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Management plan for ecosystem in KPk Ecosystem component of ecosystem The Biocenosis (Biotic) The Biotope (Abiotic) Examples/Types of Ecosystem Functions of Ecosystem Factors Affecting Ecosystem How Ecosystem Changed? Ecosystem Management Why to Manage a Ecosystem? Ecosystem Services? Forest Management Practices 1.Timber Harvesting 2. Timber Thinning Commercial timber thinning Pre-commercial thinning 3. Prescribed Burning
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https://itun.es/gb/ymzI6.n
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What is EcoSystem & How does it work’s
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Ecosystem
What is EcoSystem & How does it work’s
October 27, 2023admin
An ecosystem is a region in which the interactions of flora, fauna, and other living things with the environment, climate, and other factors create a bubble of life. The keystone species of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem on the Great Plains of the United States and Canada is the bison, which is sometimes mistakenly called the buffalo.What is EcoSystem & How does it work's
Table of Contents
1. Organization of the Ecosystem
1. Biotic Elements
2. Abiotic Substances
3. Nutrient rotation
4. Internal variables
2. What is an ecosystem’s size?
3. How Does an Ecosystem’s Energy Flow?
4. Both resiliency and resistance
5. The Ecosystem Scale
1. Organization of the Ecosystem
The arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements defines the structure of an ecosystem.
The way energy is distributed in our surroundings is one example of this.
It also takes into account the climate that prevails in that specific setting.
An ecosystem’s structure can be divided into two primary parts which are:
Biotic Elements
Abiotic Substances
1. Biotic Elements
Biotic factors are living things such as plants, animals, and bacteria while abiotic are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere. The way components interact that’s critical in an ecosystem.
2. Abiotic Substances
Abiotic elements such as water, soil and atmosphere are non-living whereas biotic factors such as plants, animals and bacteria are living things found in an ecosystem. In an ecosystem the way these parts work together is crucial.What is EcoSystem & How does it work's
3. Nutrient rotation
Chemical elements and compounds known as nutrients are necessary for an organism’s growth and survival. They are found in their environment.
The main components of the cells of both autotrophs and heterotrophs—autotrophs primarily get their nutrients from the soil
while heterotrophs primarily get their nutrients from other organisms—are six major elements that are present in all living forms in comparable amounts.
These elements make up an organism’s core protoplasm, which is the semifluid material that comprises the cytoplasm and nucleus of a cell. These elements are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.
4. Internal variables
Internal factors influence ecosystems.
The general organization and functioning of an ecosystem are governed by external factors.
Also known as state factors which are independent of the ecosystem.
Climate is the factor that most strongly determines ecosystem processes and structure at large geographic scales.
2. What is an ecosystem’s size?
Although they can vary in size, ecosystems are typically locations.
An ecosystem can vary greatly in size.
It could be both a small pond and an entire forest.
An ecosystem which serves as a home for plants and other creatures
like sponges, algae, and worms, can be as big as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as the back
TES# Chapter 4
This document contains a presentation on the topic of environment. It discusses key concepts like ecology, ecosystems, conservation of the environment, and optimal utilization of natural resources.
The objectives of the presentation are to understand the importance of environment, the objectives of conserving it, different types of natural resources, conflicts over resources, global and local environmental issues.
The presentation covers various components of the environment like biotic and abiotic factors. It explains concepts such as ecology, ecosystems, nutrient cycles, energy flow and limiting factors. It emphasizes the importance of conservation and discusses types of conservation like energy, water, soil and plant conservation. Sustainable use of resources and reducing environmental footprint are highlighted as important ways to conserve the environment.
Biome and Ecosystem.pptx
An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. Key characteristics of ecosystems include energy flows between living and non-living components through nutrient cycles, influence of abiotic factors on biotic components, and ecological pyramids representing biomass and energy transfers between trophic levels. A biome is a larger geographical area defined by its climate and characteristic plant and animal species, such as grasslands, rainforests, or tundras. While ecosystems can exist within biomes, biomes cover larger distances and are more influenced by climatic factors than ecosystems.
Ecological equilibrium seminor
This document provides an introduction to the topic of ecological equilibrium. It defines key terms like ecosystem, biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, niche, and ecology. It discusses the main divisions of ecology and objectives of studying ecology, which include understanding dynamics of surroundings and conserving the environment. The three pillars of sustainability - economic, social, and environmental development - are explained. The concepts of ecological balance, balance of nature, and ecosystem stability are introduced. Finally, issues affecting ecological equilibrium like climatic, topographic, edaphic, biotic factors and limiting factors are outlined.
Ecology and Ecosystem
This document provides an overview of ecology and ecosystems. It defines ecology as the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. The key components of ecosystems discussed include producers, consumers, decomposers, trophic levels, food chains, food webs, and biogeochemical cycles. Specific cycles explained in detail are the water, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen cycles which describe how these essential elements move between living and nonliving parts of the environment.
CHAPTER ONE.pptx
The document discusses components of the environment and pollution. It defines environment and explains how exploitation of resources has led to depletion and pollution. It describes the scope of environmental science, including studying interrelationships, impact analysis, preventing pollution, and managing disasters. It defines an ecosystem as a natural functional unit of living and non-living things that interact, and explains ecology is the study of organism distribution and interactions within ecosystems. Finally, it previews upcoming chapters on waste management principles, products from wastes, and e-technologies for different waste types.
Introduction to Ecology
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It was coined in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel from the Greek words "oikos" meaning house or environment, and "logos" meaning study. Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of organisms and the interactions between organisms and their physical and biological environment. It examines these relationships at different levels of organization from organisms to ecosystems. Ecology is important for understanding how to maintain a healthy biosphere and sustainable use of natural resources through principles of conservation.
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Key topics in ecology include the components of ecosystems like producers, consumers, and decomposers; trophic structure and food webs; nutrient and energy cycling; and major ecosystem types such as forests, grasslands, aquatic systems, and deserts. Ecosystems can be classified based on their environment, study area, or level of human impact. Understanding ecology is important for appreciating humanity's role in modifying the environment.
Introduction to environment and environmental studies
“Environmental studies” is the scientific study of our environment and our place in it.
Definition: “Environmental studies” is the study of environmental issues.
It has broader coverage than environmental science and includes social aspects of environment also.
Ecological Concepts, Principles and Applications to Conservation
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth at all levels, including ecosystems, species, and genes. It has three primary attributes: composition, structure, and function. Biodiversity provides many benefits to humans through ecosystem services like food production, water filtration, and cultural services. Maintaining biodiversity preserves future options and supports ecosystem productivity and human well-being.
Ecosystem and Environment, GE3451 Environmental Science
The document discusses key concepts in environmental science and sustainability, including:
- The definition of environment and different types of environments. Main factors include biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
- Scope of environmental science includes ecosystem structure/function, natural resources, pollution control, environmental management, and industry impacts.
- Environmental studies are important for problem solving, maintaining ecological balance, and sustainable development.
- Types of environmental hazards include physical, chemical, and biological hazards. Examples of different ecosystems like ponds, lakes, deserts, and forests are provided.
Definition of environment
The document defines environment and environmental science. It states that environment includes all physical and biological factors surrounding organisms and their interactions. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field concerning conservation of nature and resources, pollution control, population issues, and more. The document also discusses ecosystems, including their components, functions, types of food chains and webs, ecological succession, and ecological pyramids.
Definition of environment
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
Similar to managment plan for ecosystem in KPk.pptx (20)
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Introduction to environment and environmental studies
Introduction to environment and environmental studies
Ecological Concepts, Principles and Applications to Conservation
Ecological Concepts, Principles and Applications to Conservation
Ecosystem and Environment, GE3451 Environmental Science
Ecosystem and Environment, GE3451 Environmental Science
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uses and misuses of social media.pptx
Social media refers to virtual communities and networks where people interact and share information. Popular social media tools include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp, and YouTube. The founders of these major sites include Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Elon Musk. While social media can cause addiction, reduced physical activity, and health issues, it also makes connecting with others easier, allows for quick sharing of information, and can benefit business strategies and education.
Social behavior and its types
Social behavior is defined as behavior among members of the same species where individuals affect one another through interaction. It benefits groups by providing protection from predators through safety in numbers and cooperative hunting. Well-developed social behavior is seen in insect societies like ants that live in large colonies with different individuals specialized in tasks like building, foraging, or protecting the colony. Types of social behavior include aggressive behavior used for defense, agonistic behavior where individuals threaten each other, parental behavior caring for offspring, and altruistic behavior where individuals sacrifice for the benefit of others like giving alarm calls to warn groups of crows.
DEAE-Dextran method.pptx
The DEAE-dextran method is a technique for transfection of nucleic acids into cultured mammalian cells. It involves mixing the nucleic acid with the cationic polymer DEAE-dextran to form complexes via electrostatic interactions. These complexes are added to cells and uptake is induced by osmotic shock, then the cells are washed and assayed for gene expression. The method is easy, low-cost, and can transfect a variety of cell types, but efficiency is lower than other techniques and high DEAE-dextran concentrations can be toxic.
Uranium and uranium dating.pptx
Uranium dating is a radioactive dating technique that relies on the decay of uranium isotopes to date archaeological and geological samples. There are three main types of uranium dating: uranium-uranium dating, uranium-thorium dating, and uranium-lead dating. Uranium-lead dating provides the most accurate dates and can be used to determine the age of samples from 1 million to over 4.5 billion years old. Uranium dating techniques are used in applications such as determining the age of dinosaur fossils and dating archaeological sites.
Ayubia national park.pptx
Ayubia National Park is a protected area in Abbottabad, Pakistan declared a national park in 1984. It covers an area of 3,312 hectares and is surrounded by villages and towns. The park protects representative moist temperate forest and provides refuge for endangered species like the Asiatic leopard and black bear. Over 200 bird, 31 mammal, and other species inhabit the park. The park aims to conserve biodiversity and provides research and recreation opportunities. Tourism is an important part of the park with over 100,000 annual visitors enjoying hiking trails, picnic areas, and the chairlift.
Forest and its importance, Management and land uses.pdf
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Recently uploaded
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
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All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
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Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionEpcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
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managment plan for ecosystem in KPk.pptx
- 1. Management Plan For Ecosystem In KPK
- 2. Ecosystem is____________________ ; a) Combination of biotope and biocenosis b) Interaction between living and non-living organisms c) Fundamental unit of nature d) All of them
- 3. Ecosystem In essence, the ecosystem definition in biology is that it acts as the fundamental unit of nature. Just as a living organism is made up of cells that act as the structural and functional units of life, nature also consists of fundamental units called ecosystems. An ecosystem is a community plus the environment.
- 4. Components Ecosystems Components into Two Categories 2.Biotope 1.Biocenosis
- 6. The Biocenosis (Biotic) A set of living organisms such as animals, plants or micro- organisms, that are in constant interaction and are, therefore, in a situation of interdependence.
- 8. The Biotope (Abiotic) A particular physical environment with specific physical characteristics such as the climate, temperature, humidity, concentration of nutrients or PH.
- 10. 1.Edaphic factors: (related to condition of soil) Greek term 'edaphos' that means floor i) Land Topography; • Slopes, • Depressions, • Valleys, • Mountains, • Elevations. each contribute to the features of the ecosystem. ii) Soil features; • Density, • Structure, • Texture, • Composition.
- 11. Factors Influencing Agriculture: Edaphic Factor
- 12. 2.Topographic factors: (Physiographic factors) The surface features of earth are called topography. Topographic factors contain; • Altitude, • Latitude, • Surface Exposure, • Slope, • Direction Of Mountains, • Steepness Of Mountain,
- 13. ____________represent distance from the equator; a) Altitude b) Latitude c) Steepness d) All of above Altitude: Height above the sea level forms the altitude. Latitude: Latitudes represent distance from the equator. Steepness: The fact of rising/falling at a sharp angle.
- 16. 3.Climatic Factors: (related to aerial environment) Climatic factors are the factors that affect the climate. Climatic factors contain; • Precipitation, • Light, • Temperature, • Atmospheric Wind, • Humidity, • Fire, • Evaporation, • Condensation,
- 18. Which of the following are locality factors? 1. Climatic Factors (related to aerial environment). 2. Physiographic factors (Topographic fact). 3. Edaphic factors (related to soil condition). 4. Biotic factors. 5. All of them 6. None of them Locality factors is defined as: “The effective climatic, Edaphic, Topographic and Biotic conditions of a site, which influence the vegetation of the locality”.
- 19. Examples/Types of Ecosystem A. Terrestrial Ecosystem 1. Forest Ecosystem 2. Grassland Ecosystem 3. Desert Ecosystem 4. Tundra Ecosystem B. Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Freshwater Ecosystem 2. Marine Ecosystem
- 21. Functions of Ecosystem 1. It regulates the essential ecological processes, supports life systems and renders stability. 2. It is also responsible for the cycling of nutrients between biotic and abiotic components. 3. It maintains a balance among the various trophic levels in the ecosystem. 4. It cycles the minerals through the biosphere. 5. The abiotic components help in the synthesis of organic components that involve the exchange of energy.
- 22. Factors Affecting Ecosystem Natural or human-induced factors that directly or indirectly cause a change in an ecosystem are referred to as drivers. • A direct driver, such as habitat change, explicitly influences ecosystem processes. • An indirect driver, such as human population change, operates more diffusely, by altering one or more direct drivers.
- 23. Factors Affecting Ecosystem Drivers Natural factors >Habitat Change >Climatic Change >Ecological Processes >Change Human-induced factors >Economic Activity >Technology >Socio-political >Cultural Factors
- 24. Factors Affecting Ecosystem Five major indirect drivers that influence ecosystems and ecosystem services are: 1. Population change 2. Change in Economic activity 3. Socio-Political factors 4. Cultural and Religious factors 5. Science and Technology
- 25. Factors Affecting Ecosystem Direct drivers that influence ecosystems and ecosystem services are: 1. Habitat Change 2. Climate Change 3. Invasive Species 4. Overexploitation 5. Pollution
- 28. Ecosystem Management Definition: An approach to natural resource management which aims to sustain ecosystems to meet both ecological and human needs in the future. Or An approach to maintaining or restoring the composition, structure, function, and delivery of services of natural and modified ecosystems for the goal of achieving sustainability.
- 29. Why to Manage a Ecosystem?
- 31. How to Manage Ecosystem?
- 33. Forest Management The purpose of forest management is to achieve environmental, social, and economic goals effectively. It can be •the security of the forest and its inhabitants, •the preservation of the ecosystem’s health, •the improvement of the wood goods and services production.
- 35. 1.Timber Harvesting There are the following timber harvesting methods: • Clear-cutting; • Selective logging: group selection and single-tree selection; • Shelter wood; • Seed tree cutting.
- 36. 2.Timber Thinning • Specialists thin out the forest by cutting down a certain percentage of the trees. Thus, the remaining plants grow more active and become stronger. • This forest management practice has two types. 1. Commercial timber thinning 2. Pre-commercial thinning
- 37. 3.Prescribed Burning This forest management practice is essential as it prevents fire hazards. Moreover, the prescribed burning enables the growth of plants that animals feed on and decreases the disease and insect infestation danger. Also, this method encourages the growth of some trees, such as longleaf pine. Still, prescribed burnings should be performed following strict rules to prevent massive wildfires.