In sustainable Development Goals (SDG)’s, water is as the 6th goal, namely “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It show that clean water is one if human basic needs, and it is processed from raw water to clean water by using any treatment. Beyond drinking water, sanitation and hygiene to also address the quality and sustainability of water resources, which critical to the survival of people and the planet.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Anthropogenic means of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, humanity's influence on nature had been comparatively mild (although humans have been influencing the environment for tens of thousands of years, before humans started farming). However with the introduction of motive power, the use of oil and gasoline to achieve energy needs, and the reliance on electricity, anthropogenic impacts on the environment have increased exponentially.Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades has resulted in sinking water tables worldwide. A study by hydrologist Dr. Inge de Graaf from the Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Freiburg shows that almost 20 percent of the catchments areas where groundwater is pumped suffer from a flow of streams and rivers that is too low to sustain their freshwater ecosystems. This number is expected to increase to 50 percent by 2050. “The effects can be seen already in the Midwest of the United States and in the Indus Valley project between Afghanistan and Pakistan,” de Graaf explains. The results of her study have been published in the current edition of Nature. Groundwater is the world's largest source of freshwater and it is of vital importance for food production. Increasing extraction of groundwater in recent decades results sinking water table.

1. IMPACT OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES ON WATER
RESOURCES
Presented By:
Pabitra Pandey
Source: undp.org
7/18/2023 1

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Objective
• Anthropogenic activities and its impact
• Consequences
• Mitigation measure
• Conclusions
• References
7/18/2023 2

3. Introduction
• One of the most vital resources for all living organism
• In SDG’s goals, water is at the 6th goal, namely “Clean Water and
Sanitation”
• Availability and quantity of water resource can vary according to
Season
• Influence by factors such as climate, geography, population growth
and human activity
7/18/2023 3

4. Water resources
Nature of
occurrence
Surface water Ground water
Salinity
Freshwater Brackish water Seawater
7/18/2023 4

5. Earth water distribution
Source: e-education.psu.edu
7/18/2023 5

6. Anthropogenic activity
• Human actions that have a direct or indirect impact on the
environment, including water resources
• Processes resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
• Affects the environment, climate, ecosystem and natural resources
• Major contributor to global challenges like climate change,
biodiversity loss, and pollution
7/18/2023 6

7. Objectives
• To study the impact of anthropogenic activities on water resources
• To know about the consequences of anthropogenic activities on water
resource and aquatic biodiversity
• To know about the mitigation measures
7/18/2023 7

8. A. Water Pollution: Industrial waste
Manufacturing, mining, power generation, and chemical production
contains various pollutants
More than 35,000 registered chemicals and 70,000 unidentified
chemicals in global market (Wang et al., 2020)
In developing countries, about 70% of industrial waste are discharged
into waters without any treatments (Programme, 2009)
7/18/2023 8

9. Agriculture run off
More than 70% of the delivered
nitrogen and phosphorus comes
from agricultural processes to
watersheds (Yang et al., 2018)
Major contributor of non- point
source pollution to aquatic
environment (UNEP, 2016)
7/18/2023 9
Source: FAO.org
Source: FAO.org

10. Domestic waste
Primary source of:
• pathogens
• putrescible organic substance
Over 400 million tons of plastic
are produce every year, 14 million
tons of plastics are end up in the
ocean every year (IUCN, 2019)
7/18/2023 10
Source:shutterstock.com

11. B. Over use and Depletion of water resource
Over 70% of freshwater is used for irrigation (world bank, 2017)
Consequence of excessive groundwater pumping is that the water
table
 The number of large dams in the world has exceeded 50,000 to date
(ICOLD, 2016)
Source: indiatoday.in
source:ugaoo.com
7/18/2023 11
Source:Thekathmandupost
Source:Thekathmandupost
Source:gwrdb.gov.np

12. Increase in temperature
Evaporation
Snow cover melting
Change in rainfall pattern
Variability in river and stream
water quantity
Increased flooding
Rise in sea level Diseases outbreak
Climate Change
7/18/2023 12

13. D. River bed extraction
Destroy vegetation
Change river morphometry
Bank erosion
Sedimentation
Depth and width increase
Ground water table lowered
“Holes as deep as 50 feet dug on the banks of Sunkoshi to illegally
extract construction materials, such as sand and stones”
Source: TheKathmandupost.com
7/18/2023 13

14. F. Deforestation
In Texas, deforestation has caused a 25% decrease in rainfall
Amazon Rainforest, which has shrunk 17% in the last 50 years (WWF,
2022)
Deforestation increased 1% = 1% decrease in access to clean water =
decrease in rainfall of nearly 10% (Mapulanga & Naito, 2019)
Impact on water cycle
7/18/2023 14
Source:bbc.com

15. G. Sedimentation
Diminished storage capacity of reservoirs
Create turbid waters, smaller euphotic zone
 Also carries of suspended pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus
and heavy metal
Source: training.ussdams.org
7/18/2023 15

16. Consequences: on aquatic animals
7/18/2023 16

17. 7/18/2023 17
Turbine mincing eel fish
Effect of acidification on shell formation
Fish dead due to eutrophication
Plastic pollution

18. Societal consequences
A. Water scarcity
 World faces a storage gap as demand for fresh water grow and
glaciers, snow park and wetland decline
Over 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress,
4 billion people experience sever water scarcity (UN, 2019)
In 2050, more than five billion 25% of the world’s projected 9.7
billion people will live in areas with freshwater scarcity
7/18/2023 18

19. B. Public health risk
• Typhoid, Chloera, Paratyphoid, Bacillary Dysentery
Bacterial infections
• Infectious Hepatitis(Jaundice)
• Poliomyelitis
Viral infections
• Amoebic dysentry
Protozoal infections
7/18/2023 19
• According to WHO survey, 80% of all diseases in developing
countries are water born (Abedin et al, 2019)
• According to WHO survey, 80% of all diseases in developing
countries are water born (Abedin et al, 2019)

20. Mitigation and Conservation Measures
A. Water pollution control
Waste water treatments
Best management practice in agriculture
Industrial pollution prevention
B. Sustainable water management
Water conservation practices
Efficient irrigation techniques
Rainwater harvest and grey water reuse
7/18/2023 20

21. C. Adaptation of climate change
 Climate change resilient water infrastructure
Integrated water resource management
Awareness and education program
7/18/2023 21

22. Conclusions
• Anthropogenic activities significantly impact water resources, leading
to various consequences
• Effective mitigation measure are crucial for preserving and sustainably
managing water resources
• Collaboration between governments, industries, communities, and
individuals is essential for successful mitigation efforts
7/18/2023 22

23. References
• Sheng, Z. (2013). Impacts of groundwater pumping and climate variability on
groundwater availability in the Rio Grande Basin. Ecosphere, 4 (1), 1-25.
• Jha, M. K. (2020). Impacts of landscape changes on water resources. Water, 12(8),
22-44.
• Shiklomanov, IA. (2000). Appraisal and assessment of world water
resources.Water Int, 25, 11–32.
• Wang, Z., Walker, G. W., Muir, D. C., & Nagatani-Yoshida, K. (2020). Toward a
global understanding of chemical pollution: a first comprehensive analysis of
national and regional chemical inventories. Environmental science &
technology, 54(5), 2575-2584.
• Abedin, M.A., Collins, A.E., & Habiba, U. (2019). Climate Change, Water Scarcity,
and Health Adaptation in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh. International Journal
of Disaster Risk Science, 10, 28-42.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-018-0211-8
7/18/2023 23

24. • Mapulanga, A. M., & Naito, H. (2019). Effect of deforestation on access to clean
drinking water. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(17), 8249-
8254.
• Bukola, D., Zaid, A., Olalekan, E. I., & Falilu, A. (2015). Consequences of
anthropogenic activities on fish and the aquatic environment. Poultry, Fisheries &
Wildlife Sciences, 3(2), 1-12.
• Lin, L., Yang, H., & Xu, X. (2022). Effects of water pollution on human health and
disease heterogeneity: a review. Frontiers in environmental science, 10, 880246.
• Programme, U., & Raymond, C. (2018). The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2018. Nature-Based Solutions for Water. Chapter 6: Enabling
Accelerated Uptake of NBS. A. Paris, UNESCO
• Programme, W. W. A. (2009).The United Nations World Water Development Report
3: Water in a Changing World Paris: UNESCO and London: Earthscan
7/18/2023 24

25. 7/18/2023 25

26. 7/18/2023 26

27. Consequences of anthropogenic activities
on water resource
Sources Pollutants Threats
Industrial waste : Organic pollutant, alcoholic
brewer waste, biodegradable,
Zn, Pb, sulphate
Low dissolved oxygen,
eutrophication, pollutants get
clogged in the gills of fish
Soap factories Detergents, caustic soda, oil,
grease, engine
Prevents light penetration,
prolific growth of blue green
algae and bacteria
Plastic industries Hot polymer by product,
calcium, tin and lead
Increase temperature,
bioaccumulation, bio
magnification
Agriculture waste Pesticides, nitrogen fertilizer,
and organic farm wastes
Nutrients pollution, ground
water contamination, alter
water quality
Domestic waste Pharmaceuticals, fertilizer,
detergents, sewage
Pollutents can seep into soil and
reach underground aquifers
7/18/2023 27

28. River bed extraction Habitat destruction, Spawning ground
Dam construction Fish migration, Turbines mincing fish like eels, Change habitat
dewatering in downstream
Climate change Introduction of invasive species, acidification, disease outbreaks
Landscape change Increase surface runoff, decrease infiltration rate of soil cause
evapotranspiration and ground water recharge
Sedimentation Decrease aquatic plant productivity, abrasion of fish gills, potential
for disease or mortality, Visual impairments for predatory fish,
affecting their feeding habits
Poision, Bombarding Loss of non- target aquatic species, loss of aquatic biodiversity
7/18/2023 28