Operations research (OR) is an interdisciplinary field that uses advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions. It originated during World War II to help with military operations and has since expanded to business applications. OR takes a scientific approach to decision-making by building mathematical models, collecting data, and using techniques like linear programming, simulation, and queuing theory to optimize resources and minimize costs. While it provides improved decision-making, OR has limitations such as computational requirements, accounting for non-quantitative factors, and implementation challenges.

2. What is operations research?
 Operations Research is an Art and Science.
 The British/Europeans refer: "Operational Research".
 The Americans refer: "Operations Research".
 Modern synonyms: Management Science (MS) | Decision Science
(DS)| Industrial engineering" (IE)
 It is often considered to be a sub-field of mathematics.
 The Americans are using terms OR and MS together: "ORMS".
 ORMS: Operations Research Management Science

3. OR had its early roots in World War II.
 OR had provided solutions to
Military operations during World
War II. .

4. Operations Research?
 Operational Research is the discipline of applying advanced
analytical methods to help make better decisions.
 OR is professional discipline.
 It deals with scientific methods.
 OR is an interdisciplinary discipline.
 It represents the study of optimal resource allocation.
 It deals with advanced analytical methods for making decisions.
 Business applications concerned with O.R. analysis.

5. Optimization= To Obtain the Best
 Optimization is a word that
comes to mind first in
Operations Research.
 Optimization means maximizing
profits and minimizing cost.

6. Operations Research
FMD-0465-2DA-6N
 Operations Research takes tools from different discipline such as:
Economics
Engineering
Statistic
Mathematics
Psychology

7. Definition
 Operations Research Society, America: “Operations research is
concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and
operate man machine systems usually requiring the allocation of
scare resources”.
 PM Morse and GE Kimball: “O.R. is a scientific method of providing
executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions
regarding the operations under their control”.

8. Features of Operations Research
1.Decision
Making
5.Goal Oriented
Optimum Solution
2.Objective
Oriented Approach
6.Creating
Model
3.Inter-disciplinary
Approach
7.Symbolize the
Model
4.Quality of
Solution

9. Features of Operations Research
8.Use of
Models
12.Require Wilting
Executives
9.Quantifying the
Model
13.Reduce
Complexity
10.Use of
Mathematical Devices
14.Highest
Efficiency
11.Use of
Computer

10. Scope of Operations Research
1.Accounting
3. Agriculture
2.Industry
4. Defense
5.Education
6.Transportation
OR

11. Scope of Operations Research
7. R & D
9.National
8.M
arketing
10.Production
11.Personnel
12.Home
OR

12. Applications of Operations Research
1.Finance, Budgeting and
Investment
2.Industry
3.Agriculture
4. Defense Services
5.Education and Training
6.Transportation
13.Purchasing, Procurement and
Exploration
7. R & D
8.Marketing
9.National Planning & Budgeting
10.Production Management
11.Personnel Management
12.Home Management
14.Physical Distribution

13. OR Models/ OR Tools/ OR Techniques
Inventory Control
Decision Theory
Waiting /Queuing Integer Programming
Linear Programming Dynamic Programming
Game / Competitive
Simulation
Non-Linear Programming

14. OR Models/ OR Tools/ OR Techniques
Symbolic Logic Utility/Value Theory
Markov Process Allocation Model
Sequencing Theory Replacement Model
Network Scheduling
Dual Theory
Information Theory

15. 1.Linear Programming (L.P.)
2.Waiting Line/ Queuing Theory
3. Game Theory/ Competitive
Theory
4.Inventory Control Models
5.Simulation
6.Decision Theory
7.Non-Linear Programming
8.Integer Programming
9.Dynamic Programming
OR Models/ OR Tools/ OR Techniques
10.Sequencing Theory
11.Markov Process
12.Network Scheduling—PERT and
CPM
13.Symbolic Logic
14.Information Theory
15.Utility/Value Theory
16.Dual Theory
17.Allocation Model
18.Replacement Model

16.  IFORS: International Federation of Operational Research Society
 IFORS is an umbrella organization for Operational Research
societies world-wide .
 It is a 50-year old organization which is currently composed of 50
national societies.
 It represents 50 national societies including those in US, UK ,
France , Germany, Canada , Australia , New Zealand, Philippines ,
India , Japan and South-Africa.

17. Advantages of OR
Better Control
Better System
Better Decisions
Better Co- ordination

18. Disadvantages/Limitations of OR
Magnitude of Computation
Non-quantifiable Factors
Money and Time Costs
Distance between OR specialist and Manager
Implementation