Manis 2017 ch 4 no vid
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Children grow rapidly in the first two years of life, nearly quadrupling in weight and doubling in height. This rapid growth requires optimal nutrition from breastmilk or formula. As infants develop, they gain important gross motor skills like sitting, crawling, and walking, as well as fine motor skills including grasping and hand-eye coordination. During this period, the brain also develops rapidly through processes like synaptogenesis and myelination. Early experiences and environments can impact an infant's physical and neurological development. Ensuring proper nutrition, safety, health and development are important factors in early childhood.
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Manis 2017 ch 4 no vid
- 2. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sensory and Perceptual Development An Infant’s View of the World
- 3. Biology of Health: Physical, Motor, and Perceptual Development Children grow more within the first 24 months of life than at any other point across the life span. Body weight nearly quadruples. Height doubles. Head circumference increases by 1/3.
- 4. Physical Growth over the First Two Years The average birth weight for a term infant is 7½ pounds. Birth weight doubles by 5 months. Birth weight triples by 1 year. The average length of a newborn is 20 inches. Length increases about 30% by 5 months. Length increases about 50% by 1 year.
- 5. Motor Development Refers to advances in functional motor ability and changes in the quality of motor skills Gross motor skills: motor skills that involve use of the large muscles of the legs, arms, back, and shoulders, which are used in sitting, walking, running, jumping, and climbing Fine motor skills: motor skills that involve use of the small muscles of the fingers and hands, for activities such as grasping objects, holding, cutting, drawing, buttoning, and writing
- 6. Gross Motor Skills ⦿Milestones for large muscle activities ●Development of posture ●Learning to walk; locomotion, balance, and practice (crawling to walking) ●Development in second year ●Skilled and mobile: pull toys, climb stairs ●Natural exercise: walk quickly, run stiffly
- 9. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Motor Development First Steps and Beyond
- 10. Fine Motor Skills ⦿Finely tuned (coordinated) movements • Perceptual-motor coupling necessary • Finger dexterity (thumb and forefinger) • Two types of grasps: Palmar and Pincer • Wrists and hands turn and rotate more • Experience and exercise have impact
- 11. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Growth and Brain Development A Neuron
- 12. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Growth and Brain Development The Human Visual Cortex
- 13. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Module 4.2 Physical Growth and Brain Development FIGURE 4.7 Synaptogenesis and Pruning in the Human Cortex LO 4.5: Explain how synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination reshape the infant brain.
- 15. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Physical Growth and Brain Development Myelination in Infancy
- 16. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Module 4.2 Physical Growth and Brain Development Major Structures of the Central Nervous System
- 17. Early Experience and the Brain ⦿Early experiences affect development ●Enriched environment makes brain ●Heavier in weight with thicker layers ●Develop more neural connections ●Produces higher neurochemical activity ●Impoverished environment ●Depression is common
- 18. Nutritional Needs ● Weight and Height grow at phenomenal rate Nutrition needed to promote this ●50 calories a day for each pound the infant weighs ●More that 2x the amount for an adult ●Introduce solid foods at about 6 months (although milk still main source of nutrition) ●Infant Cereal first because of high iron content ●Should be continued until at least 18 months
- 19. Nutrition and Health Birth to 6 to months: Breast milk and formula Breast milk is recommended for the first 6 months due to its high cholesterol and fat content, which is needed to support brain development. Reduced risk of obesity later in life with breastfeeding as compared to formula feeding. Between 4 and 6 months, baby cereal mixed with breast milk or formula may be introduced.
- 21. Breast Versus Bottle Feeding Breastfeeding is better Appropriate weight gain, lowers obesity risk Prevents or reduces allergies and infections Promotes neurological and cognitive growth Lowers risk of SIDS and cancers Better visual acuity and bone density
- 23. Bottle Vs Breast ● Only ½ of mothers breast feed • Social stigma • Inconvenience • Medical problems • Medications • Disease ● No long-term physical or psychological damage from bottle feeding ● American Academy of Pediatrics, Infant Care Manual and Parents Magazine suggest Breast
- 24. Solid Food
- 25. Twelve to 36 Months: More Growth slows. Nutrition should come from meats and other protein sources, fruits and vegetables, breads and grains, and dairy products. By 18 months, toddlers can handle a cup. By 24 months, they can feed themselves neatly with a spoon. Self Feeding
- 26. Failure to Thrive A diagnosis given to children who are consistently underweight or who fail to gain weight as expected.
- 27. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ⦿ Infant stops breathing, usually during night, and dies without apparent cause • Highest cause of infant death in U.S. • Highest risk is 4 to 6 weeks of age (according to your book) • Highest Risk according to most other resources is 2-4 months • Prone position increases risk
- 31. Co-Sleeping Many feel that Co-sleeping Helps breastfeeding Bonding However, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) warns parents not to place their infants to sleep in adult beds, stating that the practice puts babies at risk of suffocation and strangulation. And the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) agrees. Any drugs or alcohol consumption makes co-sleeping dangerous Search for co-sleeping on Google and see what you get
- 36. Safety Issues in Infancy Accidents are the leading cause of injury and death in children between 1 and 4 years of age. Baby walkers are responsible for more injuries than any other product designed for them. Child safety seats lower the risk of death 70% for infants and 55% for toddlers.
Editor's Notes
- LO 4.13: Describe how visual perception develops in infancy. An Infant’s View of the World Students click through a series of images that reveal an infant’s view of a human face at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 1 year of age.
- Key question 2: In what ways are the first years of life a period of rapid physical, motor, and perceptual development?
- LO 4.10: Explain how infants acquire the specific motor skills of reaching and grasping, crawling, and walking. First Steps and Beyond This interactive experience contains three photos that explore infants cruising, walking with assistance, and walking independently.
- LO 4.5: Explain how synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination reshape the infant brain. Neurons have three basic parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. To communicate with one another, neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) cross the synapse (gap between two neurons) to the receiving neuron. In the first six months of development, dendrites grow quickly and synapses form rapidly through synaptogenesis. The environment plays an important role in synapse activation. Synapses that are not used are pruned. Myelination occurs rapidly during the first year of brain development. Myelination speeds up neural conduction, allowing for faster neural communication. Figure 4.5: A Neuron Students examine an illustration of a neuron with pop-up labels that identify and define each part.
- LO 4.5: Explain how synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination reshape the infant brain. In the first six months of development, dendrites grow quickly and synapses form rapidly through synaptogenesis. The environment plays an important role in synapse activation. Synapses that are not used are pruned. Myelination occurs rapidly during the first year of brain development. Myelination speeds up neural conduction, allowing for faster neural communication. Figure 4.6 The Human Visual Cortex The 2-D drawing of the human visual cortex was prepared with Golgi stains and adapted from Conel (1939–1967).
- LO 4.5: Explain how synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination reshape the infant brain. In the first six months of development, dendrites grow quickly and synapses form rapidly through synaptogenesis. The environment plays an important role in synapse activation. Synapses that are not used are pruned. Myelination occurs rapidly during the first year of brain development. Myelination speeds up neural conduction, allowing for faster neural communication. Figure 4.7: Synaptogenesis and Pruning in the Human Cortex The graph is fairly complex and well worth going over in class. Walk students through the X-axis values and point out the overall trends in the three graph lines as well as the differences in age of peak synaptogenesis between visual and auditory cortex relative to prefrontal cortex.
- LO 4.5: Explain how synaptogenesis, pruning, and myelination reshape the infant brain. Myelination occurs rapidly during the first year of brain development. Myelination speeds up neural conduction, allowing for faster neural communication. Figure 4.8: Myelination in Infancy The images are fairly complicated to interpret and well worth going over in class. Point out trends in myelin growth, such as earlier development in lower, deeper, and rear parts of the brain, and the increased whole brain connectivity that would occur as the myelin networks expand to include most of the brain by 329 days (about 11 months) of age. Degree of myelination is indicated by the extent and coloration of fibers (red = thicker myelin). Myelination begins first in lower and deeper regions of the brain, such as the brain stem and cerebellum, and spreads upward and outward to the occipital and parietal lobes by 5 to 6 months and the temporal and frontal lobes by 8 to 9 months of age.
- LO 4.6: Describe the development of major areas of the cerebral cortex in infancy. Figure 4.9: The Major Structures of the Central Nervous System Students examine an illustration of the major structures of the central nervous system. Pop-up labels explain the function of each structure.
- Key Question 4: What are some important nutrition concerns regarding infants and toddlers?