Trigonometric equations involve trigonometric functions and can be solved using algebraic techniques like isolating variables, collecting like terms, and factoring. There are two types of trigonometric equations: identical equations that are true for all values of the variable, and conditional equations that are true for some but not all values. To solve trigonometric equations, one should use identities to obtain a single function, substitute values to solve for an angle, or use the quadratic formula if a single function is quadratic.