Male sterility Classification of Male Sterility Use of CMS lines Types of GMS Hybrid seed production using CGMS system Male Sterility based Hybrids in Important Crops Hybrids - Sorghum, Sunflower

1. MALE STERILITY AND HYBRID DEVELOPMENT
Prepared by
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), AC & RI, Coimbatore
Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai
Professor and Head - Seed Science and Technology,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Male Sterility
 Male sterility - non-functional pollen grains (Kaul, 1988), while female gametes function
normally.
 Inability to produce viable pollen due to failure of formation of functional stamens,
microspores or gametes.
 Main reason is mutation.
Male fertile (Pollen fertile) flower Male sterile (Pollen sterile) flower
Manifestations of Male Sterility
 Absence or malformation of male organs.
 Failure to develop normal microsporogenous tissue- anther
 Abnormal microsporogenesis (deformed or inviable pollen)
 Abnormal pollen maturation
 Non-dehiscent anthers, but viable pollen, sporophytic control
 Barriers other than incompatibility preventing pollen from reaching ovule
History of Male Sterility
 First reported by Jones & Esweller (1937) in onion.
 1944 – Jones first found ‘S’ type from USDA stock and Roger in Texas found ‘T’ type
 J.K. Koelreuter (1763) observed anther abortion within species & species hybrids.
 Genic male sterility has been reported in cabbage (Rundfeldt 1960), cauliflower (Nieuwhof
1961)
 Male sterility systems have been also developed through genetic engineering (Williams et al.
1997) and protoplast fusion (Pelletier et al. 1995)
 Male sterility were artificially induced through mutagenesis (Kaul 1988)
 First time reported by Kolreuter (1763) in maize.
 Beedle (1932) and Roger (1953) - CGMS in maize
 Rhodes (1933) - CMS in maize
 Jones and Davis (1944) - CMS in onion

2. Pollination control mechanisms
 Manual emasculation
 Use of male sterility
 Use of self-incompatibility alleles
 Use of male gametocides
 Use of genetically engineered “pollen killer” genetic system
Benefits of Male Sterility
 Reduced the cost of hybrid seed production.
 Production of large scale of F1 seeds.
 Avoids enormous manual work of emasculation and pollination.
 Speed up the hybridization programme.
 Commercial exploitation of hybrid vigour.
[
Creation of Male Sterility
 Spontaneous mutations
 Interspecific hybridization
 Mutation induction
 Genetic Engineering
 Chemically induced male sterility (CHAs)
Detection of Male Sterility system
 Progeny performance on crossing with a few normal genotypes.
 System 1 - All progenies in all the rows may be sterile - CMS
 System 2 - Some rows may consist all fertile. Some rows sterile and fertile in 1:1 ratio - GMS
 System 3 - Some rows fertile. Some rows sterile and some rows sterile and fertile in 1:1 ratio
- CGMS
Classification of Male Sterility
 Kaul (1988) Classified Male Sterility in three major groups
1. Phenotypic Male Sterility (Morphological)
 Structural or Staminal Male Sterility: Male flowers or stamens are malformed and
non-functional or completely absent.
 Pollen Male Sterility: Male sterile line (Sterile pollen) is a isogenic line of male fertile
 Functional Male Sterility: Viable pollen is trapped in indehiscent anther
2. Genotypic Male Sterility
 Genetic Male Sterility (GMS)
o Environmental Sensitive (EGMS)
a) Thermo sensitive genetic male sterility (TGMS)
b) Photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterility (PGMS)
o Environmental non-sensitive
 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS)
o Determined by the cytoplasm (mitochondrial or chloroplast genes).
o Result of mutation in mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) - Mitochondrial
dysfunction.
o Progenies would always be male sterile since the cytoplasm comes primarily from
female gamete only.

3. o Nuclear genotype of male sterile line is almost identical to that of the recurrent
pollinator strain.
o Male fertile line (maintainer line or B line) is used to maintain the male sterile line
(A line).
o CMS is not influenced by environmental factors (temperature), so it is stable.
Use of CMS lines
Transfer of CMS to new strains
 Genetic Male Sterility (GMS)
o Also called as nuclear male sterility.

4. o Male sterility is governed by single recessive gene (ms), but dominant gene governing
male sterility.
o Origin: Spontaneous mutation or artificial mutations (Gamma rays, EMS) are common.
o ‘ms’alleles may affect staminal initiation, stamen or anther sac development, PMC
formation, meiosis, pollen formation, maturation and dehiscence.
Mutagens Crops
Colchicine Jowar
Ethidium Bromide Groundnut, Maize, wheat
Acetone Barley
 Types of GMS
o Environment sensitive GMS
 ms gene expression occurs within a specified range of temperature and /or
photoperiod regimes (Rice, Tomato, Wheat etc.).
1. TGMS:
 At high temperature, failure of pairing of two chromosomes at metaphase was
evident.
 This abnormality led to abnormal meiosis, abnormal or sterile pollens.
 Anthers were shrivelled and non-dehiscence - Male sterile.
 At low temperature, these lines produced normal fertile pollen.
2. PGMS: Governed by 2 recessive genes.
 Sterility is obtained in long day conditions, while in short days, normal fertile plant.
 Rice - Sterile under long day conditions (13 hr. 45 min + Temp. 23- 29°C), but fertile
under short day conditions.
Nuclear male sterility (GMS) and hybrid seed production
 Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility (CGMS)
o CGMS is also known as nucleoplasmic male sterility.
o R (restorer gene) is generally dominant that can be transferred from related
strains or species.
o Eg. Rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, sunflower.

5. Hybrid seed production using CGMS system
Male Sterility based Hybrids in Important Crops
Rice hybrids
Rice
Hybrids
Year of
Release
Duration
(Days)
Yield
(t/ha)
Developed by Recommended for
APHR 1 1994 130-135 7.14 APRRI, Maruteru
(ANGRAU), Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh.
APHR 2 1994 120-125 7.52 APRRI, Maruteru
(ANGRAU), Hyderabad
Andhra Pradesh.
MGR 1 1994 110-115 6.08 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu.
KRH 1 1994 120-125 6.02 VC Farm, Mandya, UAS,
Bangalore
Karnataka.
CNRH 3 1995 125-130 7.49 RRS, Chinsurah (W.B.) West Bengal.
DRRH 1 1996 125-130 7.30 DRR, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh.
KRH 2 1996 130-135 7.40 VC Farm, Mandya, UAS,
Bangalore
Bihar, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura, Maharashtra, Haryana,
Uttarakhand, Orrisa, West
Bengal, Pondicherry, Rajasthan.
Pant
Sankar
Dhan 1
1997 115-120 6.80 GBPUAT&T, Pantnagar Uttar Pradesh.
CORH 2 1999 120-125 6.25 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu.
ADTRH 1 1999 115-120 7.10 TNRRI, Aduthurai (TNAU) Tamil Nadu.
Sahyadri 1998 125-130 6.64 RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Maharashtra.
Narendra
Sankar
Dhan 2
1998 125-130 6.15 NDUAT&T, Faizabad Uttar Pradesh.
Pusa RH10 2001 120-125 4.35 IARI, New Delhi Haryana, Delhi, Western Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Pant
Sankar
Dhan 3
2004 125-130 6.12 GBPUAT&T, Pantnagar Uttarakhand.

6. Narendra
Usar
Sankar
Dhan 3
2005 130-135 5.15 NDUAT & T, Faizabad Saline & Alkaline areas of Uttar
Pradesh.
DRRH 2 2005 112-116 5.35 DRR, Hyderabad Haryana, Uttarakhand, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu.
Rajlakshmi
(CRHR 5)
2005 130-135 5.84 CRRI, Cuttack Boro areas of Assam, Orissa.
Ajay
(CRHR 7)
2005 130-135 6.07 CRRI, Cuttack Irrigated areas of Orissa.
Sahyadri 2 2005 115-120 6.50 RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Maharashtra.
Sahyadri 3 2005 125-130 7.5 RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Maharashtra.
HKRH-1 2006 139 9.41 RARS, Karnal (CCSHAU) Haryana.
CORH-3 2006 115 - TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu.
KJTRH 2 2006 N.A. N.A. RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Maharashtra.
Haryana
Shankar
Dhan-1
(HKRH-1)
2006 139 9.40 HAU, RARS, Kaul Haryana.
JRH-4 2007 110-115 7.50 JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh.
JRH-5 2007 105-108 7.50 JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh.
Indira
Sona
2007 120-125 7.0 IGKKV, Raipur Chhattisgarh.
Sahyadri 4 2008 115-120 6.80 RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Haryana, West Bengal, Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab.
JRH- 8 2008 105-110 7.50 JNKVV, Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh.
DRRH- 3
(IET19543)
2010 131 6.07 DRR, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar
Pradesh Central India.
CRHR-32 2010 125 5.43 CRRI, Cuttack, Odisha Bihar, Gujarat.
Shyadri-5 2011 110-115 NA RARS, Karjat (BSKKV) Konkan Region of Maharashtra.
CO (R) H 4 2011 130-135 7.34 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu.
Hybrid
CO4
2012 130-135 7.34 TNAU, Coimbatore Tamil Nadu.
Sorghum hybrids
Hybrid Duration Grain Yield (kg/ha) Suitable Areas
CSH1 90-100 3000-3500 TN, AP, KA, RJ, UP, GJ, MH, MP. Specific adaption to low rainfall
and light soil kharif areas of country.
CSH2 115-120 3000-3500 Suitable for assured rainfall mid-late kharif tracts specifically in
Karnataka
CSH3 150-170 3500-3800 Assured rainfall tracts in MH, TG, monsoon areas of TN, Malwa
Plateau (MP) and Bundelkhand (UP)
CSH4 110-105 3500-3800 All kharif and some rabi areas of all over the country
CSH5 100-120 3800-4000 All kharif areas and late kharif tracts of AP and summer irrigated
areas in TN, and KA. Well adapted for intercropping and ratooning
CSH6 95-100 3376 For cultivation in kharif, early rabi and rabi seasons over the
country. Suitable for low rainfall tracts of kharif and late kharif
season in AP. Ideally suited for intercropping and ratooning

7. CSH9 105-110 4000-4200 All kharif sorghum areas except in humid areas of KA and TN
CSH10 100-115 3633 KA
CSH11 105-115 4172 All kharif growing areas
CSH13 105-110 3924 AP, GJ, TN, KA, MP, HR, RJ, MH and UP
CSH14 105 3840 All kharif growing areas medium to heavy soils for low rainfall
areas
CSH16 110 4308 Kharif sorghum growing areas of MH, TN, AP, GJ, KA, MP, RJ
and UP
CSH17 103 4186 All Kharif growing areas of RJ, MP, GJ and TN
CSH18 110-115 4336 All kharif season as a rainfed crop in sorghum growing states in
country
CSH23 105 4100 All over India
CSH25 110-115 4370 MH in Kharif season
Sunflower hybrids
Hybrids Details
BSH1(Bangalore
sunflower hybrid 1)
First commercial hybrid of sunflower and it has been produced in Karnataka in 1980. Plant: 155-
160 cm in height. Matures in 85-90 days. It is suitable for cultivation in whole of India.
NSFH - 110 It matures in 80-85 days. Plant: 135-150 cm in height with head of 17-19cm. Oil content: 43.5
percent. Yield: 2400-2700 Kg/ ha.
NSFH - 111 It matures in 90-95 days. Plant: 180-200 cm in height with head of 18-20 cm. Oil content: 42-43
percent. Yield: 2800-3000 Kg/ ha.
NSFH - 592 It matures in 85-90 days. Plant: 160-170 cm in height with head size of 18-24 cm. Oil content: 40-
42 percent. Yield: 2500 -3000 Kg/ ha.
APSH - 11 Recommended variety for Andhra Pradesh. Resistant to rust. Yield: 1500 - 2000 Kg/ ha.
LDMRSH - 1 Recommended variety for Maharashtra. Resistant to downy mildew.
LDMRSH - 3 Recommended variety for Maharashtra. Resistant to downy mildew. Yield: 1595 Kg/ ha.
KBSH - 1 Recommended variety for all India. High yield and high oil content with wide adaptability.
PSHF - 67 Recommended variety for Punjab.
MSHF - 1 Matures in 95 days. Plant height: 170-180 cm. Oil content: 40 percent. Yield: 2800 - 3000 Kg/ ha.
Size of flower: 15-20 cm. Weight of 100 grains: 4-5 gm.
MSHF - 6 Matures in 85 days. Plant height: 160-170 cm. Size of flower: 15-20 cm. Weight of 100 grains: 4-5
gm. Oil content: 40-45 percent. Yield: 2700-2900 Kg/ ha.
MSFH - 8 Matures in 92-94 days. Plant height: 190-200 cm. Size of flower: 18-22 cm. Weight of 100 grains:
4-5 gm. Oil content: 42-44 percent. Yield: 3200-3300 Kg/ ha.
MSHF - 17 Matures in 85-88 days. Plant height: 200-210 cm. Size of flower. 18-22 cm. Weight of 100 grains:
6-8 gm, Oil content: 40-41 percent, Yield: 2800-3000 Kg/ ha.
MSFH - 30 Matures in 88-90 days. Plant Height: 180-200cm. Size of flower: 15-20 cm. Weight of 100 grains:
4-5 gm. Oil content: 42-44 cm. Yield: 2800-3000 Kg/ h.
MSFG-31 Matures in 88-90 days. Plant height: 190-200 cm. Size of flower: 18-20 cm. Weight of 100 grains:
4-5 gm. Oil content: 42-44 percent. Yield: 2500-2800 Kg/ ha.

8. 3. Chemically Induced Male Sterility (CHA)
 Chemical that induces artificial, non-genetic male sterility in plants to use as female
parent in hybrid seed production.
 Also called as male gametocides, male sterilants, selective male sterilants, pollen
suppressants, pollenocide, androcide etc.
 First report was given by Moore and Naylor (1950) by inducing male sterility in maize
using maleic hydrazide (MH).
 Properties of an Ideal CHA
 Must be highly male or female selective.
 Should be easily applicable and economic in use.
 Time of application should be flexible.
 Must not be mutagenic.
 Must not be carried over in F1 seeds.
 Must consistently produce >95% male sterility.
 Must cause minimum reduction in seed set.
 Should not affect out crossing.
 Should not be hazardous to the environment.
 Some important CHA’s
CHA’s Crop species
Zinc Methyl Arsenate
Sodium Methyl Arsenate
Rice
Ethephon/ Ethrel Barley, oat, bajra, rice
Mendok Cotton, sugarbeet
Gibberellic Acid Maize, Barley, Wheat, Rice,
Sunflower
Maleic Hydrazide Maize, wheat, cotton, onion
Desirable characteristics of the 3 lines in the CMS system
A-line
 Stable Sterility
 Well developed floral traits for outcrossing
 Easily, wide-spectum, & strongly to be restored
B-line
 Well developed floral traits with large pollen load
 Good combining ability

9. R-line
 Strong restore ability
 Good combining ability
 Taller than A-line
 Large pollen load, normal flowering traits and timing
 Significance of male Sterility in Plant Breeding
 Avoids emasculation in female parent.
 GMS is being exploited (Eg. USA-Castor, India-Red gram).
 CMS/ CGMS are in hybrid seed production in rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, sunflower
sugar beet and ornamental plants.
 Saves lot of time, money and labour.
 Limitations in using Male Sterile line
 Existence and maintenance of A, B & R Lines is laborious and difficult.
 If exotic lines are not suitable to our conditions, the native/adaptive lines have to be
converted into MS lines.
 Adequate cross pollination should be there between A and R lines for good seed set.
 Synchronization of flowering should be there between A and R lines.
 Fertility restoration should be complete otherwise the F1 seed will be sterile.
 Isolation is needed for maintenance of parental lines and for producing hybrid seed.