The document discusses the prevention of air pollution from ships, referencing the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the various sources of marine pollution, including maritime transport and industrial wastewater. It highlights significant oil spills, regulatory frameworks like MARPOL, and the impacts of emissions on air quality and health. Moreover, it details regulations governing ozone-depleting substances and nitrogen oxides, and the effectiveness of past policies in reducing pollution.

1. Yasser B. A. Farag
MSc. in Maritime Energy Management -
Marine Chief Engineer
Lecturer at MUSI - AASTMT

2. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of
the Sea defined marine pollution as:
“the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of
substances or energy into the marine environment
which results or is likely to result in such deleterious
effects as harm to living resources and marine life”
(article 1.1.4).
2
Marine Pollution Definition

3. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Sewage
30%
Farm runoff
20%
Air Polltants
20%
Maritime
transport
10%
Industrial
wastewater
10%
Offshore Oil
5%
Litter
5%
Land-based sources (such as agricultural run-
off, discharge of nutrients and pesticides and
untreated sewage including plastics), globally.
Marine habitats worldwide are contaminated
with man-made debris. Oil spills remain a
concern, though actual spills have decreased
steadily for several decades
Marine pollutants
3

4. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
• Cargo capacity of 120,000 tons of crude oil
• Navigational error caused grounding ripping
open 6 tanks
• 31,000,000 gallons of oil leaked
• Oil spread along the sea between England and
France
Torrey Canyon 1967
4

5. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
• 1974 built Amoco Cadiz carrying 227,000 tonnes of
crude oil
• ran aground off the coast of Brittany, France at
10:00 p.m. on March 16, 1978
• The whole cargo spilled out as the breakers spilt
the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km of
shoreline
• At the time this was the largest oil spill by tanker
ever registered.
Amoco Cadiz 1978
5

6. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Flag State Implement MARPOL regulations on ships raising the flag
Coastal State Implement MARPOL regulations in Coastal waters
Port State Implement MARPOL regulations on foreign ships at ports
The MARPOL Regime
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7. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
474 502 516
633
675
722
775
831
883
958
1,043
1,090 1,123
1,172
1,212 1,249
1,291
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
MILLIONS(GT)
INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING CAPACITY (GT)
(SOURCE: IMO DATA)
Shipping is getting bigger and bigger!
7

8. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
24.5
9.4
7.7
3.5
2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010-2018
Average number of major oil spills per year (Source: ITOPF)
Regulations WORKS!
8

9. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Annex I Annex IVAnnex VAnnex IVAnnex IIIAnnex II
Oil
Oct 2, 1983
155 Countries
99.14% world
tonnage
Noxious
Liquid
Substances
carried in
Bulk
April 6, 1987
155 Countries
99.14% world
tonnage
Harmful
Substances
carried in
Packaged
Form
July 1, 1992
147 Countries
98.54% world
tonnage
Garbage
Dec 31, 1988
New rules from
Jan 01, 2013
152 Countries
98.72% world
tonnage
Sewage
Sep 27, 2003
141 Countries
96.28% world
tonnage
Air
Pollution
May 19, 2005
89 Countries
96.18% world
tonnage
9
MARPOL 73/78

10. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
• Entered into force on 19 May 2005.
• The adoption of MARPOL Annex VI has followed some years of debate within organizations.
• At the same time the Technical code on the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Marine Diesel
Engines was adopted.
MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI
Regulation 12 - Emissions from Ozone depleting substances from refrigerating plants and
fire fighting equipment
Regulation 13 - Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions from diesel engines
Regulation 14 - Sulphur Oxide (SOx) emissions from ships
Regulation 15 - Volatile Organic compounds
Regulation 16 - Emissions from shipboard incinerators
Regulation 18 - Fuel Oil quality.
Regulations 19 – Energy Efficiency on ships
10

11. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Application
• Applies to all ships, fixed and floating drilling rigs and other platforms.
• The certification requirements are depending on size of the vessel and when it is constructed.
International Air Pollution Prevention Certificate (IAPP Certificate).
MARPOL Annex VI and the Technical Code have retroactive requirements for the
following:
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12. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
Generally contain chlorine, fluorine, bromine,
carbon, and hydrogen in varying proportions
and are often described by the general term
halocarbons. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform
are important human-produced ozone-depleting
gases that have been used in many applications
including refrigeration, air conditioning, foam
blowing, cleaning of electronics components,
and as solvents. Another important group of
human-produced halocarbons is the halons,
which contain carbon, bromine, fluorine, and
(in some cases) chlorine and have been mainly
used as fire extinguishers.
12

13. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
• Annex VI prohibits any deliberate emissions of ozone-depleting
• Equipment containing such substances, shall be delivered to appropriate reception facilities
when removed from a ship.
• Installations which contain ozone-depleting substances, other than hydrochlorofluorocarbons,
are prohibited
• Installations containing hydrochlorflourocarbons (HCFCs) are prohibited on ships constructed on
or after 1/ 1/2020.
• All the ships subject to the requirements of Annex VI, shall maintain a list of equipment
containing ozone depleting substances and in case a ship will have rechargeable systems
containing ozone depleting substances, an Ozone depleting Substances Record Book shall be
maintained on board.
• The use of Halon in fire extinguishing systems and equipment is already prohibited for new
buildings.
• More restrictive requirements for ozone depleting substances are in place regionally, e.g. in the
European Union (EU). (E.g. EC 2037/2000)
13
ODS-Regulations

14. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Refrigerant properties
Refrigerant Type Mass * Formula
Boiling
point
C at Atmos
Freezing
point
C at Atmos
Critical
temp (C)
Critical
pressure
(kpa)
Liquide
density
(kg/m3)
ODP ** GWP ***
R-11
CFC
137.37 CCl3F 23.7 -111.1 198 4408 1447 1 3800
R-12 120.91 CCl2F2 -29.75 -160 112 4136 1486 1 8100
R-22 HCFC 86.46 CHClF2 -40.81 -160 96.1 4990 1413 0.05 1500
R134a HFC 102.03 C2H2F4 -26.06 96.67 101.08 4060 1206 0 3260
* The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). One
unified atomic mass unit is approximately the mass of one nucleon (either a single proton or neutron) and is numerically equivalent to 1 g/mol
** The ozone depletion potential (ODP) of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with
trichlorofluoromethane (R-11 or CFC-11) being fixed at an ODP of 1.0. Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), for example, has an ODP of 0.05. CFC 11, or R-11 has the
maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule.
*** Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere. It compares the amount of heat trapped
by a certain mass of the gas in question to the amount of heat trapped by a similar mass of carbon dioxide. A GWP is calculated over a specific time interval,
commonly 20, 100, or 500 years. GWP is expressed as a factor of carbon dioxide (whose GWP is standardized to 1)
14

15. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 15
ODS-Regulations
NASA reports of average minimum ozone over
Antartica, and projections for the future
The ozone layer has recovered
by 1 to 3 percent per decade
since 2000 and is forecasted to
recover completely in the
Northern Hemisphere and mid-
latitude areas in the 2030s,
followed by the Southern
Hemisphere around mid-
century, and Antarctica in the
2060s.

16. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
ENGINE
PROCESS
8.5 kg/kWh
168 g/kWh
1 g/kWh
HEAT
WORK
EXHAUST
GAS
AIR
FUEL
L.O
21% 𝑶 𝟐
79% 𝑵
97% 𝑯𝑪
0.5% 𝑺
97% 𝑯𝑪
2.5% 𝑪𝒂
0.5% 𝑺
13% 𝑶 𝟐
75.8% 𝑵
5.6% 𝑪𝑶 𝟐
5.35% 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶
1500 ppm 𝑵𝑶 𝑥
600 ppm 𝑺𝑶 𝑥
60 ppm 𝑪𝑶
180 ppm 𝑯𝑪
120 mg/N𝒎 𝟑
𝑷𝑴
??
** All numbers are general and differs according to the engine type, manufacturer and technology updates.
Engine’s Emissions
16

17. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Efficiency
17
System/Operation/
Equipment/Engine
Input Output/Work
Losses
𝜼 =
𝑶𝑷
𝑰𝑷

18. Input = ṁ x CV
B.P 49.3%
Jacket water cooling
5.2 %
Exhaust losses
22.3%
Mechanical Energy
Waste Heat
Waste Heat
Thrust
28%
Radiation 0.6%
Waste Heat
Lubrication 2.9%
Chemical
Energy
100% Fuel
171 g/kw.hr
Thrust
T/C
Air Cooler 14.2%
Propeller Losses
10%
Hull
Friction
10%
29%
** All numbers are general and differs according to the ship type, design and technology updates. @ Yasser B. A. Farag 2020
To other waste heat recovery techniques, such as Economizer, Exhaust Gas Boiler, Turbo Generators…
Part of heat can be recovered in the fresh water generator
Waste Heat
18

19. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Oxygen and nitrogen do not react at ambient
temperatures. But at high temperatures, they
undergo an endothermic reaction producing
various oxides of nitrogen. Such temperatures
arise inside an internal combustion engine or a
power station boiler, during the combustion of a
mixture of air and fuel, and naturally in a
lightning flash.
When NOx and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight, they
form photochemical smog, a significant form of
air pollution, especially in the summer.
Children, people with lung diseases such as
asthma, and people who work or exercise
outside are particularly susceptible to adverse
effects of smog such as damage to lung tissue
and reduction in lung function
19
Formation of nitric acid and acid rain

20. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
NOx-Regulations
20

21. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
NOx-Regulations
21
• The Tier III controls apply only to the specified ships while
operating in Emission Control Areas (ECA) established to limit
NOx emissions, outside such areas the Tier II controls apply.
• In accordance with regulation 13.5.2, certain small ships would
not be required to install Tier III engines.
A marine diesel engine that is installed on a ship constructed on
or after the following dates and operating in the following ECAs
shall comply with the Tier III NOx standard:
1. 1 January 2016 and operating in the North American ECA and
the United States Caribbean Sea ECA; or
2. 1 January 2021 and operating in the Baltic Sea ECA or the
North Sea ECA.
• The emission value for a diesel engine is to be determined in
accordance with the NOx Technical Code 2008 in the case of
Tier II and Tier III limits.

22. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
NOx-Treatment
22
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

23. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
NOx-Treatment
23

24. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
NOx-Treatment
24
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) :
In this technology, part of the exhaust gas
after turbocharger is recirculated to
scavenge receiver after passing it through the
scrubber ( exhaust gas washing ) unit. Around
50-60% NOx reduction from tier I is claimed by
making use of EGR. However discharge of
cleaning water requires treatment like
purification and separating exhaust gas
cleaning sludge. As some countries are against
discharge of this water, re-using this water
poses corrosion problem.
NOx reduction takes place due to reduction
in excess air (oxygen content) used for
combustion, addition of CO2 and water
vapour reduces peak temperatures as both
have higher specific heat than air.

25. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 25
Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Particulate Matter (PM)
Sulfur oxide refers to many types of sulfur and oxygen containing compounds such as SO, SO2, SO3, S7O2, S6O2, S2O2, etc
The Sulphur oxide (SOx) and Particulate Matter emissions from ships will in general be controlled by setting a limit on the
Sulphur content of marine fuel oils as follows:
• 4.50% m/m prior to 1 January 2012
• 3.50% m/m on and after 1 January 2012
• 0.50% m/m on and after 1 January 2020

26. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 26
Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Particulate Matter (PM)
Emission Control Areas shall include:
The Baltic Sea, the North Sea and Any
other sea area, including port areas,
designated by the Organization.
The Sulphur content of fuel oil used on
board ships shall not exceed the
following limits:
- 1.50% m/m prior to 1 July 2010
- 1.00% m/m on and after 1 July 2010
- 0.10% m/m on and after 1 January 2015

27. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 27
Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Particulate Matter (PM)

28. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 28
Handling of different fuels
Change-over procedures
Change-over between heavy fuel oil grades is standard practice and so is change-over from heavy fuel oil
to marine diesel oil in connection with e.g. dry-dockings. Change-over from heavy fuel oil to marine gas
oil is however completely different and clearly not common standard. If gas oil is mixed in while the fuel
temperature is still very high, there is a high probability of gassing in the fuel oil service system with
subsequent loss of power. It should be acknowledged that the frequency and timing of such change-over
may increase and become far more essential upon entry into force of ECA’s and the EU proposed
amendments.
Additionally, the time, ship’s positions at the start and completion of change-over to and from compliant
Low Sulphur fuel oil must be recorded in a logbook (e.g. ER log. book), together with details of the tanks
involved and fuel used. It can be anticipated that the same will be applicable with respect to the EU
proposal upon entry into force.

29. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 29
Handling of different fuels

30. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
30
• During offshore and onshore loading, storage and transportation of crude oil onboard vessels or in
oil terminals, crude oil vapours, also known as volatile organic compounds (VOC), are emitted to
the atmosphere. The emissions vary between 0.1 kg VOC per ton of cargo to 2.8 kg VOC per ton
(offshore loading in bad weather). When liquified, this will be equal to hundreds of barrels of oil.
The emissions are a substantial source of lost financial value and destructive environmental
impact.
• Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Emissions from tankers can be regulated by each party to Annex
VI in specific ports and terminals. IMO shall be notified of such requirements min. 6 months before
they enter into force and IMO is to circulate a list of such ports and terminals. The list shall include
the notification date on which the requirements become effective, as well as specification of size
of tankers and which cargoes that requires vapour emission control systems.
• All tankers which are subject to vapour emission control in accordance with above requirements
shall be provided with an approved vapour collection system, and shall use such system during the
loading of such cargoes. The vapour collecting system shall comply with IMO Guideline
MSC/Circ.585.
• The revision of Annex VI to MARPOL requires crude oil tankers above 400 grt to implement and keep
onboard a VOC management plan
• The plan is to be ship specific, is to take into account Guidelines developed by IMO

31. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
31

32. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Incinerator
32
Incineration of Annex I, II and III cargo residues, of PCB’s
(Polychlorinated biphenyls), of garbage containing more
than traces of heavy metals and of refined petroleum
products containing halogen compounds is always
prohibited.
For all the ships to which Regulation 16 will be
applicable, also incineration of exhaust gas cleaning
systems residues will be always prohibited
Monitoring of combustion flue gas outlet temperature
shall be required at all times and waste shall not be fed
into a continuous- feed shipboard incinerator when the
temperature is below the minimum allowed temperature
of 850°C. For batch-loaded shipboard incinerators, the
unit shall be designed so that the temperature in the
combustion chamber shall reach 600°C within 5 minutes
after start-up and will thereafter stabilize at a
temperature not less than 850 °C.

33. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Fuel oil availability and quality
33
• In general this regulation is not directed to ships, rather to fuel oil suppliers and their control by the
appropriate authorities together with other regulatory aspects. In particular the requirements of regulations
18.1, 18.2, 18.4, 18.5, 18.8.2, 18.9 and 18.10, together with aspects of regulations 18.8.1, should be seen
as supportive of regulation 14 in respect of those aspects which are outside the control of the ship owner.
• Regulations 18.6 and 18.8.1 have specific ship (for those that are required to have IAPP Certificates) related
actions concerning the retention onboard of the bunker delivery notes (BDN) for a period of not less than 3
years following delivery, subject to any relaxation afforded by application of regulation 18.11, and the
retention, under the ship’s control (therefore not necessarily onboard although they should be readily
accessible if so required by the relevant authorities), of the representative fuel oil samples until the subject
fuel oil is substantially consumed but for not less than 12 months from the date of delivery. These
requirements apply irrespective of whether or not compliance with regulation 14 - SOx and particulate
matter emission control - is complied with by means of bunkering fuel oils which do not exceed the stated
limits.

34. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Fuel oil availability and quality
34
• The guidelines for the sampling of fuel oil
for determination of compliance with
MARPOL Annex VI have been updated to take
into account the revised Annex VI,
resolution MEPC.182(59).

35. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
MEPC 182 (59)
Tuesday, October 13, 2020 35

36. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020Tuesday, October 13, 2020
MEPC 182 (59)
36

37. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020Tuesday, October 13, 2020
MEPC 182 (59)
37

38. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020Tuesday, October 13, 2020
MEPC 182 (59)
38

39. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020Tuesday, October 13, 2020
MEPC 182 (59)
39

40. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Bunkering
Tuesday, October 13, 2020 40

41. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Bunkering in steps
Tuesday, October 13, 2020 41

42. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020Tuesday, October 13, 2020 42
Bunkering in steps

43. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Sampling procedure
43

44. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Fuel oil availability and quality
44

45. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Bunker Delivery Note (BDN)
45

46. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Energy Efficiency
46

47. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020 47
Maritime Transport
• In 2018 ships carried more than 11 billion
tons of cargo by volume and more than 2.5
billion passengers.
• Based on the data collected between 1980 to
2014, a growth of international seaborne
trade by 265% had been observed during
that period (UNCTAD-2019)
• Shipping’s share of global GHG emissions
represents 2.5% of global GHG emissions with
around 1000 million tonnes annually
according to the (Third IMO GHG study
2014).

48. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Global warming & GHG
48
• GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that
absorbs and emits radiation within the
thermal infrared range. This process is
the fundamental cause of the
greenhouse effect. The primary
greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
are water vapor, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
• Without greenhouse gases, the average
temperature of Earth's surface would
be about −18 °C rather than present
average of 15 °C.
https://nems.nih.gov

49. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Energy Efficiency regulations
49
• EEDI Energy Efficiency Design Index
• EEOI Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator
• SEEMP Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan
• DCS Data Collection System
EEDI
IMO Energy
Efficiency
Regulatory
Framework
DCS
EEOI
SEEMP
Ship owner
/ operator
Owners /
charterers
Marine Environment Protection Committee of
(IMO) has adopted two major initiatives in July
2011 - Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for
new ships and Ship Energy Efficiency
Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships - which
have entered into force from January 2013.
While the EEDI is in the hands of the shipbuilder,
or the designer, the Ship Energy Efficiency
Management is in the hands of the ship operator
and the Charterer.

50. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEDI
50
• IMO has established a series of baselines
for the amount of fuel each type of ship
burns for a certain cargo capacity.
• Ships built in the future will have to
beat that baseline by a set amount,
which will get progressively tougher over
time.
• By 2025, all new ships will be a massive
30% more energy efficient than those
built in 2014.

51. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEDI
51

52. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEDI
52
1. DWT Enlargement
2. Speed reduction
3. Application of new technology

53. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEDI
53

54. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEDI
54

55. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
New Technologies
55
Propeller in Duct

56. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
New Technologies
56
Podded Propellers

57. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
New Technologies
57

58. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
New Technologies
58

59. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
New Technologies
59
The air is blown at a constant
rate to form a layer of bubbles,
which reduces the drag and
resistance between the ship and
the seawater. The Air Lubrication
System to continuously replenish
the lost air bubbles ensures that
a uniform layer of air bubbles is
maintained beneath the ship and
the desired effect is produced.

60. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
SEEMP
60

61. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
SEEMP
61

62. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
SEEMP
62

63. 07
Training of crew
and staff
Measures for Energy Efficient
Ship Operation

64. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEOI
64
• unit: tonnes CO2/(tons x nautical miles)

65. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEOI
65
EEOI Calculator
Voyage
Fuel
Cf (HFO) Cf (LFO) Cargo Distance Work EEOI (CO2/te.nm)
HFO LFO
1 67 12 3.1144 3.15 23500 770 18095000 1.36206E-05
2 26 6 3.1144 3.15 25000 300 7500000 1.33166E-05
3 52 9 3.1144 3.15 25000 600 15000000 1.26866E-05
4 16 4 3.1144 3.15 24000 200 4800000 1.30063E-05
5 30 7 3.1144 3.15 25000 350 8750000 1.31979E-05
6 17 5 3.1144 3.15 25000 230 5750000 1.19469E-05
7 23 6 3.1144 3.15 22000 340 7480000 1.21031E-05
8 21 6 3.1144 3.15 22000 320 7040000 1.19748E-05
Total 252 55 3.1144 3.15 191500 3110 59895000
Average EEOI 1.5996E-05

66. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEOI
66
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
EEOI(CO2/TE.NM)
VOYAGE
EEOI by voyage

67. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEOI
67
0.00E+00
5.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.50E-05
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
EEOI(CO2/TE.NM)
VOYAGE
EEOI by voyage

68. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
EEOI - FLeet
68

69. T h e P r e v e n t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t i o n f r o m S h i p s | Y A S S E R B . A . F A R A G
13 October
2020
Conclusion
69
All shipsNew ships
Design Construction Sea Trail Operation
Calculate
EEDI
Verified
EEDI Verified
EEDI
Planning Implementation
MonitoringEvaluation
• Speed optimization
• New Technologies
• Engine enhancement
• Design improvement
• Renewable energy
• Slow steaming
• Weather routing
• Maintenance
• Crew awareness
• Trim optimization
• Just in Time
• Retrofits
• Paints
𝑬𝑬𝑫𝑰 =
𝑭𝑶𝑪 × 𝑪
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 × 𝑽𝒔
EEDI

70. Thank You!