Estrogen and progesterone are the two main ovarian hormones. Estrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and stimulates the development of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also regulates the female estrus cycle. Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and placenta during pregnancy. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains pregnancy by supporting embryo development. Both hormones work together to regulate the female reproductive system.
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia ) produce sperms by spermatogenesis
The spermatogonia ( sing. Spermatogonium ) present on the inside of seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in numbers
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically undergo meiosis.A primary spermatocyte completes the first meiotic division (reduction division) leading to formation of two equal, haploid cells called secondary spermatocyte, which have only 23 chromosomes
The secondary spermatocyte undergo the second meiotic division to produce four equal, haploid spermatids
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
presentation on oogenesis of fertilisation process full details about it u will never find it anywhere else have full details about the ovum formation polar bodies and everything . so explore here
DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTA,PLACENTA AT TERM , DECIDUA,PLACENTAL MEMBRANE , PLACENTAL CICULATION,PLACENTAL ENDOCRINE SYNTHESIS,ABNORMAL PLACENTA,FUNCTIONS.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Ovary: Structure and hormonal regulationN K Agarwal
Slides describe the structure of ovary, folliculogenesis, hormonal control of female reproductive cycle, mechanism of ovulation, female sex hormones and their function.
This presentation explains in detail the Physiology of female reproductive system. For more Physiology subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1QhJfPiWnmk2WpKVH1fzrQ
The process of reproduction begins with copulation, which is
the mating of a male and female of the species.
•Sperm cells from the male are deposited in the female
reproductive tract and try to unite with an egg cell.
•When fertilization (a sperm cell and egg cell unite) occurs, an
embryo begins to develop.
•The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus where it is
protected, receives nourishment, and develops.
•When the new offspring reaches the end of the gestation
period, it is delivered from the female reproductive tract in
a process called parturition.
•To completely understand the process of reproduction, a
basic knowledge of the reproductive tract structures and
functions is required
This lecture on veterinary obstetrics describes the placenta formation and its types in domestic animals. The lecture would be useful for students, practitioners, and researchers.
Hormonal control of ovarian &uterine cycles- medical study martinshaji
The ovarian and uterine cycles are controlled by chemical messengers or hormones.
this is a detailed study referred from Textbook of Inderbir Singh’s embryology by v .Subadradevi ..
please comment
thank you
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
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AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. INTRODUCTION
• Ovary is the primary female sex organ that produces two
main steroid hormones.
• Estradiol - Steroid
• Progesterone- Steroid
• Androgen-Steroid
• Relaxin- Protein
• These hormones exert their action on the female genital
tract and mammary gland.
• Note- Progesterone & Relaxin is only found in female.
5. • The estrogens are steroidal hormones synthesized from cholesterol and
produced primarily by the ovaries, placenta and corpus luteum.
• A significant source of estrogens is the testes of stallions and boars,
while a minor source is the adrenal gland.
• The estrogens are metabolized by the liver and excreted in the bile, feces,
and the urine (horses and ruminants).
• Progesterone decreases the effects of the estrogen and FSH and LH may
be involved in estrogen secretion.
6. SOURCES OF ESTROGEN
• Granulosa cells of ovarian follicle, placenta, and corpus luteum.
Adrenal cortex also produces estrogen.
• Estradiol – predominates in non-pregnant animals
• Estrone – predominates in pregnant animals
• Estriol – predominates in pregnant primates
• Plant estrogen is also found in legumes – Clover and Alfa Alfa
which cause infertility in animals.
• Binding proteins in the circulation carry estrogen.
7. FUNCTIONS OF ESTROGEN
• Maturation growth and development of the reproductive organs.
• Stimulation of normal physiological processes of the tubular reproductive
tract.
• growth of the uterine muscle
• development of the endometrial lining of the uterus
• increase the vascularity of the uterus
• Induction of behavioral estrus
• Dilation of the cervix, liquefaction of mucous plug.
• Under the influence of the estrogens the uterus is less susceptible to
infection.
8. • It aids in sperm transport by increasing the Myometrial contractions.
• The estrogens inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH via a negative feedback
mechanism
• The estrogens are involved in the regression of the corpus luteum.
• Estrogen priming promotes the growth of the endometrial glands.
• Necessary for maintenance of zygote and helps implantation of zygote.
9. • At the time of parturition, it sensitizes the pregnant uterus to oxytocin,
thus aid the uterine contraction along with oxytocin and PGF2α. for the
expulsion of fetus.
• Estrogen increase the rate of migration of leukocytes into the uterine
lumen, and thus increases the bactericidal activity of the uterus during
estrum.
• Estrogen priming promotes the growth of the endometrial glands.
Necessary for maintenance of zygote and helps implantation of zygote.
• Regulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary by its
feedback mechanism.
10. Secondary sexual characters
• Estradiol is responsible for the secondary sex characteristic of the
female
• It causes the growth of the duct system of the mammary gland
• It stops growth of long bones by initiating the closure of epiphyseal
growth plate
• It causes disposition and distribution of body fat.
• They are required for the development of the secondary sex
characteristics of the female including hair growth, deposition of body
fat, mammary gland development, plumage, etc.
• Protein anabolism in ruminants
• They play a role in the normal health and function of the skin
11. SUMMARY- EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN ON
REPRODUCTIVE TRACTS
• VAGINA- slight mucous secretion, hyperemia, oedema
• CERVIX – Relaxation, Liquefaction of mucous plug
• UTERUS- Stimulates uterine gland development, sensitization of the
endometrium to oxytocin, immune activation (local), leucocyte
infiltration, secretion of the PGF2alpha and PGE2
• FALLOPIAN TUBE-Increased motility & cilia activity
• MAMMARY GLAND- Stimulates mammary duct development
• CORPUS LUTEUM- Leutolytic (bovine & ovine) but leucotrophic
(equine and porcine)
12. SIDE EFFECTS
• Prolonged use or large doses can produce cystic ovaries or ovarian
atrophy
• Because of its effect on the ligaments, the estrogens predispose to
prolapse of the vagina and rectum and dislocations and fractures of the
pelvic bones.
• In the dog excessive amounts or prolonged administration of estrogens
can produce a fatal anemia - leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
• In some species the estrogens in combination with progesterone may
increase the incidence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia - pyometra
complex.
13. ESTROGEN - COMMERCIAL USE
• In ruminants, estrogen also have a protein anabolic effect to increase body weight gain and
growth. The possible mechanism for increased growth may be due to the ability of estrogens
to stimulate the pituitary to release more growth hormone.
• Diethyl stilbesterol – a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen was formerly used for growth
promotion.
• Estrogen have been used to abort cows and sheep because of their luteolytic property.
• Regression of CL
• Treatment
• Post partum metritis
• Retained placenta
• Mummified fetus
• Pyometra
• It is epitheliotropic and causes growth of soft skin. So used in ointments in skin ailments,
produce cornification of vaginal epithelial in certain type of vaginitis.
14. INDICCATIONS
• They are used to evacuate the uterus in cases of fetal mummification, fetal
maceration and Pyometra.
• They are used to induce abortion in all species
• They can be used in the treatment of postpartum metritis and retained fetal
membranes
• Used in the management of misalliance in dogs
• To produce signs of estrus in anestrual animals
• Treating cases of estrogen responsive urinary incontinence
15. • In virgin heifers and dry cows estrogen can be used to stimulate
mammary development and lactation
• Large doses of estrogen after parturition can be used to inhibit lactation
and relieve congestion of the mammary glands.
• Used as growth promotants in beef cattle
• Used in the management of skin condition in spayed bitches
• In treating male dogs with prostatic hyperplasia
• Can be used to decrease libido in males
16. PROGESTERONE
These include the naturally occurring steroid progesterone
which is synthesized from cholesterol and produced by the
corpus luteum (main source), placenta (especially of the ewe
and mare after the first 1/3 and 1/2 of gestation respectively),
the adrenal gland and the testes, as well as a number of
synthetic progesterone which are much more potent and have a
longer half-life than progesterone.
17. SOURCES
• Luteal cells of corpus luteum
• Also produced from adrenal cortex and placenta.
18. FUNCTIONS
• Progesterone causes growth of the glandular system of the endometrium of
the uterus, and the secretions from the endometrial glands (uterine milk)
for the nutrition of the ovum and the attachment of the embryo.
• Progesterone plays a role in the maintenance of pregnancy (and
pseudopregnancy) by providing a favorable environment for survival of
the embryo.
• Progesterone causes growth of the alveolar system of the mammary gland.
• Progesterone inhibits the smooth muscle activity of the uterus - renders it
less sensitive to oxytocin.
19. • Target tissues are relatively insensitive to progesterone unless primed
by estrogen - At low levels progesterone acts with estrogen to
stimulate ovulation by promoting LH release.
• At high levels progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH via a
negative feedback and thus also prevents the ovulation of follicles
during the luteal phase and during pregnancy.
• Progesterone increases the efficiency of nutrient utilization.
20. EFFECTS ON PEPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
• Vagina- slight mucous secretion, paleness, exfoliation
• Cervix- Closure, formation of mucous plug
• Uterus- stimulates uterine gland secretions, sensitization of
endometrium to oxytocin, decreases uterine motility, inhibition of
PGF2 alpha & PGE2.
• Fallopian tube- increased secretion , decreased motility
• Mammary gland – Stimulates lobulo-alveolar development
21. APPLICATIONS
• Prevent or control habitual abortion due to an actual or possible
progesterone deficiency.
• Estrum deferment or suppression in the ewe, cow, sow, mare and bitch.
• Synchronization of estrus in the mare, ewe, cow and sow.
• In heifers the progestins are used to promote growth - suppresses heat
22. • To treat post-partum hemorrhage in the bitch.
• In cats progesterone has been used to treat miliary eczema and
eosinophilic granulomas.
• Progesterone has a calming as well as androgenic effect and has been
used to manage antisocial or aggressive behavior in mares, stallions,
dogs and cats.
