?
49. How many steps are required for one complete revolution?
Six pole rotor, two electro magnets
50. The top electromagnet (1) is turned
on, attracting the nearest teeth of a
gear-shaped iron rotor. With the
teeth aligned to electromagnet 1,
they will be slightly offset from
electromagnet 2
electromagnet (1) is
The top
turned off, right
electromagnet
and the
(2) is energized,
pulling the nearest teeth slightly
to the right. This results in a
rotation of 3.6° in this example.
Practical Stepper motor operation
51. The bottom electromagnet (3)
is energized; another 3.6°
rotation occurs.
The left electromagnet (4) is enabled,
rotating again by 3.6°. When the top
electromagnet (1) is again enabled,
the teeth in the sprocket will have
rotated by one tooth position; since
there are 25 teeth, it will take 100
steps to make a full rotation in this
example.
55. Step 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2 1 0 1 0
Step 3 1 1 0 0
Step 4 0 1 0 1
+
CW CCW
Control sequence to turn a stepper motor
56. Advantages:-
Low cost for control achieved
Ruggedness
Simplicity of construction
Can operate in an open loop control system
Low maintenance
Less likely to stall or slip
Will work in any environment
Disadvantages:-
Require a dedicated control circuit
Use more current than D.C. motors
High torque output achieved at low speeds
Advantages / Disadvantages
57. Open Loop Positioning Systems
Stepper Motor calculations
It uses a stepper motor to rotate the lead screw. A stepper motor is driven by series of
electrical pulses generated by MCU.
For each pulse the motor rotates a fraction of revolution called Step Angle, it is givenby
Where, ns = Number of step angles for the motor (aninteger).
If np is the pulses received by the motor then angle through which motor rotates is
58. Stepper Motor calculations
Lead Screw is connected to the motor shaft through a gear box.
Angle of the lead screw rotation taking the gear ratio into account is givenby
rg = Gear ratio
= Am/A= Nm/ N
Nm= RPM of motor, N= RPM of lead Screw
The linear movement of worktable is given by
p = pitch of lead screw
59. Stepper Motor calculations
Total number of pulses required to achieve a specified x-position increment is calculated by:
Where ,ns = 360/α
Control pulses are transmitted from pulse generator at a certain frequency which drives the work table at
the corresponding velocity.
The rotational speed of lead screw depends on the frequencyof
the pulse train
Equation (1)
N = RPM of lead screw, fp = frequency of pulse train (Hz, Pulses/sec)
60. Stepper Motor calculations
The table travel speed in the direction of lead screw axis is determinedby:
Equation (2)
Where, Vt = Table travel speed (mm/min)
fr = Table feed rate(mm/min)
p= Lead screw pitch (mm/rev)
The required pulse train frequency to drive the table at aspecified
linear travel rate by combining equations (1) and (2):
61. 2. DC Servo Motor
The principle of operation is based on the rotation of an armature winding in a permanently energized
magnetic field.
The armature winding is connected to a commutator, which is a cylinder of insulated copper segments
mounted on the shaft.
DC current is passed to the commutator through carbon brushes, which are connected to the machine
terminals.
62. Servo Motor Detail
+ 5V
Actuator
Reduction gear
Position feedback
Potentiometer
(closed loop system)
Small electric DC motor
63. 3. AC Servo Motor
In an AC servomotor, the rotor is a permanent magnet while the stator is
windings.
equipped with 3-phase
The speed of the rotor is equal to the rotational frequency of the magnetic field of the stator, which
is regulated by the frequency converter.
64. CNC Programming
Programming consists of a series of instructions in form of letter codes
Preparatory Codes:
G codes- Initial machining setup and establishing operating conditions
N codes- specify program line number to executed by the MCU
Axis Codes: X,Y,Z - Used to specify motion of the slide along X, Y,Z direction
Feed and Speed Codes: F and S- Specify feed and spindle speed
Tool codes: T – specify tool number
Miscellaneous codes – M codes For coolant control and otheractivities
65. Programming Key Letters
O - Program number (Used for programidentification)
N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axisdesignation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F – Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
D - Tool radius offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function
66. Table of Important G Codes
G codes are instructions describing machine tool movement
G00: Rapid Transverse
G01: Linear Interpolation
G02: Circular Interpolation, CW
G03: Circular Interpolation, CCW
G17: XY Plane, G18: XZ Plane,G19:YZ Plane
G20/G70: Inch units
G21/G71: Metric Units
G40: Cutter compensation cancel
G41: Cutter compensation left
G42: Cutter compensationright
68. Table of Important M codes
M Codes are instructions
miscellaneous
describing
functions like calling
rotation, coolant
the tool,
on/off
spindle
etc.,
