A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Maxillary Second Premolar
the maxillary first premolar in function
Less angular ,rounded crown in all aspects.
Single root
Smaller crown cervico occlusally
Root length is as great or greater
BUCCAL ASPECT
Not as long as that of the first premolar
Less pointed
Mesial slope is
shorter than the distal slope
Buccal ridge of the crown may not be so prominent whencompared with the first premolarLINGUAL ASPECT
Lingual cusp is longer making the crown longer on the lingual sideMESIAL ASPECT
Cusps of second premolar are shorter with the buccal and lingual cusps more nearly the same length
Greater distance between cusp tips-that widens the occlusal surface buccolingually
No developmental depression on the mesial surface of the crown as on the first premolar
Crown surface is convex instead
No deep dev. Groove crossing the mesial marginal ridgeOCCLUSAL ASPECT
Outline of the crown is more rounded or oval rather than angular
Central dev. groove is shorter and more irregular
Tendency toward multiple supplementary grooves radiating from the central groove that may extend out to the cusp ridges
Makes for an irregular occlusal surface and gives a very wrinkled appearance
A Complete presentation explaining the complete morphology of Maxillary first molar, for the benefit of people like me who tried and failed to find everything in one package
Maxillary Second Premolar
the maxillary first premolar in function
Less angular ,rounded crown in all aspects.
Single root
Smaller crown cervico occlusally
Root length is as great or greater
BUCCAL ASPECT
Not as long as that of the first premolar
Less pointed
Mesial slope is
shorter than the distal slope
Buccal ridge of the crown may not be so prominent whencompared with the first premolarLINGUAL ASPECT
Lingual cusp is longer making the crown longer on the lingual sideMESIAL ASPECT
Cusps of second premolar are shorter with the buccal and lingual cusps more nearly the same length
Greater distance between cusp tips-that widens the occlusal surface buccolingually
No developmental depression on the mesial surface of the crown as on the first premolar
Crown surface is convex instead
No deep dev. Groove crossing the mesial marginal ridgeOCCLUSAL ASPECT
Outline of the crown is more rounded or oval rather than angular
Central dev. groove is shorter and more irregular
Tendency toward multiple supplementary grooves radiating from the central groove that may extend out to the cusp ridges
Makes for an irregular occlusal surface and gives a very wrinkled appearance
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
11. Premolars
There are four maxillary and four mandibular
premolars.
4&4 contact:
3 & 3 mesially and
5 & 5 distally
5 & 5 contact:
4 & 4 mesially and
6 & 6 distally.
Relations:
12. General Features of Premolars
• They are transitional teeth
located between the canine
and molar teeth.
• By definition: Premolars are
permanent teeth distal to the
canines, and successors to
deciduous molars.
• There are two premolars per
quadrant and are identified as
first and second premolars.
13. • They have usually two
cusps(bicuspid) :
One large buccal cusp,
Smaller lingual cusp
• The lower second
premolar may-
sometimes- have two
lingual cusps.
General Features of Premolars
14. • Generally:
1.The Mandibular 2nd premolar has a larger
crown and longer root than lower one.
2.The1st premolar like the canine while 2nd
premolar like small molar from the occlusal
3.They are similar shape from buccal surfaces
15. Chronology:
• First evidence of calcifi. 2 ¼ -2 ½ y
• Enamel completed 6-7 y
• Eruption 11-12y
• Root completed 13-14y
16. Buccal aspect:
• Like buccal surface of lower 1st premolar?
• Trapezoidal shorter cervically
• Mesial outline: slightly concave
• Distal outline: slightly concave
• Contact areas: broad and wide contact located
at the same level occlusal to midway cervico-
occlusally, the mesial one is more cevically.
• Cusp: shorter and broader than 1st one with
mesial inclined plane longer then distal one.
24. Geometric outline of the crown
Facial and lingual aspects have
trapezoid shape
But wider
cervically
than 4.
Comparison Between
Mandibular First and Second Premolars
25. Facial Outlines and surface anatomy
Crown is smaller & B
cusp is longer & pointed
Prominent B ridge Less prominent B ridge
Crown is larger & B cusp is
shorter and less pointed
Root: Shorter, narrower with
pointed apex
Root: longer, broader, with
blunt apex
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
26. Lingual outline and surface anatomy
The lingual surface is convex with maximum
convexity in middle 1/3(center of crown)
The L cusp is short and small reaching 2/3 the
crown length and has a pointed tip.
ML developmental groove at the ML line
angle.
Two cusp type
L cusp is shorter and smaller than B
cusp but larger than of 4
The surface is convex with maximum
convexity in Occ.1/3.
No MLDG
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
Ling. s. not so
narrow as in 1st
premolar
MD D M
27. Three cusp type:
ML cusp is longer and larger than DL
cusp. They both shorter than B cusp and
less pointed.
DM
The surface convex with maximum
convexity at occ.1/3.
The L developmental groove between
the 2 ling. cusps
No ling. convergency.
28. Proximal outlines
Rhomboid in shape with
narrow occlusal table.
Prominent lingual inclination
Rhomboid in shape with
wider to some extent
occlusal table.
Lingual inclination less
prominent
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
The crown is wider BLThe crown is narrower BL
29. Maximum convexity at M1/3 Maximum convexity at O 1/3
B cusp tip on line buccal to the root
axis.
The mesial and distal marginal ridges are
straight
L cusp is shorter and smaller than B cusp but
larger than that of 4
The B cusp centered over the root.
The L cusp is short and small reaching 2/3 the
crown length
The mesial MR is oblique while distally is
straight
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
The root is
wider BL
30. Three Cusp
Type of
Mandibular
Second
Premolar
ML cusp is shorter than the B cusp &
longer and larger than DL cusp.
DL cusp is shorter and smaller than ML cusp.
Both are seen from this aspect.
Both lingual cusps are shorter than the buccal cusp
and less pointed
Mesial
Aspect
Distal
Aspect
Develop.
depression
Cerv. line: slightly curved. Cerv. line: nearly straight.
31. Occlusal Aspect
Two cusp type
Diamond-shaped.
Lingual convergence is
sharp.
The outline is round
Slight lingual convergence
Three cusp type
The outline is
square
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
U- shaped H - shaped
M D
The 3 cusps are
well developed
M D
32. Surface Anatomy of Occlusal Aspect:
Elevations:
B & L triang. ridges form a
transv. ridge.
M & D marginal ridges
Lower 5
Two cusp type
Lower 4
33. Depressions:
Shallow central devel. groove
M(oval) and D(round) fossae.
Mesiolingual devel. gr.
Central devel. groove extending MD
across the occ. surface, over the
transv. ridge.
M and D fossae: Circular.
The D fossa is larger than
the M one
Lower 5
Two cusp type
Lower 4
. .
M D
M D
35. Elevations & Depressions
Each cusp has triang. ridge that
converge toward a central fossa,
which has cent. pit.
M & D marginal ridges are well marked.
No central devel. gr. or transv. ridge
Three cusp typeLower 5
Three devel. gr.(M,D, & L) radiate
from the cent. Pit : Y-shaped.
The D triang. fossa is smaller than the M one.
M D