This document provides an overview of freshwater ecosystems, including types, characteristics, and flora and fauna. It discusses the two main types of freshwater ecosystems: lentic systems, which include ponds and lakes, and lotic systems, which include streams and rivers. For ponds and lakes, it outlines the different zones from littoral to profundal and describes characteristics like temperature variation. It also discusses general characteristics of streams and rivers like temperature differences between headwaters and mouths. Finally, it provides some examples of common plant and animal life found in freshwater ecosystems.

1. PRESENTED BY
ARNISH PRAJAPATI
ROLL NO:-316
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SEM:-1
GUIDED BY:- KAJAL JOSHI

2. OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM
 FLORA AND FAUNA IN FRESHWATER
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
FRESHWATER
 Freshwater are areas which having law salt
concentration approximately less than 1% and
organisms that can not survive in other regions that
have high salt concentration such as sea and oceans.

4. FRESHWATER TYPES
 1:- Lentic
(standing bodies of water)
-ponds and lakes
 2:- Lotic
(moving bodies of water)
-streams and rivers.

5. 1. LENTIC (STANDING BODIES OF WATER)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PONDS AND LAKES
 Speared on earth
 Those are differ from just a few square meters to
thousands of square kilometers.
 Many ponds are seasonal
 Lasting for few months
 However lakes may exist for hundreds of years.

6. ZONES OF POND AND LAKES
 LITTORAL ZONE
 LIMNETIC ZONE
 PROFUADAL ZONE
 BENTHIC ZONE

7. 1.LITTORAL ZONE

8. 2.LIMNETIC ZONE
The near surface after
littoral zone well
lighted, and has a
large amount of
phytoplankton and
Zooplankton.

9. 3.PROFUNDAL ZONE
 This zone is much colder
also there is a little light
penetrates into this zone.
 Zones organisms are
heterotrophs, meaning
that they eat dead
organisms and use oxygen
for cellular respiration.
 Example dead plankton
that fall down from
limnetic zone.

10. 4.BENTHIC ZONE Benthic organisms that are
greater than 1 mm in size.
Some examples are
polychaete worms, bivalves,
echinoderms, sea
anemones, corals, sponges,
sea squirts, turbellarians
and larger crustaceans such
as crabs, lobsters and
cumaceans.

11. CLIMATE OF LAKES AND PONDS
 DURING THE SUMMER
The temperature can range from 4°c near the bottom
to 22°c at the top.
 DURING THE WINTER
The temperature at the bottom can be 4°c while the
top is 0°c.
 DURING THE SPRING AND FALL SEASONS
There is a mixing of the top and bottom layers usually
due to winds which results in uniform water
temperature of around 4°c.

12. 2.LOTIC (MOVING WATER BODIES)
RIVERS AND STREAMS
 These are bodies of flowing water moving in one
direction.
 They get their starts at headwater which may be
springs , snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all
the way to their mouth.
 The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at
the mouth.

13. STREMS AND RIVERS PARTS
 High oxygen level
 In the middle part numerous
aquatic green plants and algae can
be found.
 The mouth of river , the water
becomes murky from all the
sediments that it has picked up
upstream .
 Because of the lower levels in mouth,
fish that require less oxygen ,such as
a catfish and crap can be found.
 There is a less light that is a reason
for less diversity of flora in streams
and river.

14. FLORA AND FAUNA WHICH ARE LIVE IN RIVERS
AND STREMS
 Frogs and turtles are prevalent in freshwater bodies of
all types. Species vary depending on location. Many
species of fish can be found in rivers and streams,
including trout, eels, mullets, bully's, molly's and
catfish.
 Three types of plants usually live in rivers and streams:
algae, mosses and submerged plants.
 Stonewort, plankton algae and chara can be found in
many rivers and streams

15. PLATS WHICH ARE LIVING IN RIVER AND
STREMS
ALGAE
MOSSE

16. ANIMALS THAT ARE FOUND IN STREMS
AND RIVER

17. REFERENCES
 ECOLOGY BY MOHAN P. ARORA
FIFTH EDITION Page no. 77 to 79
 FRESH WATER HABITAT SCIENCE &
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA BY S.K GHOSH &
A.G.PONNISH

18. THANK YOU