The document provides information on physical development during an infant's first year. It discusses how infants develop motor skills from head to toe and near to far over the year. Key milestones include lifting the head, sitting, crawling, standing, and beginning to walk. It also covers growth in weight, height, vision, hearing, voice, teething and nutrition including introducing solids and self-feeding. The document provides tips for bathing, dressing, diapering and establishing sleep routines for infants.

1. Unit 3 – Chapter 8 Physical Development During The First Year

3. Journal Abilities of a 1 yr old? How does the baby move? How does the baby communicate? How does the baby handle toys and other objects? How has this baby grown/changed in the first year?

4. Assignment Take 2 pictures to school on ASAP 1. picture of you as a newborn 2. picture of you as a 1 year old DO NOT SHOW ANYBODY THESE PICTURES!!!! WE ARE GOING TO PLAY A MATCHING GAME, SO KEEP THEM TO YOURSELF

5. Growth & development during the 1 st year Development and growth during the first year are the most rapid of any time in life In 12 months, the baby who begins as a helpless newborn triples his or her birth weight, learns to stand alone, and may even begin to walk.

6. Patterns of physical development Follows an orderly sequence Proceeds step-by-step in the same order with most every baby 3 types Head to foot Near to far Simple to complex

7. Head to foot Head takes lead in development 2 months into prenatal development – ½ of body is head Birth – ¼ of body is head Arms and legs don’t catch up until later First, babies learn to lift their heads to see an interesting object Later, changes to hands and feet to pick object up Lastly, baby will walk on legs/feet to go get object

8. Near to far Development starts at trunk and moves outward First, babies wave their arms when see an object they want Later, they are able to grab an object with palm of hand Lastly, babies learn to pick of small objects with their thumbs and fingers Opposable thumbs

9. Simple to Complex At first, babies main activities are eating and sleeping Gradually they learn more complicated tasks Learn to hold bottle, eat with fingers, use fork and spoon for eating

10. Growing during 1 st year Measurable change in size Weight One of the best indications of good health Slight weight loss just after birth 1 st 6 months, gain 1-2 lbs per month Last 6 months, 1 lb per month Weigh usually doubles within the 1 st few months Triples by the 1 st year 20-22 lbs average

11. Height Birth – 20 inches 1 st year – 30 inches Heredity has a large influence on height

12. Proportion Size relationship of one thing to another Head and abdomen are large Head grows fast to provide room for the rapidly growing brain Over ½ the total growth of the head occurs in the 1 st year Fontanels close – allow room for growth

13. Development during 1 st year Increase in skill Sight Don’t focus well May blink at different times or look different ways due to lack of muscle May or may not produce tears 1 st week – focus on images 7-10 inches away About 3 ½ months – vision as good as young adult’s

14. Depth perception Ability to recognize that an object is 3-D, not flat Developed at 2 nd month 3 rd month – babies prefer 3-D over flat Hand-eye Coordination Ability to move the hands and fingers precisely in relation to what is seen 3-4 months – reach for objects Necessary for eating, catching ball, coloring, tying shoes

15. Hearing Develops before birth Respond to sounds in the womb by change in heart rate and activity levels Respond to tone of voice Soothing – calms Angry, loud – alarms Important for language development Learning words – associating meaning with words is 1 st step in learning to speak

16. Audiologist Professional trained to diagnose and treat hearing problems Newborn is not startled by sharp noise 3 month old never turns toward source of noise Baby is not awakened by loud noises Doesn’t respond to familiar voices

17. Smell & taste Sense of smell doesn’t develop much in womb Amniotic fluid surrounds baby Do respond to bad odors shortly after birth Within 10 days they can distinguish the smell of their own mother from other people 2 weeks old can distinguish different tastes Prefer sweet

18. Voice Cry Initially shrill Become softer after the lungs mature and voice is used Also results from the physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords These changes effect eating – eventually solids Growth of mouth effects speech development Teeth are necessary Different cry’s mean different needs Prepare for speech by babbling vowel sounds Many don’t say first word until after 1 st birthday

19. Teeth 6 th week of pregnancy begins dev Primary teeth – first set of teeth 6-7 months usually Painful process Stretch and tear gums Cranky, restless, won’t sleep Coughing, fever, loss of appetite 2-10 days 20 teeth

20. What to do during teething? Teething rings Liquid filled teething ring – cold Ice cube on gums medication

22. Motor skills Abilities that depend on the use and control of muscles Mastering them takes physical development, but also social, intellectual and emotional as well, as these areas are interrelated 1 st – control of head

23. Month by Month Dev. 1 st – Lifts chin when put on stomach Gaining neck muscle to hold heavy head 2 nd – Lifts chest when placed on stomach 3-4th– Reaches for objects Holds head up steadily Rolls Complete head control when sitting on adult’s lap Holds head up when carried

24. 5-6th – Sits alone briefly Reaches and grasps Turns completely over Prefers to sit up Uses hands for many tasks

25. 7-8th – Reaches for spoon Pulls self up on furniture Sits up Starts to army crawl Eats with fingers Picks up large objects

26. 9-10 th – Walks when led Picks up smaller objects – more control Stands by furniture More skilled with spoon Crawls

27. 11-12 th – Stands alone May be walking alone Shows preference for one hand over another Holds an drinks from cup Understands toys Picks up small object with thumb and forefinger - opposition

28. Section 2 Handling a baby Baby needs to lifted for many reasons: Eat, dressed, bathed, diaper change 2 more reasons – comfort and attention Opportunity to strengthen the bond Help baby feel secure and happy

29. Handle baby gently Lack of neck muscles/head control Baby’s temperament may influence how you handle Keep hand or arm under baby’s neck at all times

30. Positions Upright against your body – maintain eye contact Looking over shoulder As the baby grows older, they need less support When setting a baby down, make sure you hold everything secure until he/she makes contact with next support system Baby needs to trust you!

31. Avoiding stress Put the baby down in crib and walk to another room Count to 10 Ask a friend or relative to come over for a break Take a deep breath, look out window, drink glass of water

32. Feeding a baby Provides more than just nourishment Opportunity to bond, learn more about the world Cuddling, body contact, nurturing words are as important as the food Feeding schedules Need to eat as much as they want, as often as they want Newborn – 6-8 times in 24 hrs Stomach are very small

33. 2-3 rd month Baby wakes every 3-4 hrs around the clock Eventually baby won’t need late night feedings 12 lbs – usually sleep through the night Stomach can hold more milk End of 1 st year Eat 3 meals/day plus snacks

34. Mealtime methods A. breast feeding 1. a mother will receive help and instructions while in the hospital or from a midwife 2. information is also available from La Leche League A. organization that promotes breast feeding B. head should be well above the stomach C. bottle at angle so can comfortably suck and nipple is always full 1. limit the amount of swallowed air

35. D. feed until baby feels satisfied Usually eats the amount they need E. burp twice 1. once during feeding, once after feeding 2. may not burp each time, but needs the opportunity to F. warm bottles 1. put in pan of warm water until lukewarm 2. don’t microwave A. hotspots B. kills valuable nutrients in breast milk G. sterilize bottles and don’t let formula sit out after bottle is made

36. Introducing new foods A. 6 months B. cereal is usually first – smooth, runny consistency C. add strained food 1. solids processed to make them smooth and runny 2. buy baby food or puree your own food 3. usually fruits and veggies D. add foods gradually so you know what may cause an allergic reaction

37. E. Tips for adding foods 1. head foods if used to warm milk A. check temp on wrist 2. large bib – messy feedings 3. be ready for spitting – may not like food A. combine with food they do like

38. 4. Weaning A. process of changing from drinking form the bottle or breast to drinking from a cup B. sign of increasing independence C. no precise age – 9 months in common D. wait until baby is ready E. look for signs like pushing away eating, wanting to eat from a spoon, looking around or playing while sucking

39. 5. Self-feeding A. 8-10 months B. ready to eat with fingers or from spoon C. open mouth when spoon is coming D. then want to handle spoon themselves – ready for self feeding E. choose finger foods for them to handle and get used to 1. cut up toast, cheese, bananas F. takes practice and sense of humor

40. II. Nutritional Concerns 1. overfeeding A. a baby who overeats will more than likely overeat later in life B. same goes with sweets C. bottle-fed have a greater risk of overeating than breastfed

41. 2. malnutrition – lack of enough food or a lack of the proper type of food A. need enough calories to provide for rapid growth B. food that is easy to digest C. adequate amounts of food D. needed nutrients like protein, iron, B vitamins, Vitamin C & D E. cow’s milk alone does not provide carbs needed for energy

42. F. developing countries is a problem G. skim milk is not enough calories from birth H. also in US b/c parents don’t know nutritional needs i. swollen stomach Ii. Hair falls out Iii. Wounds slow to heal Iv. Poor coordination and muscle tone V. stunted growth Vi. Learning problems Vii. Slow brain development I. WIC – women, infants, and children program i. helps low income families with food costs

43. Section 3 notes I. bathing a baby A. for a newborn, anytime is a good time for a bath except right after feeding i. need time to rest and digest B. newborn is given sponge bath until naval heals C. then move to basin tub or sink and eventually the normal tub

44. D. sponge bath i. 2 soft towels Ii. Washcloth Iii. Diaper Iv. Mild soap V. baby shampoo Vi. Cotton balls – clean around naval Vii. Get clothes and such ready to go in a warm room Viii. 70-80 degrees Ix. Test water with elbow – should feel luke warm X. place baby on towel – put water in separate bowl Xi. Place other towel on top of baby to keep warm Xii. Wash face with clear water and washcloth Xiii. Pat baby’s face dry

45. Xiv. Clean out ears Xv. Wash rest of body with soapy water Xvi. Clean scalp 1-2 per week Xvii. Cradle cap – skin condition in which the scalp develops patches of yellowish, crusty scales 1. apply baby oil to scalp at night 2. gently loosen scales in the morning Xviii. Apply baby lotion or powder after bath Xix. Never let baby play with container – could inhale powder

46. E. tub bath 1. rubber mat or towel on bottom of basin – prevent sliding 2. luke warm water – 2-3 inches deep 3. always support head 4. go through same steps as sponge bath 5. let them splash – good exercise and enjoyable

47. F. Normal tub safety tips 1. never leave the baby alone even for a second in shallow water 2. keep baby seated – standing leads to falls 3. always check water temp 4. keep away from faucet A. may be hot B. very hard if hit head 5. don’t let baby drink bath water – a little is OK

48. II. Dressing baby A. dress them as you would dress 1. they don’t need to be warmer than you 2. if extremities feel cold, check body temp B. newborn 1. sleepovers – one-piece garment with feet 2. cotton undershirt C. older babies 1. movable clothing so can crawl and walk 2. soft cotton – sleeper for bed

49. D. dressing tips 1. sing a song 2. talk with the child 3. work smoothly and quickly 4. gather garment and slip it over back of baby’s head 5. stretch it as you bring it over face 6. put baby’s fist in armhole and pull the arm through 7. do same with legs

50. III. Diapers A. dispose of diaper 1. trash can or diaper geni B. wash cloth diaper in hottest water with mild soap C. diaper rash – patches of rough, irritated skin from bacteria 1. clean baby thoroughly 2. use zinc oxide to treat - ointment

51. IV. Sleep A. by age one – 2-3 sleep periods B. make sure baby is relaxed – read books, sing lullaby C. keep a routine and keep it simple D. let them fall back asleep on their own or else they will become reliant on you