This document summarizes key concepts about DNA, genes, heredity, and genetic disorders. It discusses how DNA contains genetic instructions, genes are segments of DNA that determine traits, and heredity involves the transmission of alleles from parents to offspring. Different patterns of heredity, like dominant/recessive traits and sex-linked traits, are examined. The document also explores chromosomal abnormalities that can cause disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome, as well as multi-gene traits and environmental interactions with genes.
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, history and the laws included in the Non-Mendelian Inheritance or Non-Mendelian Genetics.
Heredity is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. It is the reason why offspring look like their parents. It also explains why cats always give birth to kittens and never puppies. The process of heredity occurs among all living things including animals, plants, bacteria, protists and fungi. The study of heredity is called genetics and scientists that study heredity are called geneticists.
Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents. Traits are physical characteristics. You resemble your parents because you inherited your hair and skin color, nose shape, height, and other traits from them.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. Tiny biochemical structures inside each cell called genes carry traits from one generation to the next. Genes are made of a chemical called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Genes are strung together to form long chains of DNA in structures known as chromosomes. Genes are like blueprints for building a house, except that they carry the plans for building cells, tissues, organs, and bodies. They have the instructions for making the thousands of chemical building blocks in the body. These building blocks are called proteins. Proteins are made of smaller units called amino acids. Differences in genes cause the building of different amino acids and proteins. These differences cause individuals to have different traits such as hair color or blood types.
A gene gives only the potential for the development of a trait. How this potential is achieved depends partly on the interaction of the gene with other genes. But it also depends partly on the environment. For example, a person may have a genetic tendency toward being overweight. But the person's actual weight will depend on such environmental factors as how what kinds of food the person eats and how much exercise that person does.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Non-Mendelian Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, history and the laws included in the Non-Mendelian Inheritance or Non-Mendelian Genetics.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...Rolly Franco
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
When chromosomes are duplicated, each chromosome has two copies of the allele, one on each sister chromatid. However, Gregor Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were purely an abstract concept when he proposed their existence in 1860. Using improved techniques of microscopy, cytology and genetics were converged as biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel’s proposed hereditary factors during sexual life cycles and the behavior of chromosomes which later began to be developed into “the chromosome theory of inheritance”. According to this theory, Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Sex-Linked Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, and the concepts about Sex-Linked Inheritance.
Heredity - Genes, Chromosomes, Solving a Punnett Square and Non-Mendelian Inh...Rolly Franco
This presentation is suited for Grade 9 - Science for the topics about genes, chromosomes, solving punnett square and Non-Mendelian Inheritance(Co-dominance, incomplete dominance, multiple allelles and sex-related traits.
When chromosomes are duplicated, each chromosome has two copies of the allele, one on each sister chromatid. However, Gregor Mendel’s “hereditary factors” were purely an abstract concept when he proposed their existence in 1860. Using improved techniques of microscopy, cytology and genetics were converged as biologists began to see parallels between the behavior of Mendel’s proposed hereditary factors during sexual life cycles and the behavior of chromosomes which later began to be developed into “the chromosome theory of inheritance”. According to this theory, Mendelian genes have specific loci (positions) along chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
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وقتی کروموزومها کپی میشوند، هر کروموزوم دارای دو نسخه از یک آلل است که هر کدام بر روی هر کروماتید خواهری قرار دارد. با این حال، اصل "عوامل وراثتی" مندل، هنگامی که وی در سال 1860 وجود آنها را مطرح کرد، یک مفهوم کاملاً انتزاعی بود. با استفاده از تکنیکهای بهبود یافته میکروسکوپی، سیتولوژی و ژنتیک همگرا شدند، زیرا زیست شناسان رفتارهای موازی بین عوامل وراثتی مندل در طول چرخههای جنسی را مشاهده کردند که بعدها این رفتارهای کروموزومی به "نظریه کروموزومی وراثت " تبدیل شد. براساس این نظریه، ژنهای مندلی دارای موقعیتهای (موقعیت) خاصی در امتداد کروموزومها هستند و این کروموزومها هستند که تحت جداسازی و طبقه بندی مستقل قرار میگیرند.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Sex-Linked Inheritance. It also talks about the definition, and the concepts about Sex-Linked Inheritance.
General overview of patterns of transmission of single gene traitsPaul Adepoju
I delivered this presentation to fellow postgraduate students. It's on the various traits, normal and pathological, that are transmitted by single genes.
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Principles of Genetics - Charles Amadib4fa
Presentation by Dr Charles Amadi, National Root Crops Research Centre, Umudike, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. DNA, RNA, and Protein
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) The genetic
material of cells; made of chemical building
blocks called nucleotides arranged in a double-
stranded helix. DNA contains all of the
instructions needed to direct the activities of
cells.
3. Genes and Heredity
Gene—a segment of a DNA molecule; genes
are the basic building blocks of inheritance
Chromosome—a strand of DNA containing a
number of genes
Mitosis—the process by which somatic cells
duplicate themselves, resulting in genetically
identical cells with 46 chromosomes
4. • Base Pairs
• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine
• The combination and
sequence of these
base pairs is the
basic code of life on
planet earth
6. Patterns of Heredity
Alleles —pairs of corresponding genes located
at specific positions on specific chromosomes
Homozygous—a condition in which an
individual has a pair of identical alleles at a
particular position
Heterozygous—a condition in which an
individual has a pair of non-identical alleles at a
particular position
7. Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype—a person’s genetic
makeup as determined at the
moment of fertilization
Phenotype—the observable
expression of a person’s genotype
11. Polygenic Inheritance
• Many traits such as height, shape, weight,
color, and metabolic rate are governed by the
cumulative effects of many genes.
• Polygenic traits are not expressed as
absolute or discrete characters,
• Polygenic traits are recognizable by their
expression as a gradation of small
differences
12. Skin Color
• Human skin color is a good example of polygenic (multiple
gene) inheritance.
• Capital letter genes (A, B and C) control dark
pigmentation.
• Lower case (a, b & c) control light pigmentation
• All "dominant" genes (AABBCC) has the maximum
amount of melanin and very dark skin.
• All "recessive" small case genes (aabbcc) has the
lowest amount of melanin and very light skin.
16. Sex Linked Traits
• Some genes that cause certain phenotypes are located on
the X and Y chromosome
• These chromosomes are not identical so there are some
interesting inheritance patterns for these sex linked traits
• Mothers are XX so they can only give an X
• Fathers are XY so if they give an X the child will be a
girl; a Y and the child is a boy.
• If the child is a Boy we can be certain he got his X from
his mother.
21. Chromosomal Disorders
Down Syndrome—Trisomy 21
an extra chromosome exists
on the 21st pair
Turner Syndrome—females
with Turner Syndrome and
missing an X chromosome
Fragile X Syndrome—the most
common cause of intellectual
disability in males
22. Fragile X
• It is the most common
cause of genetically-
inherited mental
impairment.
• Abnormality on the X
chromosome which is
restricted or broken
• Retardation, Autism,
Hyperactivity, Tactile
Sensitivity
24. X Y Abnormalities
• Klinefelter’s Syndrome
• An extra X chromosome in a male.
• At puberty the body does not know
whether to mature as a male or
female.
• Breasts may form,
underdevelopment of male genitals
and marked weight gain can be
some of the symptoms.
25. Genetic Counseling
Provides guidance for parents about the
possibility of genetic disorders in their
future children based on an extensive
health history of both parents’ families
over as many generations as possible
29. Genetic (Genomic) Imprinting
• The phenomenon of parent-of-
origin gene expression. The
expression of a gene depends
upon the parent who passed on
the gene.
• They are due to deletion of the
same part of chromosome 15.
• Father = Prader-Willi
• Mother = Angelman Syndrome.
Editor's Notes
Key question 2: How are traits passed from generation to generation?
LO 2.3: Explain how genes get passed from generation to generation and produce variability in human development.
Figure 2.3: PKU Transmission
PKU transmission is revealed sequentially via a vertical click and reveal widget.
LO 2.2: Explain the indirect pathway by which genes affect human behavior, using the example of fragile X syndrome.
Figure 2.2: Fragile X Syndrome
Figure 2.2 illustrates the pathway from gene to behavior. Fragile X example is revealed sequentially via a vertical click and reveal widget. The pathway involves the four levels in the developmental systems model discussed at the end of this chapter (genes, neural activity, behavior/cognition, and the environment). Figure 2.2 gives you a feeling for the ways in which pathways from genes to behavior work for one genetic disorder. However, scientists are still filling in the steps in these pathways for the more than 4,000 rare single-gene disorders found in the human population.
LO 2.5: Explain how scientists identify genetic and environmental contributions to complex traits such as IQ.
Figure 2.4: Colorado Adoption Study Results
Parent–offspring correlations were obtained for general cognitive ability at ages 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, and 16 years for three groups: biological mothers and adopted-away children (BM-AC), adoptive parents and adopted children (AP-AC), and control parents and control children (CP-CC). The correlations are the weighted average of mothers and fathers for the latter two groups.
Ask students to interpret the findings of the graph. How do they explain the results here?
LO 2.8: Describe how the three types of gene–environment correlations help explain findings of twin and adoption studies.
In gene–environment correlations, genetic variations among people influence the environment to which they are exposed.
Passive gene–environment correlations result when children inherit genotypes associated with family environment. Evocative gene–environment correlations occur when individuals evoke reactions from the environment based on genetic predispositions. Active gene–environment correlations occur when the individual seeks out environments that support genetic predispositions.
Research evidence supports the roles of passive, evocative, and active correlations in development.
LO 2.10: Describe evidence from animal and human studies that environments influence gene expression.
Epigenesis refers to chemical processes that surround the gene to control expression of the gene. Unlike genetic mutations, epigenetic effects do not alter the DNA sequence in activating or silencing gene expression. Epigenesis works in humans by attaching methyl groups to DNA, reducing expression of some genes (Szyf & Bick, 2013).
Evidence for the effects of epigenetic changes comes from twin studies (Fraga et al., 2005; Petronis, 2006) and studies of the impact of stress in the first four years of life (Essex et al., 2013; Romens, McDonald, Svaren & Pollack, 2015).
Chemicals known as methyl groups (Me) can attach at various points to the DNA strand, reducing the activity of genes in those locations.