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Santrock 16e ch04_accessible
1.
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Sixteenth Edition Chapter
4 Physical Development in Infancy Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter Outline • Physical growth and development in infancy • Motor development • Sensory and perceptual development
3.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Growth and Development in Infancy • Patterns of growth • Height and weight • The brain • Sleep • Nutrition
4.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Patterns of Growth • Cephalocaudal pattern – Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top, with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom • Proximodistal pattern: Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities
5.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Changes in Proportions of the Human Body During Growth
6.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Height and Weight • The average American newborn is 20 inches long and weighs 7 pounds • Most of the newborns are 18 to 22 inches long and weigh between 5 and 10 pounds • Grow about 1 inch per month during the first year • By 2 years of age – Infants weigh approximately 26 to 32 pounds – Average 32 to 35 inches in height
7.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (1 of 6) • Contains approximately 100 billion neurons at birth • Shaken baby syndrome – Brain swelling and hemorrhaging • Electroencephalogram - Measure of the brain’s electrical activity – Help learn about the brain’s development in infancy
8.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (2 of 6) • Brain’s development – Mapping the brain  Forebrain - Portion farthest from the spinal cord, includes the cerebral cortex and structures beneath it  Brain has two hemispheres, each hemisphere constitutes of four lobes o Lateralization: Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other
9.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (3 of 6) • Neurons – a nerve cell that handles information processing • Myelin sheath – a layer fat cells that helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon • Neurotransmitters – Tiny gaps between neuron’s fibers
10.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (4 of 6) • Changes in neurons – Myelination – Connectivity among neurons increases • Changes in regions of the brain – Blooming and pruning vary by brain region – Peak of synaptic overproduction in the visual cortex followed by a gradual retraction  Heredity and environment influence the timing and course – Pace of myelination varies
11.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (5 of 6) • Early experience and the brain – Children in deprived environment may have depressed brain activity  Ex: Romanian Orphanage – Brain demonstrates both flexibility and resilience  Ex: Michael Rehbein
12.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain (6 of 6) • Neuroconstructivist view – Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development – Brain has plasticity and is context-dependent – Development of the brain and the child’s cognitive development are closely linked
13.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Brain’s Four Lobes
14.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Synaptic Density in the Human Brain from Infancy to Adulthood
15.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Early Deprivation and Brain Activity
16.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sleep (1 of 4) • Why Do We Sleep? – Evolutionary perspective  Sleep necessary for survival – Replenishes and rebuilds the brain and body  Restorative function  Clearing out waste in neural tissue – Critical for brain plasticity  Increases synaptic connections between neurons
17.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sleep (2 of 4) • Typical newborn sleeps approximately 18 hours a day • Infant sleep-related problem - Nighttime waking • Cultural variations influence infant sleeping patterns • REM sleep - Eyes flutter beneath closed lids – Approximately half of an infant’s sleep is REM sleep
18.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sleep (3 of 4) • Shared sleeping • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Occurs when an infant stops breathing, usually at night – Suddenly dies without an apparent cause
19.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sleep (4 of 4) • Sleep and Cognitive Development – Sleep may be linked to cognitive development  Likely occurs because of sleep’s role in brain maturation and memory consolidation – Lower quality of sleep linked with behavioral problems
20.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. SIDS: Findings (1 of 2) • SIDS is likely in infants: – With abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin – With sleep apnea and low birth weight – Who do not use a pacifier when they go to sleep – Whose siblings have died of SIDS – Lower socioeconomic groups – Who are passively exposed to cigarette smoke – Share the same bed with parents or sleep on soft bedding
21.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. SIDS: Findings (2 of 2) • SIDS is less common in infants who: – Are breast fed – Sleep in a bedroom with a fan • African American and Eskimo infants are four to six times as likely as all others to die of SIDS
22.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Developmental Changes in REM and Non-REM Sleep
23.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Nutrition (1 of 5) • Nutritional needs and eating behavior – Infants should consume approximately 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh – As motor skills improve, infants change:  From using suck-and-swallow movements  To chew-and-swallow movements with semisolid and then complex foods – Need to have a diet that includes:  Fruits and vegetables
24.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Nutrition (2 of 5) • Breast versus bottle feeding – Breast feeding is better • Benefits of breast feeding: outcomes for the child – Lower gastrointestinal infections – Lower respiratory tract infections – No evidence reduction in the risk of allergies – Protects against wheezing in babies, but whether it prevents asthma in older children is unclear
25.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Nutrition (3 of 5) – Less likelihood to:  Develop middle ear infection  Become overweight or obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood  Develop Type 1 diabetes in childhood  Experience SIDS • Benefits of breast feeding: outcomes for the mother – Lower incidence of breast cancer and ovarian cancer – Small reduction in type 2 diabetes
26.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Nutrition (4 of 5) • Mother should not breast feed: – When infected with HIV or some other infectious disease – If she has active tuberculosis – If she is taking any drug
27.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Nutrition (5 of 5) • Malnutrition in infancy – Marasmus: Wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year  Caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency – Kwashiorkor: Caused by severe protein deficiency  Child’s abdomen and feet become swollen with water  Appears between 1 and 3 years of age
28.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Motor Development • The dynamic systems view • Reflexes • Gross motor skills • Fine motor skills
29.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Dynamic Systems View • Dynamic systems theory: Infants assemble motor skills for perceiving and acting • Motor skills are developed by: – Development of the nervous system – Body’s physical properties and its possibilities for movement – Child’s motivation to reach a goal – Environmental support for the skill
30.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Reflexes (1 of 3) • Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements • Are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control • Rooting reflex: Occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched – Turns his or her head in an effort to find something to suck
31.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Reflexes (2 of 3) • Sucking reflex: Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth – Enables newborns to get nourishment before they have associated a nipple with food – Serves as a self-soothing mechanism
32.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Reflexes (3 of 3) • Moro reflex: A neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement – It is believed to be a way of grabbing for support while falling • Grasping reflex: Occurs when something touches the infant’s palms – Responds by grasping tightly
33.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Gross Motor Skills (1 of 2) • Involve large-muscle activities, such as walking • Development of posture – Posture - Dynamic process linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space • Learning to walk • The first year – Motor development milestones and variations
34.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Gross Motor Skills (2 of 2) • Development in the second year – Toddlers become more skilled and mobile – By 13-18 months  Toddlers can pull a toy or climb stairs – By 18-24 months  Toddlers can walk quickly  Balance on their feet  Walk backward and stand and kick a ball
35.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Milestones in Gross Motor Development
36.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Fine Motor Skills • Involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity • Types of grasps – Palmer grasp – Pincer grip
37.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Sensory and Perceptual Development • What are sensation and perception? • The ecological view • Visual perception • Other senses • Intermodal perception • Nature, nurture, and perceptual development • Perceptual-motor coupling
38.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. What are Sensation and Perception? • Sensation: Occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors – Eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin • Perception: Interpretation of what is sensed
39.
Copyright © 2017
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Ecological View • Perception functions to bring organisms in contact with the environment and to increase adaptation – Affordances: Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform functional activities
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