Celiac disease is a permanent intolerance to gluten that damages the small intestine. It is caused by an immune reaction to eating gluten, which is found in wheat, barley and rye. To diagnose it, doctors conduct blood tests, and often a biopsy of the small intestine. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet, which allows the intestine to heal. Managing celiac disease requires carefully reading food labels to avoid gluten.
• Coeliac disease is a genetically-determined chronic inflammatory intestinal disease induced by an environmental precipitant, gluten.
• Patients with the disease might have mainly non-gastrointestinal symptoms, and as a result patients present to various medical practitioners.
• Epidemiological studies have shown that coeliac disease is very common and affects about one in 250 people.
• The disease is associated with an increased rate of osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, and malignant disease, especially lymphomas.
• The mechanism of the intestinal immune-mediated response is not completely clear, but involves an HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 restricted T-cell immune reaction in the lamina propria as well as an immune reaction in the intestinal epithelium.
• Coeliac disease is a genetically-determined chronic inflammatory intestinal disease induced by an environmental precipitant, gluten.
• Patients with the disease might have mainly non-gastrointestinal symptoms, and as a result patients present to various medical practitioners.
• Epidemiological studies have shown that coeliac disease is very common and affects about one in 250 people.
• The disease is associated with an increased rate of osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, and malignant disease, especially lymphomas.
• The mechanism of the intestinal immune-mediated response is not completely clear, but involves an HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 restricted T-cell immune reaction in the lamina propria as well as an immune reaction in the intestinal epithelium.
Introduction, anatomy of GI tract, definition, cause & risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, surgical management and nursing management, complications of Regional Enteritis/Crohn's Disease.
Intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Mal absorption syndrome is a group of disorders marked by
Indigestion
Excessive nutrients loss in stools
Abnormal absorption of dietary constituents
It is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract.
Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the abnormality. This may lead to malnutrition and a variety of anemia.
Malabsorption constitutes the pathological interference with the normal physiological sequence of body.
Introduction, anatomy of GI tract, definition, cause & risk factors, pathophysiology, types, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, surgical management and nursing management, complications of Regional Enteritis/Crohn's Disease.
Intestinal obstruction, is a mechanical or functional obstruction of the intestines which prevents the normal movement of the products of digestion. Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating and not passing gas.
Intestinal obstruction is a significant or mechanical blockage of intestine that occurs when food or stool can not move through the intestine.
These obstruction may be complete or partial.
INTRODUCTION
Dislocation of the hip is a common injury to the hip joint. Dislocation occurs when the ball–shaped head of the femur comes out of the cup–shaped acetabulum set in the pelvis. This may happen to a varying degree. A dislocated hip, much more common in females than in males, is a condition that can either be congenital or acquired
Definition
• A dislocation is an injury in which a bone is displaced from its proper position
CLASSIFICATION
The relationship of the femoral head to the acetabulum is used to classify the dislocation. The three main patterns are posterior, anterior, and central.
POSTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
Posterior dislocations account of more than 90% of dislocations and occur when the knee and hip are flexed and a posterior force is applied at the knee.
Posterior hip dislocations occur typically during MVAs, especially head-on collisions, when the knees of the front-seat occupant strike the dashboard. Energy is transmitted along the femoral shaft to the hip joint. If the leg is struck while in an adducted position, a posterior dislocation may result. If the leg is in neutral or an abducted position when struck, an anterior dislocation or fracture/dislocation may occur. In the latter case, the posterior wall of the acetabulum is fractured, making subsequent reduction less stable.
Several classification systems are used to describe posterior hip dislocations.
• The Thompson-Epstein classification is based on radiographic findings.
o Type 1 – With or without minor fracture
o Type 2 – With large, single fracture of posterior acetabular rim
o Type 3 – With comminution of rim of acetabulum, with or without major fragments
o Type 4 – With fracture of the acetabular floor
o Type 5 – With fracture of the femoral head
• The Steward and Milford classification is based on functional hip stability.
o Type 1 – No fracture or insignificant fracture
o Type 2 – Associated with a single or comminuted posterior wall fragment, but the hip remains stable through a functional range of motion
o Type 3 – Associated with gross instability of the hip joint secondary to loss of structural support
o Type 4 – Associated with femoral head fracture
This PPT contains all necessary detail about cholecystitis and its management and covers all aspects of this disease according to nursing point of view. Helpful for studetns.
Mal absorption syndrome is a group of disorders marked by
Indigestion
Excessive nutrients loss in stools
Abnormal absorption of dietary constituents
It is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal tract.
Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the abnormality. This may lead to malnutrition and a variety of anemia.
Malabsorption constitutes the pathological interference with the normal physiological sequence of body.
Coeliac Disease | Celiac Disease article covers all the topics of the disease like Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis, Diet, Definition, etc. If you are suffering from Diarrhea, Weight loss, Abdominal or any other discomfort when you eat food containing gluten, then it may be Coeliac Disease. Checkout this article to know more about this article. Coeliac Disease | Celiac Disease article covers all the topics of the disease like Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis, Diet, Definition, etc.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. What is Celiac Disease?
• Permanent inability to tolerate
dietary gluten in the small
intestines.
• Is a significant medical condition
that can result in a number of
serious consequences if not
diagnosed and treated properly.
• It affects the small intestine.
• The lining of the small intestine is
damaged by gluten.
3. Causes:
• Celiac disease is caused by an interaction between
gluten (the protein portion of wheat) and the small
bowel lining in people susceptible to the disease.
• This cause damage to the lining which results in a
reduction in the surface area of the villi or finger-like
projections of the bowel lining.
• Both genetic and environmental factors play
important roles in celiac disease.
4.
5. • The disease is triggered by surgery, pregnancy, viral infection,
or severe emotional distress.
• It is most common in young children ages 6 to 24 months but
can occur at any age.
• Symptoms typically diminish or disappear in adolescence and
reappear in early adulthood.
• Complications include impaired growth, inability to fight
infections, electrolyte imbalance, clotting disturbance, and
possible predisposition to malignant lymphoma of the small
intestine.
7. Clinical
manifestations
There are no typical signs and symptoms of celiac disease. Most
people with the disease have general complaints, such as:
• Intermittent diarrhea
• Abdominal pain
• Bloating
The most common symptoms can include:
• Anaemia (low Iron folate)
• flatulence
• Fatigue, weakness and lethargy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomach cramps
• Weight loss – although weight gain is possible.
8. • Osteomalacia- (metabolic Bone disease
characterized by inadequate mineralization of
bone.)
• Steatorrhea- (foul-smelling stools w/ a high fat
content: results from impaired digestion of
proteins and fats due to a lack of pancreatic juice
in the intestine)
• Azotorrhea- (excess of nitrogenous matter in the
feces or urine)
9. How is Celiac
Disease Diagnosed?
The three major steps leading to diagnosis of celiac
disease are:
1. Blood tests for gluten autoantibodies
2. A small bowel biopsy to assess gut damage. For those
with suspected dermatitis herpetiformis, skin biopsies
will be taken of the healthy skin near the lesion.
3. Implement the gluten-free diet
10. • Dermatitis
herpetiformis (DH) is
an intensely itchy,
blistering skin rash
that affects 15 to 25
percent of people
with celiac disease.
11. 1: Examination
Health History
The following areas should be considered in the discussion:
(The first three are applicable to adults and children. The last
is specific to children.)
• What are the physical and emotional symptoms?
• How long have they been present? How often do they
occur? Is there a pattern?
• Is it consistent throughout the day? When and for how long
do the symptoms occur?
• Do family members have any autoimmune diseases?
• Is the child's physical and emotional health within the
normal range?
12. • Physical Examination
• Depending on the presentation
of symptoms, the physician will
perform tests to check for some
of the following items:
• emaciation
• pallor (due to anemia)
• hypotension
• edema (due to low levels of
protein, [albumin] in the blood)
• dermatitis herpetiformis (skin
lesions)
• easy bruising (lack of vitamin K)
• bone or skin
and mucosa membrane
changes due to vitamin
deficiencies
• protruding or distended
abdomen
(intestine dysmotility)
• loss of various sensations in
extremities including vibration,
position and light touch
(vitamin deficiency)
• gluten ataxia
• peripheral neuropathy
• migraine headache
13. 2: Biopsy
Intestinal Biopsy
• In the event that clinical signs and positive laboratory tests
indicate probable malabsorption, a biopsy of the small
intestine [jejunal] is scheduled to be performed by a
gastroenterologist. In this test, a small flexible biopsy
instrument is passed through:
• a tubedown the throat stomach upper end of the
small intestine.
• The tube is removed and the tissue samples are examined
under a microscope for signs of damage.
15. 3: Diet
• When gluten is removed from the diet, most of the
damage that was done to the small intestine (the
jejunum) is repaired. It takes only three to six days for
the intestinal lining (the mucosa) to show
improvement. Within three to six months, most
symptoms subside as the mucosa returns to its
normal (or nearly normal) state.
16. • The only treatment is the avoidance of all gluten containing
foods. This allows the bowel lining to recover. This strict
attention to diet must be lifelong.
Foods that contain gluten include:
• bread, cakes and pasta.
• However, there is also a whole range of ingredients within
prepared and commercial foods that can come from a gluten
source.
• It is essential that a person with celiac disease become
‘ingredient aware’.
17. Pay attention to processed foods that may
contain gluten. Wheat flour is a common
ingredient in many processed foods.
Examples of foods that may contain gluten
include:
• Canned soups
• Salad dressings
• Ice cream
• Candy bars
• Instant coffee
• Luncheon meats and processed or canned meats
• Ketchup and mustard
• Yogurt
• Pasta
19. Nursing diagnosis
• Altered nutrition, less than body requirement related
to Intermittent diarrhea.
Interventions:
• Assess nutritional Identify factors contributed to nutritional
intake
• Assess patient nutritional dietary pattern to plan the proper
meals
• Assess weight changes
• Assess lab values for (protein, creatinine iron)
• Provide preference food
20. Acute Pain related to Abdominal rigidity
Goal: pain is resolved or controlled
Intervention:
• Maintain bed rest in a comfortable position, do not support the
knee.
• Assess the location, weight and type of pain
• Assess effectiveness and monitor side effects analgesic; avoid
morphine
• Provide a planned rest period.
• Change positions frequently and give her back rubbing and skin
care.
• Give and recommend alternative pain relief measures.
21. Nursing
Management:
• Monitor dietary intake,MIO, weight, serum electrolytes, and
hydration status.
• Maintain NPO status during initial treatment of celiac crisis or
during diagnostic testing.
• Provide parenteral nutrition as prescribed.
• Provide meticulous skin care after each loose stool and apply
lubricant to prevent skin breakdown.
• Use meticulous hand washing technique and other procedures to
prevent transmission of infection.
• Assess for fever, cough, irritability, or other signs of infection.
• Stress that the disorder is lifelong; however, changes in the
mucosal lining of the intestine and in general clinical conditions
are reversible when dietary gluten is avoided.
22. Management
C Consultation with skilled dietitian
E Education about disease
L Lifelong adherence to gluten-free diet
I Identification & Rx of nutritional
deficiencies
A Access to an advocacy group
C Continuous long-term follow-up by
multidisciplinary team
23. Summary of
points to
remember
• People with celiac disease cannot tolerate gluten, a protein
in wheat, rye, and barley.
• Untreated celiac disease damages the small intestine and
interferes with nutrient absorption.
• Without treatment, people with celiac disease can develop
complications such as osteoporosis, anemia, and cancer.
• A person with celiac disease may or may not have
symptoms.
• Diagnosis involves blood tests and, in most cases, a biopsy
of the small intestine.
24. • No treatment can cure celiac disease.
• There is no surgical treatment for celiac disease.
• Since celiac disease is hereditary, family members of a
person with celiac disease may wish to be tested.
• Celiac disease is treated by eliminating all gluten from
the diet. The gluten-free diet is a lifetime requirement.
• A dietitian can teach a person with celiac disease about
food selection, label reading, and other strategies to
help manage the disease.