Malabsorption ppt
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Malabsorption syndrome is a condition where the small intestine is unable to absorb enough nutrients and vitamins from food. It can be caused by congenital defects, infections, diseases, surgeries, or medications. Symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and deficiencies of nutrients. Tests like stool samples, blood tests, imaging, and biopsies can help diagnose the specific cause. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but often involves replacing lost nutrients through dietary changes or supplements.
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Malabsorption syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage of the small intestine. It affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide. The only treatment is strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet, which typically reverses symptoms and prevents complications like intestinal lymphoma. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about the disease and diet.
Pediatric malabsorption syndromes
The document discusses the importance of the gastrointestinal tract and its functions of digestion and absorption. It provides details on the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins/minerals in the GI tract. Key enzymes and their sites of action are identified. Malabsorption syndromes are then examined, including causes, classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and relevant laboratory studies. Overall, the document emphasizes the critical role of proper GI function for overall health and nutrition.
What is Diverticulosis?
Diverticulosis occurs when pouches called diverticula develop in the walls of the large intestine. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include not eating enough fiber, straining during bowel movements, and constipation. Most people with diverticulosis do not experience symptoms until it turns into diverticulitis, causing pain, bloating, fever, and other issues. Diverticulosis is often diagnosed during a routine colonoscopy or x-ray for another issue, and may also involve blood tests or CT scans. Treatment focuses on increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and eating fruits/vegetables to prevent symptoms and diverticulitis.
Childhood obesity
This document discusses obesity in children. It notes that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally, including in developing countries. In India, studies have shown increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children, particularly in urban and affluent populations. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues not only during childhood but also in adulthood. The causes of childhood obesity are often exogenous or environmental factors like diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics. Treatment involves dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavior modification, and treatment of any related health complications. A multidisciplinary approach with family involvement tends to have the best outcomes.
Mal absoprtion syndrome
Mal absorption syndrome is a group of disorders marked by
Indigestion
Excessive nutrients loss in stools
Abnormal absorption of dietary constituents
It is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract.
Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the abnormality. This may lead to malnutrition and a variety of anemia.
Malabsorption constitutes the pathological interference with the normal physiological sequence of body.
Malabsorption syndrome ppt
Malabsorption syndrome is caused by disorders that diminish nutrient absorption in the small intestine. It can result from problems digesting or transporting nutrients across the intestinal epithelium. Common causes include pancreatic insufficiency, bile salt deficiency, infections like tropical sprue, celiac disease, surgery that removes parts of the stomach or intestine, and bacterial overgrowth. Symptoms include diarrhea, weight loss, and deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Diagnosis involves tests for fat, protein and carbohydrate malabsorption in stool and urine. Treatment focuses on replacing lost nutrients, addressing the underlying cause, and modifying the diet.
Malabsorption
Malabsorption refers to disorders that disrupt digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine. This can lead to malnutrition and various anemias from deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests like fecal fat analysis, D-xylose absorption tests, and vitamin B12 absorption (Schilling) tests. Treatment focuses on correcting nutritional deficiencies through supplements and treating any underlying diseases through measures like gluten-free diets for celiac disease or antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth.
Recommended
Malabsorption syndrome
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage of the small intestine. It affects approximately 1 in 100 people worldwide. The only treatment is strict adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet, which typically reverses symptoms and prevents complications like intestinal lymphoma. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about the disease and diet.
Pediatric malabsorption syndromes
The document discusses the importance of the gastrointestinal tract and its functions of digestion and absorption. It provides details on the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins/minerals in the GI tract. Key enzymes and their sites of action are identified. Malabsorption syndromes are then examined, including causes, classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and relevant laboratory studies. Overall, the document emphasizes the critical role of proper GI function for overall health and nutrition.
What is Diverticulosis?
Diverticulosis occurs when pouches called diverticula develop in the walls of the large intestine. While the cause is unknown, risk factors include not eating enough fiber, straining during bowel movements, and constipation. Most people with diverticulosis do not experience symptoms until it turns into diverticulitis, causing pain, bloating, fever, and other issues. Diverticulosis is often diagnosed during a routine colonoscopy or x-ray for another issue, and may also involve blood tests or CT scans. Treatment focuses on increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and eating fruits/vegetables to prevent symptoms and diverticulitis.
Childhood obesity
This document discusses obesity in children. It notes that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally, including in developing countries. In India, studies have shown increasing rates of overweight and obesity in children, particularly in urban and affluent populations. Childhood obesity can lead to health issues not only during childhood but also in adulthood. The causes of childhood obesity are often exogenous or environmental factors like diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetics. Treatment involves dietary changes, increased physical activity, behavior modification, and treatment of any related health complications. A multidisciplinary approach with family involvement tends to have the best outcomes.
Mal absoprtion syndrome
Mal absorption syndrome is a group of disorders marked by
Indigestion
Excessive nutrients loss in stools
Abnormal absorption of dietary constituents
It is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract.
Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the abnormality. This may lead to malnutrition and a variety of anemia.
Malabsorption constitutes the pathological interference with the normal physiological sequence of body.
Malabsorption syndrome ppt
Malabsorption syndrome is caused by disorders that diminish nutrient absorption in the small intestine. It can result from problems digesting or transporting nutrients across the intestinal epithelium. Common causes include pancreatic insufficiency, bile salt deficiency, infections like tropical sprue, celiac disease, surgery that removes parts of the stomach or intestine, and bacterial overgrowth. Symptoms include diarrhea, weight loss, and deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Diagnosis involves tests for fat, protein and carbohydrate malabsorption in stool and urine. Treatment focuses on replacing lost nutrients, addressing the underlying cause, and modifying the diet.
Malabsorption
Malabsorption refers to disorders that disrupt digestion and nutrient absorption in the small intestine. This can lead to malnutrition and various anemias from deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests like fecal fat analysis, D-xylose absorption tests, and vitamin B12 absorption (Schilling) tests. Treatment focuses on correcting nutritional deficiencies through supplements and treating any underlying diseases through measures like gluten-free diets for celiac disease or antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth.
Malabsorption syndromes
This document discusses malabsorption syndromes and their evaluation. It begins by defining maldigestion and malabsorption. Common causes of malabsorption discussed include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth, and intestinal inflammation. A variety of tests are described to evaluate for fat, carbohydrate, protein and micronutrient malabsorption. These include fecal fat tests, D-xylose absorption tests, lactose breath tests, and Schilling tests. Endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy are also used in the diagnostic workup.
Celiac disease in children 2021
This document provides information on celiac disease in children, including its classification, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, complications, management, prognosis and prevention. Celiac disease is a genetically predisposed autoimmune disease caused by an immune reaction to gluten, resulting in damage to the small intestine and inability to absorb nutrients. It commonly presents with diarrhea, failure to thrive and malnutrition. Diagnosis involves antibody testing and biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet, which can resolve symptoms and heal intestinal damage. Untreated celiac disease can lead to complications like anemia, osteoporosis and intestinal lymphoma.
Achalasia.ppt
This document discusses achalasia, a rare disorder where the lower esophagus fails to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. It defines achalasia, lists its causes as damage to nerves in the esophagus, and discusses its clinical manifestations such as difficulty swallowing and food returning to the mouth. The document outlines the diagnosis, medical management including balloon dilation and Botox injections, and nursing care for patients with achalasia which focuses on positioning during eating and monitoring for complications.
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to gluten that damages the small intestine. It is caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. To diagnose it, doctors conduct blood tests, and often a biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet, which allows the intestine to heal. Managing celiac disease requires carefully reading food labels to avoid gluten.
disorders of Endocrine in Children
This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
Malabsorption syndrome
Malabsorption syndrome occurs when nutrients are not properly absorbed and transported by the body. It can be caused by maldigestion, mucosal abnormalities, or bacterial contamination impairing the breakdown or uptake of nutrients. Diagnosis involves blood tests, stool analysis, imaging and specialized absorption tests to identify nutritional deficiencies and underlying causes like celiac disease, tropical sprue, or pancreatic insufficiency. Naturopathic treatment aims to eliminate toxins, provide complete rest for self-healing, and use a healing diet and yoga to help restore normal digestion and absorption.
Malabsorption syndromes
Malabsorption syndrome is a clinical term that encompasses defects occurring during the digestion and absorption of food nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by defective absorption of fats, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water. Malabsorption can be caused by issues with intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, or lymphatic transport. Common causes include celiac disease, tropical sprue, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests for steatorrhea, Schilling tests, D-xylose tests, imaging
Childhood obesity
This document defines childhood obesity and discusses its prevalence, etiology, comorbidities, evaluation, intervention, and prevention. Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI above the 95th percentile. It affects 31% of children aged 2-6 years and 16% of children aged 6-19 years. The main causes include environmental factors like increased consumption of unhealthy foods and decreased physical activity, genetic predispositions, and certain endocrine conditions. Obesity can lead to serious health issues like diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and mental health problems. Evaluation involves growth monitoring and testing for underlying causes and comorbidities. Treatment focuses on nutrition, exercise, and behavior changes, while prevention emphasizes healthy eating, activity, and limiting screen
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile or a significant decrease from an established growth curve. FTT can be organic, due to medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, inorganic, due to non-medical causes like neglect or poor parenting, or mixed. Clinical features include low weight and height compared to standards, as well as decreased developmental milestones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests to identify underlying causes. Management focuses on optimizing nutrition, providing a nurturing environment, parental education, and treating any medical issues contributing to FTT.
Cirrhosis of liver
This document provides an overview of cirrhosis of the liver, including defining it as chronic scarring of the liver from long-term injury commonly caused by alcohol abuse. It discusses the pathophysiology where scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue, blocking blood flow and disturbing function. Types of cirrhosis and their causes are identified. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions are described to educate nursing students on cirrhosis of the liver.
Paediatric vomiting
Vomiting is a common problem in children that is usually preceded by nausea and accompanied by forceful gagging and retching. It should be distinguished from regurgitation, which is effortless. Vomiting can be caused by obstruction of the GI tract, non-obstructive GI diseases, CNS derangements, or migraines. The pathophysiology involves a coordinated reflex in the medullary vomiting center. Differential diagnosis and tests are used to determine the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may include anti-emetics, rehydration, nutritional support, and addressing the specific cause when identified. Complications can include dehydration, malnutrition, and more serious issues.
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Nursing assessment and management of patients with hepatic disorders
Liver or Hepatic disorders are common and may result from a virus or exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol.
Another liver disorder is cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that is difficult to treat and often fatal.
Liver function is complex, and liver dysfunction affects all body systems.
For this reason, the nurse must understand how the liver functions and must have expert assessment and clinical management skills to care for patients undergoing complex diagnostic and treatment procedures.
The liver plays additional roles in detoxification of chemicals and synthesis and storage of important nutrients and The liver is especially important in the regulation of glucose and protein metabolism .
Hepatic failure
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, vascular issues, or metabolic diseases. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury in someone without pre-existing liver disease. It requires emergency treatment and may necessitate a liver transplant if liver function cannot be reversed. Management involves supportive care, medications to treat complications, and sometimes a liver transplant.
Malabsorption syndrome
Malabsorption occurs when the digestive system is unable to absorb one or more nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Interruptions anywhere along the digestive tract can cause decreased absorption. Diseases of the small intestine are a common cause of malabsorption. Diagnostic tests include stool studies, lactose tolerance tests, D-xylose absorption tests, Schilling tests, and hydrogen breath tests to evaluate specific nutrient absorption. Biopsies of the small intestine can identify damage, infections, or tumors. Treatment focuses on supplementing lost nutrients and managing any underlying diseases through diet, medication, surgery, or antibiotics. Nurses educate patients and monitor for fluid and electrolyte imbalances, assessing
Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
definition of Diarrhea
types of Diarrhea
risk factors of Diarrhea
Clinical manifestations of Diarrhea
Assessment & Diagnostic tests of Diarrhea
Management of Diarrhea
Medical management
Nursing Management
GOITER
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland located in the neck. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, tumors, or genetic defects. There are two main types - diffuse goiter where the entire gland swells, and nodular goiter where lumps develop within the gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound scans, and fine needle aspiration of nodules. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes iodine/thyroid hormone supplementation, diet modification, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Surgical risks include infection, nerve damage affecting voice, and parathyroid gland damage requiring lifelong calcium supplements.
Malabsorption syndromes
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by a reaction to gluten, resulting in damage to the small intestine and malabsorption. It is characterized by the absence of intestinal villi and infiltration of lymphocytes into the epithelium. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malnutrition. Diagnosis is confirmed via small bowel biopsy showing damage to intestinal villi. Treatment requires strict lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Whipple's disease is a rare infection caused by a bacterium that infiltrates the small intestine, causing macrophages to obstruct lymphatic drainage and resulting in malabsorption. It commonly affects the joints and brain and is treated with intravenous antibiotics. Both conditions can lead to complications due to severe vitamin and
Chronic diarrhoea
This document discusses the causes, evaluation, and management of chronic diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks. It outlines various non-infectious etiologies including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotility, and factitial causes. A thorough history and physical exam are important to evaluate for underlying conditions and guide diagnostic testing. Management involves a curative approach if a treatable cause is found, suppressive therapy if elimination of triggers is possible, or empirical treatment with anti-diarrheal medications and fluid/electrolyte replacement.
IBS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that affects around 20% of the population. It is characterized by abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel habits and is more common in young females. IBS has no identifiable organic cause but involves low-grade inflammation, altered gut motility and microbiota, visceral hypersensitivity, and psychological factors like stress and anxiety. Treatment focuses on diet modification, fiber supplementation, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and psychological therapies depending on symptoms of diarrhea, constipation or pain.
Diseases of small intestine
This document discusses diseases of the small intestine, including amyloidosis, celiac disease, and dysmotility. Amyloidosis is a rare blood disease that causes protein buildup in tissues, impairing organ function. It has no cure but can be treated with diet, medications, chemotherapy or transplantation. Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten that damages the small intestine lining. It is treated with a lifelong gluten-free diet. Dysmotility refers to impaired intestinal muscle contractions, which can be caused by nerve, muscle or systemic disorders and leads to symptoms like bloating.
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Malabsorption syndromes
This document discusses malabsorption syndromes and their evaluation. It begins by defining maldigestion and malabsorption. Common causes of malabsorption discussed include exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bacterial overgrowth, and intestinal inflammation. A variety of tests are described to evaluate for fat, carbohydrate, protein and micronutrient malabsorption. These include fecal fat tests, D-xylose absorption tests, lactose breath tests, and Schilling tests. Endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy are also used in the diagnostic workup.
Celiac disease in children 2021
This document provides information on celiac disease in children, including its classification, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, complications, management, prognosis and prevention. Celiac disease is a genetically predisposed autoimmune disease caused by an immune reaction to gluten, resulting in damage to the small intestine and inability to absorb nutrients. It commonly presents with diarrhea, failure to thrive and malnutrition. Diagnosis involves antibody testing and biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet, which can resolve symptoms and heal intestinal damage. Untreated celiac disease can lead to complications like anemia, osteoporosis and intestinal lymphoma.
Achalasia.ppt
This document discusses achalasia, a rare disorder where the lower esophagus fails to relax and allow food to pass into the stomach. It defines achalasia, lists its causes as damage to nerves in the esophagus, and discusses its clinical manifestations such as difficulty swallowing and food returning to the mouth. The document outlines the diagnosis, medical management including balloon dilation and Botox injections, and nursing care for patients with achalasia which focuses on positioning during eating and monitoring for complications.
Celiac disease
Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to gluten that damages the small intestine. It is caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. To diagnose it, doctors conduct blood tests, and often a biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet, which allows the intestine to heal. Managing celiac disease requires carefully reading food labels to avoid gluten.
disorders of Endocrine in Children
This document discusses various endocrine disorders that can cause short stature in children, including hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, and delayed puberty. It provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic tests, and treatment options for each condition. The document also covers other endocrine-related topics such as acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, juvenile diabetes, goiter, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism. Management involves addressing the underlying endocrine abnormality through medications, hormone replacement, and surgery when necessary.
Malabsorption syndrome
Malabsorption syndrome occurs when nutrients are not properly absorbed and transported by the body. It can be caused by maldigestion, mucosal abnormalities, or bacterial contamination impairing the breakdown or uptake of nutrients. Diagnosis involves blood tests, stool analysis, imaging and specialized absorption tests to identify nutritional deficiencies and underlying causes like celiac disease, tropical sprue, or pancreatic insufficiency. Naturopathic treatment aims to eliminate toxins, provide complete rest for self-healing, and use a healing diet and yoga to help restore normal digestion and absorption.
Malabsorption syndromes
Malabsorption syndrome is a clinical term that encompasses defects occurring during the digestion and absorption of food nutrients by the gastrointestinal tract. It is characterized by defective absorption of fats, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water. Malabsorption can be caused by issues with intraluminal digestion, terminal digestion, transepithelial transport, or lymphatic transport. Common causes include celiac disease, tropical sprue, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms include chronic diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis involves tests for steatorrhea, Schilling tests, D-xylose tests, imaging
Childhood obesity
This document defines childhood obesity and discusses its prevalence, etiology, comorbidities, evaluation, intervention, and prevention. Childhood obesity is defined as a BMI above the 95th percentile. It affects 31% of children aged 2-6 years and 16% of children aged 6-19 years. The main causes include environmental factors like increased consumption of unhealthy foods and decreased physical activity, genetic predispositions, and certain endocrine conditions. Obesity can lead to serious health issues like diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and mental health problems. Evaluation involves growth monitoring and testing for underlying causes and comorbidities. Treatment focuses on nutrition, exercise, and behavior changes, while prevention emphasizes healthy eating, activity, and limiting screen
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to inadequate growth in infants and children. It is defined as weight below the 3rd percentile or a significant decrease from an established growth curve. FTT can be organic, due to medical causes like prematurity or malnutrition, inorganic, due to non-medical causes like neglect or poor parenting, or mixed. Clinical features include low weight and height compared to standards, as well as decreased developmental milestones. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and tests to identify underlying causes. Management focuses on optimizing nutrition, providing a nurturing environment, parental education, and treating any medical issues contributing to FTT.
Cirrhosis of liver
This document provides an overview of cirrhosis of the liver, including defining it as chronic scarring of the liver from long-term injury commonly caused by alcohol abuse. It discusses the pathophysiology where scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue, blocking blood flow and disturbing function. Types of cirrhosis and their causes are identified. Signs, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions are described to educate nursing students on cirrhosis of the liver.
Paediatric vomiting
Vomiting is a common problem in children that is usually preceded by nausea and accompanied by forceful gagging and retching. It should be distinguished from regurgitation, which is effortless. Vomiting can be caused by obstruction of the GI tract, non-obstructive GI diseases, CNS derangements, or migraines. The pathophysiology involves a coordinated reflex in the medullary vomiting center. Differential diagnosis and tests are used to determine the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying condition but may include anti-emetics, rehydration, nutritional support, and addressing the specific cause when identified. Complications can include dehydration, malnutrition, and more serious issues.
Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis
Cholecystitis refers to inflammation of the gallbladder. It is most commonly caused by gallstones which can block the cystic duct and cause bile to build up. There are two main types - acute cholecystitis which occurs suddenly and causes severe pain, and chronic cholecystitis which is a long-term lower intensity inflammation. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT scans. Treatment options include pain medication, antibiotics if infected, and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for severe or long-term cases.
Achalasia
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that results from damaged nerves that control food movement. It causes difficulty swallowing and food getting stuck. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, tests used to diagnose (endoscopy, manometry), and treatments of achalasia. Treatments include medications to relax muscles, botox injections, balloon dilation procedures, and surgeries like Heller myotomy to cut the lower esophageal sphincter muscle.
Nursing assessment and management of patients with hepatic disorders
Liver or Hepatic disorders are common and may result from a virus or exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol.
Another liver disorder is cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that is difficult to treat and often fatal.
Liver function is complex, and liver dysfunction affects all body systems.
For this reason, the nurse must understand how the liver functions and must have expert assessment and clinical management skills to care for patients undergoing complex diagnostic and treatment procedures.
The liver plays additional roles in detoxification of chemicals and synthesis and storage of important nutrients and The liver is especially important in the regulation of glucose and protein metabolism .
Hepatic failure
Liver failure occurs when the liver rapidly loses its ability to function, resulting in mental status changes and coagulation abnormalities. It can be caused by viral hepatitis, drug toxicity, toxins, vascular issues, or metabolic diseases. Acute liver failure presents as a sudden onset of severe liver injury in someone without pre-existing liver disease. It requires emergency treatment and may necessitate a liver transplant if liver function cannot be reversed. Management involves supportive care, medications to treat complications, and sometimes a liver transplant.
Malabsorption syndrome
Malabsorption occurs when the digestive system is unable to absorb one or more nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Interruptions anywhere along the digestive tract can cause decreased absorption. Diseases of the small intestine are a common cause of malabsorption. Diagnostic tests include stool studies, lactose tolerance tests, D-xylose absorption tests, Schilling tests, and hydrogen breath tests to evaluate specific nutrient absorption. Biopsies of the small intestine can identify damage, infections, or tumors. Treatment focuses on supplementing lost nutrients and managing any underlying diseases through diet, medication, surgery, or antibiotics. Nurses educate patients and monitor for fluid and electrolyte imbalances, assessing
Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
Diarrhea- easy ppt for Nurses
definition of Diarrhea
types of Diarrhea
risk factors of Diarrhea
Clinical manifestations of Diarrhea
Assessment & Diagnostic tests of Diarrhea
Management of Diarrhea
Medical management
Nursing Management
GOITER
Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland located in the neck. It can be caused by iodine deficiency, inflammation, tumors, or genetic defects. There are two main types - diffuse goiter where the entire gland swells, and nodular goiter where lumps develop within the gland. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound scans, and fine needle aspiration of nodules. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes iodine/thyroid hormone supplementation, diet modification, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Surgical risks include infection, nerve damage affecting voice, and parathyroid gland damage requiring lifelong calcium supplements.
Malabsorption syndromes
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder caused by a reaction to gluten, resulting in damage to the small intestine and malabsorption. It is characterized by the absence of intestinal villi and infiltration of lymphocytes into the epithelium. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and malnutrition. Diagnosis is confirmed via small bowel biopsy showing damage to intestinal villi. Treatment requires strict lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet. Whipple's disease is a rare infection caused by a bacterium that infiltrates the small intestine, causing macrophages to obstruct lymphatic drainage and resulting in malabsorption. It commonly affects the joints and brain and is treated with intravenous antibiotics. Both conditions can lead to complications due to severe vitamin and
Chronic diarrhoea
This document discusses the causes, evaluation, and management of chronic diarrhea lasting more than 4 weeks. It outlines various non-infectious etiologies including secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, dysmotility, and factitial causes. A thorough history and physical exam are important to evaluate for underlying conditions and guide diagnostic testing. Management involves a curative approach if a treatable cause is found, suppressive therapy if elimination of triggers is possible, or empirical treatment with anti-diarrheal medications and fluid/electrolyte replacement.
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IBS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that affects around 20% of the population. It is characterized by abdominal pain associated with changes in bowel habits and is more common in young females. IBS has no identifiable organic cause but involves low-grade inflammation, altered gut motility and microbiota, visceral hypersensitivity, and psychological factors like stress and anxiety. Treatment focuses on diet modification, fiber supplementation, antispasmodics, antidepressants, and psychological therapies depending on symptoms of diarrhea, constipation or pain.
Diseases of small intestine
This document discusses diseases of the small intestine, including amyloidosis, celiac disease, and dysmotility. Amyloidosis is a rare blood disease that causes protein buildup in tissues, impairing organ function. It has no cure but can be treated with diet, medications, chemotherapy or transplantation. Celiac disease is an autoimmune response to gluten that damages the small intestine lining. It is treated with a lifelong gluten-free diet. Dysmotility refers to impaired intestinal muscle contractions, which can be caused by nerve, muscle or systemic disorders and leads to symptoms like bloating.
Approach to chronic diarrhoea (1)
This document provides an overview of the approach to chronic diarrhea. It defines chronic diarrhea as diarrhea lasting over 2-3 weeks and discusses etiology, risk factors, symptoms, examination findings, diagnostic workup and management. The diagnostic workup involves screening tests, intestinal function tests, biopsy and special investigations. Management includes supportive measures, identifying and treating the underlying cause, elimination diets and nutritional rehabilitation. Prevention focuses on improved nutrition, hygiene, breastfeeding and access to clean water.
Dr. Arun Aggarwal Gastroenterologist ecplain about MALABSORPTION
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Diarrheal diseases in children 4th year
This document provides an overview of diarrhea in children, including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, evaluation, classification of dehydration, and management principles. Key points include that diarrhea is a leading cause of death in children under 5 worldwide, with common causes being rotavirus, Shigella, E. coli, and Cryptosporidium. Clinical assessment involves evaluating for dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities. Management depends on the level of dehydration and includes oral rehydration with fluids and continued feeding for mild cases, and IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Diarrheal diseases in children
This document provides an overview of diarrhea in children, including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, evaluation, and management. Some key points include:
- Diarrhea is defined as >3 loose stools per day or watery stool of any frequency. It is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old.
- Common causes are viral (e.g. rotavirus), bacterial (e.g. E.coli), and parasitic (e.g. Giardia).
- Complications include dehydration, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalances.
- Management involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, and treating the underlying cause
Diarrheal diseases in children 4th year
This document provides an overview of diarrhea in children including definitions, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, complications, evaluation, management, and prevention. Some key points include:
- Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools per day. It is a leading cause of death in children under 5 years old.
- Common causes are viral (e.g. rotavirus), bacterial (e.g. E. coli), and parasitic (e.g. Giardia).
- Management involves oral rehydration with WHO ORS and zinc supplementation. Intravenous fluids may be needed for severe dehydration.
- Complications can include dehydration, malnutrition,
Chronic diarrhea in children
This document discusses chronic diarrhea and its causes and management. It defines persistent diarrhea as acute diarrhea lasting over 2 weeks, while chronic diarrhea has a more insidious onset and is usually due to non-infectious causes lasting over 2 weeks. Common causes of persistent diarrhea include malnutrition, infections, and food allergies. Chronic diarrhea requires further evaluation to identify underlying inflammatory, malabsorptive, intestinal, metabolic, or other conditions as the cause. Management of both involves rehydration, controlling diarrhea, identifying the cause, and rehabilitation.
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Gastroparesis is a chronic condition that doesn’t allow the stomach to fully empty itself during digestion. Learn more.
Chronic diarhea
Chronic diarrhea in children can be caused by infections, food allergies, lactose intolerance, inflammatory bowel disease, and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Common causes in infants include formula protein intolerance and infections, while causes in toddlers include celiac disease and giardiasis. Celiac disease is an immune-mediated reaction to gluten that causes damage to the small intestine and symptoms like diarrhea. It is treated through a lifelong gluten-free diet.
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Malabsorption disorders cause insufficient nutrient absorption due to maldigestion or malabsorption. Causes include exocrine pancreas defects, liver diseases, intestinal diseases, and specific defects. Celiac disease is a genetic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten that causes intestinal damage. Symptoms include diarrhea, failure to thrive, and malnutrition. Diagnosis involves serology and biopsy showing intestinal damage. Treatment is lifelong gluten-free diet. Cow milk protein allergy symptoms develop in infants and include diarrhea, vomiting, and failure to thrive. Lactose intolerance is caused by lactase deficiency leading to diarrhea from intestinal sugar accumulation after milk ingestion. Treatment involves milk elimination or use of lactase supplements.
Chronic diarrhea
A 44-year-old female presented with loose stools and blood in her stool for one month. She has a history of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic diarrhea can be caused by secretory, osmotic, steatorrheal, inflammatory, or dysmotility issues. An evaluation of the patient's history, exam, and labs can help determine the underlying cause, such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or medication side effects. Treatment involves rehydration, managing the underlying cause, and symptomatic relief with medications as needed.
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE.pptx
1. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacteria Salmonella Typhi and is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It causes inflammation and ulceration of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, resulting in characteristic longitudinal ulcers.
2. Left untreated, typhoid fever can lead to complications affecting the bowels, bloodstream, bones, joints, meninges and gallbladder. Diagnosis is often made through colonoscopy findings of multiple punched-out ulcers in the intestine.
3. Treatment involves antibiotics, but chronic carriage can sometimes occur if the bacteria persists in the gallbladder.
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Approach to a patient with malabsorption
This document discusses the approach to a patient presenting with malabsorption. It begins by describing a case of a 20-year-old woman with weight loss and loose stool for 3 months. It then covers the normal process of digestion and absorption and defines malabsorption. The major causes of malabsorption are described as intestinal (mucosal diseases), pancreatic, liver, gastric, and drugs. Clinical features and relevant history taking are outlined. Specific intestinal conditions like celiac disease and tropical sprue are explained in detail. Investigations and management are also summarized.
chronic diarrhoea nar new.pptx
Chronic diarrhoea is defined as loose stools lasting longer than 2 weeks. It can be caused by conditions that lead to malabsorption or maldigestion in the small intestine or inflammation in the large intestine. The main types are osmotic diarrhoea due to carbohydrate malabsorption, secretory diarrhoea caused by infections or hormones, fatty diarrhoea from pancreatic insufficiency or mucosal disease, and inflammatory diarrhoea involving infections, IBD, or other colonic inflammation. Evaluation of chronic diarrhoea involves categorizing the stool characteristics, identifying the involved bowel segment, and testing for specific causes using stool and imaging tests tailored to the suspected mechanism. Management focuses on rehydration
Chronic Diarrhea.pptx
A 3-year-old girl has had loose stools for 2 months that often contain undigested food. She is otherwise well and thriving. The most probable diagnosis is chronic non-specific diarrhea (toddler's diarrhea). Management includes decreasing fluid intake, especially of fruit juice, providing high-fat foods to slow gastric emptying, and increasing fiber intake through bulking agents. Pharmacologic intervention is rarely required as symptoms usually resolve spontaneously by age 3-4 years.
Chronic Diarrhea.pptx
Comprehensive diagnostic & therapeutic approach for chronic diarrhea in adults. Based on textbook of gastroenterology, journals & guidelines.
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- 2. Malabsorption Syndrom Prepared by: Khwlah AL-Shothmi
- 4. Predisposing Factors Age Sex Family history of cystic fibrosis or malabsorption. Intestinal surgery. Certain medications. Alcohol.
- 5. Causes of Malabsorption • Congenital defects. • Infection. • Certain diseases.
- 7. Etiology of Malabsorption • Stagnant loop syndrome. • Miscellaneous. • Amyloidosis. • Lymphatic obstruction. • infection. • Irradiation. • Immunological.
- 9. SYMPTOMS • Due to unabsorbed food. • Due to deficiency of nutrient.
- 10. Abdominal pain
- 11. Weight loss
- 12. Diarrhea
- 13. INVERSTIGATION • Stool test. • Blood test. • Breath test. • Imaging tests. • Barium. • Enteroscope. • Biopsy.
- 14. If the food I have eaten was not absorbed, where did it go?
- 15. Steatorrhea
- 17. COMPLICATIONS • Hypoglycemia. • Osteoporosis. • Deficiency anemia. • Osteomalacia. • Prolongation prothrombin time. • Megaloblastic anemia.
- 18. Celiac Disease
- 22. INVERSTIGATION • CBC. • tTG IgA screening. • Screen for vitamin D. • Serum calcium, albumin, magnesium. • Biopsy of small bowel.
- 23. Management
- 29. Management of disease • Non-pharmacological therapy. • Pharmacological therapy.
- 32. SBS
- 34. Signs and symptoms • Abdominal pain. • Diarrhea. • Steatorrhea. • Weight loss. • Malnutrition. • Fatigue.
- 35. TREATMENT