Manis 2017 ch 3 pt 4 no vid
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The document discusses various topics related to fetal development, childbirth, and care of newborns. It covers decreased oxygen supply to the fetus during contractions termed anoxia. It also discusses the need for the newborn to take its first breath and adjust to breathing independently after birth. The document then focuses on preterm and low birth weight infants, describing related health risks and interventions like kangaroo care. Other areas addressed include the Apgar scale, Brazelton scale, newborn reflexes, bonding, breastfeeding, and potential emotional adjustments for mothers after childbirth.
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Manis 2017 ch 3 pt 4 no vid
- 1. Chapter 4 Part 2
- 2. The Fetus/Newborn Decreased oxygen supply during contractions is termed anoxia —insufficient oxygen to fetus/newborn Noradrenaline Stress hormone secretion protects from oxygen deficiency, prepares infant for birth. Vernix (skin grease) protects against heat loss.
- 3. Breathing Soon after birth the child must take a first breath Lungs filled with fluid that is rapidly expelled The baby’s system must adjust to getting oxygen independently rather than from the mother.
- 4. At-Risk Infants: A Different Beginning Prematurity and Birth Weight Premature or preterm infant: an infant born before 37 weeks’ gestational age Gestational age: age as measure in weeks from the first day of the mother’s last menstrual cycle
- 6. Low birth weight (LBW): birth weight below 5 lbs 8 oz. Very low birth weight (VLBW): birth weight below 3 lbs 5 oz. Extremely low birth weight (ELBW): birth weight below 2 lbs 3 oz. Low Birth Weight
- 7. Hospital unit that specializes in the treatment of at-risk newborns Incubator: a heat- controlled unit for preterm infants Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
- 8. Causes and Treatments of Prematurity More common in multiple-birth pregnancies Mothers who have a history of miscarriages Mothers who have had previous premature births Mothers with high blood pressure, diabetes, clotting disorders, obesity, infections during pregnancy, and alcohol, nicotine, or drug use
- 9. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Birth and the Newborn Preterm babies • Health risks to immature bodily systems: - Lungs, immune system, and digestive system - Respiratory distress syndrome • Use of kangaroo care
- 12. Early Intervention for At-Risk Newborns Kangaroo care: an intervention often used with preterm newborns in which the newborn is placed in skin-to-skin contact on the mother’s breast to promote thermal regulations, breastfeeding, and bonding
- 13. Apgar Scale
- 14. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Birth and the Newborn The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale • Evaluates infants’ reflexes, ability to respond to people, control of their own behavior, and attention to objects and other stimuli
- 15. Newborn Reflexes and Behavioral States Reflexes: unlearned involuntary movements or actions that are controlled by neural structures below the level of the cerebral cortex Rooting reflex: The head turns toward gentle stimulation of the skin at the corner of the mouth. Sucking reflex: When a finger is placed in the infant’s mouth with the pad toward the palate, the baby sucks rhythmically.
- 19. Copyright © 2017 Pearson, Inc. All Rights Reserved Raising Healthy Infants and Toddlers States of Arousal and Duration in Newborn Period
- 20. The Developmental Tasks of the Newborn Period The Parent–Infant Bond Bonding theory: a theory suggesting that the period immediately after delivery is a sensitive one in the development of a close emotional bond between mother and child Bonding is much more flexible than was first believed.
- 21. Breastfeeding Breast milk generally offers the best nutrition for babies. Colostrum: a precursor to mature breast milk that consists primarily of enzymes, anti-infective agents, hormones, and growth factors Benefits both mother and baby
- 22. Emotional and Psychological Adjustments ‘Baby Blues’ Lasts 1–2 weeks without treatment Postpartum depression Major depressive episode: feelings of anxiety, depression, and despair Gets worse without treatment
Editor's Notes
- Key question 2: What are the long-term effects of preterm birth on the infant and on the infant’s family, and what kinds of intervention can promote the development of preterm infants?
- LO 3.18: Explain the consequences of the most common birth complications for later development. For preterm babies, the greatest health risks involve development of systems of the body that are not quite mature, including the lungs, immune system, and digestive system. Preterm babies may develop respiratory distress syndrome because their lungs do not produce enough surfactin, which aids in absorption of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Kangaroo care involves skin-to-skin contact between infant and caregiver. This is recommended especially for preterm infants, and it is linked to greater weight gains, less irritability, greater alertness, and stronger attachments to the mother compared to standard care (Feldman et al., 2002; Ludington-Hoe et al., 2006; Suman, Udani, & Nanavati, 2008).
- LO 3.17: Describe how physicians and neurologists assess the newborn baby and what is typically done with this information. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale may be used if further developmental or neurological complications are suspected. It evaluates infants’ reflexes, ability to respond to people, control of their own behavior, and attention to objects and other stimuli.
- LO 4.1: Explain how newborn states of arousal facilitate adaptation to the physical and social world. Newborns cycle through five states of arousal. Infants spend about half their sleep in REM sleep, and this facilitates brain development. Crying serves as a mechanism to ensure that the baby gets needed attention. The infant sleep–wake cycle is an example of the dynamic system between mother and infant. Infant crying stimulates breast milk production, coupled with infant reflex development to make nursing an efficient system. Ask students if they have ever watched someone sleeping and if they noticed the differences between REM sleep and non-REM sleep. Some students may have watched a newborn infant in their family or elsewhere. Ask them to describe some of the states of arousal they observed. What differences are there between newborns and older individuals in terms of sleeping and wakefulness?
- Key question 4: What are the developmental challenges facing the newborn?