This document provides an overview of the evolution of the philosophy of science and discusses its implications for whether marketing can be considered a science. It traces the development of positivism, logical empiricism, falsificationism, and paradigm shifts. While early marketing research adopted positivism, issues like measurement error and lack of empirical evidence make applying the strict scientific method difficult. More recent views see science as involving societal consensus rather than purely objective methods. This suggests marketing incorporates diverse research traditions and may be considered science in acknowledging its social aspects rather than trying to emulate natural sciences.
A brief overview of research methods and their philosophical foundation presented to the Global OER Graduate Network. Preparatory work for a forthcoming research methods handbook.
Balancing Theory With Hot Topic Relevant Research - Andrew StephenAMA DocSIG
This presentation was given by Andrew Stephen, University of Pittsburgh, at a pre-conference of the 2015 American Marketing Association Winter Marketing Educators Conference in San Antonio, TX.
Qualitative content analysis in Media PsychologyJenna Condie
Qualitative Content Analysis session for MSc Media Psychology students at the University of Salford.
The aim of the session is to consider knowledge and research on a continuum from positivist to interpretivist, realist to relativist, quantitative to qualitative. It's taken me the best part of four years to get a handle on my epistemological and ontological positions so I am hoping my 'pain' will be someone else's 'gain'. This is the first lecture where my PhD work is really showing its worth for my teaching. Would be interested to hear others thoughts on how to teach and learn qualitative research methods.
A further aim is to expand what we consider to be 'data' and think about how we can generate new knowledge about new media in innovative and creative ways. Sometimes the more traditional methods don't translate very well to contemporary issues. The session therefore introduces the concept of researcher-as-bricoleur.
As an exercise to develop our interpretative skills, Plan B's ill Manors track will be analysed in the session from different perspectives. We will start with the text, then listen to the song, then watch the music video, then see the trailer to the film to build more complex interpretations of Plan Bs work and consider its relationship to the 'real world'. Hopefully the session will work will:)
Seven steps for framing and testing a research paperIan McCarthy
I use the steps in this presentation to:
(i) test research ideas for research papers,
(ii) shape research papers, and
(iii) help draft the Introduction section of a research paper.
For each step I draft one or two concise paragraphs.
I then present and share these with co-authors, collaborators and colleagues to test the ideas and get feedback on how interesting and valid they are.
I consider and work through these steps several times during the life of a research paper framed.
A brief overview of research methods and their philosophical foundation presented to the Global OER Graduate Network. Preparatory work for a forthcoming research methods handbook.
Balancing Theory With Hot Topic Relevant Research - Andrew StephenAMA DocSIG
This presentation was given by Andrew Stephen, University of Pittsburgh, at a pre-conference of the 2015 American Marketing Association Winter Marketing Educators Conference in San Antonio, TX.
Qualitative content analysis in Media PsychologyJenna Condie
Qualitative Content Analysis session for MSc Media Psychology students at the University of Salford.
The aim of the session is to consider knowledge and research on a continuum from positivist to interpretivist, realist to relativist, quantitative to qualitative. It's taken me the best part of four years to get a handle on my epistemological and ontological positions so I am hoping my 'pain' will be someone else's 'gain'. This is the first lecture where my PhD work is really showing its worth for my teaching. Would be interested to hear others thoughts on how to teach and learn qualitative research methods.
A further aim is to expand what we consider to be 'data' and think about how we can generate new knowledge about new media in innovative and creative ways. Sometimes the more traditional methods don't translate very well to contemporary issues. The session therefore introduces the concept of researcher-as-bricoleur.
As an exercise to develop our interpretative skills, Plan B's ill Manors track will be analysed in the session from different perspectives. We will start with the text, then listen to the song, then watch the music video, then see the trailer to the film to build more complex interpretations of Plan Bs work and consider its relationship to the 'real world'. Hopefully the session will work will:)
Seven steps for framing and testing a research paperIan McCarthy
I use the steps in this presentation to:
(i) test research ideas for research papers,
(ii) shape research papers, and
(iii) help draft the Introduction section of a research paper.
For each step I draft one or two concise paragraphs.
I then present and share these with co-authors, collaborators and colleagues to test the ideas and get feedback on how interesting and valid they are.
I consider and work through these steps several times during the life of a research paper framed.
Research Philosophy- Dr Ryan Thomas WilliamsRyan Williams
What is the nature of reality?
What is the nature of knowledge?
Unless you have studied philosophy you may not have considered these questions at any length
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
A framework for the analysis of interview data from multiple field research s...Afzaal Ali
Anne Lillis is a Professor of Management Accounting and Head Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
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Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
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https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
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2. About the Article
Purpose:
An attempt to provide an overview on the question of scientific method and
scientific progress and bring possible links to Marketing as a discipline.
Method:
literature review.
Focus:
The philosophy of Science with few examples on Marketing.
Proposed Title:
“The Development of the Philosophy of Science
and the Status of Marketing as a Field of Inquiry”
3. What is Scientific?
Scientific Fact Vs.
Real Truth
Epistemology
Positivism
Philosophy of
Science
7. Background
Scientific Fact:
An observation that has been confirmed repeatedly and
is accepted as true (although its truth is never final)
Truth:
The quality or state of being true.
8. Background
Epistemology:
It is the study of knowing. It deals with the nature of
knowledge, how do we know things, what do we know,
why we know, is what we know true, and what are the
limits of knowledge.
Euler diagram representing a
definition of knowledge.
9. Background
Positivism:
It is the philosophy of science that information derived
from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of
sensory experience is the exclusive source of all
authoritative knowledge and that there is valid
knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.
Auguste Comte
10. Background
Empiricism:
It is a theory which states that knowledge comes only or
primarily from sensory experience.
John Locke, a leading philosopher
of British empiricism
11. Background
Demarcation Problem:
The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is
about how to distinguish between science and non-science,
i.e. belief, metaphysics, paraphysics or
magic…etc.
12. Evolution of Positivism to Logical
Empiricism
• Carnap 1936
• Positivism is not adequate to explain
claims
• Dodo birds
13. Adoption of Logical Empiricism in
Marketing
• Shelby D. Hunt - 1983
• Marketing Theory
• One of two pillars on Positivism
14. Logical Empiricism and PIMS
• Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies
• Relationship market share and ROI
• Observation of 57 corporations representing 620
individual businesses.
• Generalized and converted to strategy
15. Difficulties with Logical
Empiricism
• Not enough empirical evidence
• Circular connection of inductive argument
• Measurement Error
• Subject to interpretation
• Theory laden
16. Falsification Impacts on
Philosophers and Scientists
• Can justify theory previously hard to justify
• Can verify theory through conjectures and
refutations
17. Problems in Falsificationicism
• Cannot refuse theory based on empirical data
Why ? Flaw can be caused by intervention
or anomaly
• Major theories advance in spite refutations of
empirical data
19. PERCEPTUA
L
EXPERIENC
ES
IMAGE OF
REAL
WORLD
STRUCTURE
A PRIORI
MODEL OF
THEORY
HYPOTHESI
S
EMPIRICAL
TESTS
TENTATIVEL
Y ACCEPT
THEORY
LOGICAL EMPIRICAL MODEL OF
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
NOT CONFIRMED
THE FALSIFICATIONIST MODEL OF
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EXISTING
THEORY
PERCEPTUA
L
EXPERIENC
E
CONSISTEN
T?
NEW
THEORY
HYPOTHESE
S
EMPIRICAL
TESTS
TENTATIVELY
ACCEPT NEW
THEORY
YES
ACCEPT
THEORY
NO
FALSIFIED
REJECT NEW
THEORY
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
20. THOMAS KUHN
• New approach in the philosophy of science
• Concept of a Paradigm
• Values of criteria for theory appraisal
• “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”
• Defined a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized
scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model
problems and solutions for a community.
21.
22. Kuhn’s Model
Failures
• Lakatos, Laudan,
Fayerabend, Shapere
• Historical Inaccuracy
• Lack of rational choice from the
scientific process
• Act of “faith”
23. Larry Laudan
• Objective of science is to solve problems, i.e. “to provide
acceptable answers to interesting questions”
• Non-Refuting Anomaly
• Conceptual Problems: Logical inconsistencies with the
theory itself
24. Epistemological Anarchy
• There are no universal standards
of scientific practice.
• Scientists may allow standards to
guide the research or they may
allow the research to suspend
standards.
Paul Kar l Feyerabend
(1924–1994), originator of
epistemological anarchism.
25. The Cognitive Sociology of Science
• The production of scientific knowledge must be viewed
as a sociological process.
• Bloor and Barnes claim that scientific beliefs are as
much a function of cultural, political, social, and
ideological factors as are any beliefs held by members
of a society.
26. Implications on
Marketing as a Science
• There is no consensus on the nature or the very
existence of a unique scientific method.
• Research areas will tend to evolve as changes take place
in methods, concepts, values, beliefs and theories.
• Positivism has been abandoned
despite its prevalence in marketing.
27. Science1 vs. Science2
• Science1 is based on the objective knowledge. Here,
science seeks to discover the “truth” via the objective
methods of observation, test, and experiment.
• Science2 emphasizes the importance of societal
consensus… Science is what society chooses to call
science.
Natural Science Astrology
28. What about Marketing?
World War I
Beginning of Modern
Conception of
Marketing
Before After
Traditional
Conception of
Marketing
Now ???
29. What is marketing now?
• Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes
for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging
offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners,
and society at large.
(American marketing association, 2013)
• Profit Maximization
• Relationship Marketing
• Business Marketing
• Branding approach
• Societal marketing
• Online Marketing / e-Marketing.
34. Experiment Two
• Which one do you want to buy?
MIRROR NOTEBOOK
500 GB HDD
4GB RAM
1200 RMB
SECRET NOTEBOOK
500 GB HDD
4GB RAM
1200 RMB
35. Experiment Two
• Which one do you want to buy?
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Secret Mirro
36. Hypothesis…2
• Suspension as marketing tool has positive effect
on the saleability of the product
Yes / No
37. Story Time
• Science
• Positivism
– Logical Empiricism
– Falsificationicism
• Paradigm
• Research Traditions
• Epistemological Anarchy
• Cognitive Sociology of Science
• Science 2
M
A
R
K
E
T
I
N
G